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Together, Central and South America and the Caribbean represent more than 450 million people and 12% of the Earth's total emerged land. The region stands out in the global energy landscape for the outstanding contribution of renewable sources to its energy production. Maintaining this level of renewable energy in the future might prove a challenging task, as 'historical' energy sources (hydropower, biomass) run into sustainability issues and 'new' options (wind, solar, geothermal energy) still depend on public support schemes. However, South America's small fossil resource endowment and excellent renewable potential make it the ideal candidate for pioneering a renewable energy transition. The energy sector's contribution in fueling economic growth in a socially and environmentally sustainable way is also an issue that is particularly significant in the developing context on the continent. Climate change is a region-scale concern. The continent's emissions per capita are above the global average, and the region is also likely to be one of the most impacted by climate change. South America's energy sector is vulnerable both on the supply side (hydropower and biomass resources) and the demand side (increased demand for e.g. agriculture and air conditioning). Despite shared regional strengths and concerns, however, South America appears as a highly heterogeneous and fragmented continent. The region's physical layout is a stumbling block for regional integration. Two centuries of regional wars complicate political cooperation at national level, and the historical evolution has created strong disparities between national energy sectors. Various attempts to cooperate on transnational infrastructure have ended up as costly failures in past years.The aim of this PhD work, half of which was conducted in France and half in Chile, was to develop a mathematical model adapted to the study of long-term energy issues, at a regional scale, for South America. This model, TIMES-América Latina y el Caribe, was applied to studying ...

The lobbying with the public decision-makers is a more and more common manager practice but still little studied in Europe. This article studies the formulation of these political strategies and their implemented in the case of the French and English companies. For that purpose, an empirical study is led on 679 political actions which are categorized then described by the statistical techniques of the data analysis. The results bring to light a structuralization of the phenomenon of the lobbying of the French companies which is not the same in the case of the English companies: five types of political strategies exist in France whereas four are relevant for Great Brittan. We should explain this: lobbying strategies choice is linked to the issue for the firm and to the political environment of firms. ; Le lobbying auprès des décideurs publics est une pratique managériale de plus en plus courante mais encore peu étudiée en Europe. Cet article étudie sa mise en œuvre en tant que stratégie dans le cas des entreprises françaises et anglaises. A cet effet, une étude empirique est menée sur 679 actions de lobbying (également appelées actions politiques) qui sont catégorisées puis décrites par les techniques statistiques de l'analyse des données. Les résultats mettent en évidence une structuration du phénomène du lobbying des entreprises : cinq stratégies types (que l'on peut décrire et illustrer) existent pour les entreprisse françaises et quatre pour les entreprises anglaises. Des pistes d'explications peuvent être avancées : les stratégies politiques seraient mises en œuvre en fonction des problématiques de lobbying mais également de l'environnement politique du pays.

The lobbying with the public decision-makers is a more and more common manager practice but still little studied in Europe. This article studies the formulation of these political strategies and their implemented in the case of the French and English companies. For that purpose, an empirical study is led on 679 political actions which are categorized then described by the statistical techniques of the data analysis. The results bring to light a structuralization of the phenomenon of the lobbying of the French companies which is not the same in the case of the English companies: five types of political strategies exist in France whereas four are relevant for Great Brittan. We should explain this: lobbying strategies choice is linked to the issue for the firm and to the political environment of firms. ; Le lobbying auprès des décideurs publics est une pratique managériale de plus en plus courante mais encore peu étudiée en Europe. Cet article étudie sa mise en œuvre en tant que stratégie dans le cas des entreprises françaises et anglaises. A cet effet, une étude empirique est menée sur 679 actions de lobbying (également appelées actions politiques) qui sont catégorisées puis décrites par les techniques statistiques de l'analyse des données. Les résultats mettent en évidence une structuration du phénomène du lobbying des entreprises : cinq stratégies types (que l'on peut décrire et illustrer) existent pour les entreprisse françaises et quatre pour les entreprises anglaises. Des pistes d'explications peuvent être avancées : les stratégies politiques seraient mises en œuvre en fonction des problématiques de lobbying mais également de l'environnement politique du pays.