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Making Endless War is built on the premise that any attempt to understand how the content and function of the laws of war changed in the second half of the twentieth century should consider two major armed conflicts, fought on opposite edges of Asia, and the legal pathways that link them together across time and space. The Vietnam and Arab-Israeli conflicts have been particularly significant in the shaping and attempted remaking of international law from 1945 right through to the present day. This carefully curated collection of essays by lawyers, historians, philosophers, sociologists, and political geographers of war explores the significance of these two conflicts, including their impact on the politics and culture of the world's most powerful nation, the United States of America. The volume foregrounds attempts to develop legal rationales for the continued waging of war after 1945 by moving beyond explaining the end of war as a legal institution, and toward understanding the attempted institutionalization of endless war.

AbstractVulnerable ecological areas are often seriously impacted by armed conflicts. In theory, these areas could benefit from the safeguards offered by the international humanitarian law (IHL) regimes of "demilitarized zones" and "undefended localities", but in practice, these regimes – which are designed to protect human beings from the violence of hostilities, and whose application entirely depends on the goodwill of belligerents – are rarely triggered to protect the environment as such. However, international environmental law (IEL) contains a rich and diversified normative framework which organizes the establishment and management of areas of major ecological importance. While this framework has not primarily been conceived to apply to war-related situations, it could nonetheless play a substantive role in strengthening the IHL normative regimes in two respects. Firstly, it could provide interpretative guidance for these regimes so that they can be oriented towards more "ecocentric" purposes and can be read in accordance with the most advanced IEL standards and mechanisms governing biodiversity hotspots (the "environmentalization" of IHL). Secondly, IEL norms and practices could directly apply during warfare and thus complement IHL in many respects. That said, the co-application of IEL and IHL raises difficult issues of compatibility between these regimes, requiring inter alia that the IEL framework governing protected areas be adapted to the needs and specificities of armed conflicts (the "humanitarization" of IEL).

AbstractAt first glance, merely the 'ordering' of displacement seems to be prohibited in non-international armed conflict. However, after interpreting Article 17(1) AP II and Rule 129(B) of the ICRC Customary Law Study with particular regard to State practice and opinio juris, the author concludes that these norms prohibit forced displacement regardless of whether it is ordered or not. On the other hand, the ICC Elements of Crimes for the crime of forced displacement under Article 8(2)(e)(viii) ICC Statute require an order. It remains to be seen whether the ICC adopts that interpretation in its jurisprudence.

Ever since its foundation, the ICRC has made considerable efforts to develop humanitarian law and to ensure that it is accepted by the States. Indeed, its activity in this field is acknowledged both by the Statutes of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and by those of the ICRC itself. However, the ICRC is aware of the fact that the treaties which constitute humanitarian law, even if they are duly accepted by the States, could well remain a dead letter unless internal legal and practical measures are taken within State systems to guarantee their application.

For a long time it was considered at the ICRC, as in most other international organizations, that the function of an information service was to put out information on the institution's current activities and its general aims. No attention was paid to the true needs of those sections of the public who were at the receiving end, the only concern being the ICRC's short-term interests. This one-way process meant that the people to whom this flow of information was fed received it passively but there were no means of discovering what were their reactions, in other words, there was no feed-back.

It can be concluded that the main purpose of the implementation of both criminal procedural and international criminal law as a form of influence of international law on national law is to change the current legislation to meet international obligations taking into account the criminal law system, the structure of current sectoral legislation, legislative technique. This allows the legislator to implement the provisions of the international agreement and improve the quality of legislation, and the provisions of international criminal law are the impetus that initiates the revision of national legislation in cases where it is expressly provided in the text of the international agreement or required by law. The effectiveness of implementation is directly affected by the quality of national legislation, as well as the legislator's choice of methods of implementation: reception, adaptation, transformation and referral. Despite the different doctrinal approaches to the definition of "implementation", the most accurate should be considered the definition of national legal implementation as a process involving the implementation of international criminal law in the state in the field of domestic law with its help and in accordance with the established procedure. legal activity of state bodies aimed at the actual implementation of international obligations assumed by the state. The opinion of A.L. Luchinin that the concept of "implementation" is not synonymous with the concept of "execution", because implementation is a process, while execution is a possible result of this process. The Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, as well as other international treaties, the rules of which refer to the self-fulfilling, are directly applicable, they do not require the adoption of domestic legislation for their implementation. Usually, the constitutions of states contain provisions that are an example of a general reference rule, authorizing the application of international agreements binding on the state, duly ratified and published, or generally accepted principles and norms of international law, or determine the place of international acts within the legal system of a particular state. ; У статті досліджуються особливості імплементації міжнародних кримінально-процесуальних та кримінально-правових норм як форми впливу міжнародного права на національне право. Аналізуються основні доктринальні підходи вчених до визначення поняття «імплементація» і відмежування його від інших подібних понять. Виявляється специфіка впливу правових норм міжнародних конвенцій на правові норми кримінального права окремих держав. Можна зробити висновок, що основною метою реалізації як кримінального процесуального, так і міжнародного кримінального права як форми впливу міжнародного права на національне право є зміна чинного законодавства для виконання міжнародних зобов'язань з урахуванням кримінально-правової системи, структури чинного галузевого законодавства, законодавчої техніки. Це дозволяє законодавцю реалізувати положення міжнародної угоди та покращити якість законодавства, а положення міжнародного кримінального права є поштовхом, який ініціює перегляд національного законодавства у випадках, коли це прямо передбачено в тексті міжнародної угоди або вимагається законом. На ефективність реалізації безпосередньо впливає якість національного законодавства, а також вибір законодавцем методів реалізації: прийому, адаптації, трансформації та направлення. Незважаючи на різні доктринальні підходи до визначення поняття «імплементація», найбільш точним слід вважати визначення національної правової імплементації як процесу, що передбачає реалізацію міжнародного кримінального права в державі у сфері внутрішнього права з його допомогою та зі встановленим порядком; юридична діяльність державних органів, спрямована на фактичне виконання міжнародних зобов'язань, взятих на себе державою. Підтримую думку А.Л. Лучиніна про те, що поняття «реалізація» не є синонімом поняття «виконання», оскільки реалізація - це процес, а виконання - можливий результат цього процесу. Конвенція Ради Європи про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод 1950 року, а також інші міжнародні договори, норми яких стосуються самореалізації, безпосередньо застосовуються, вони не потребують прийняття внутрішнього законодавства для їх реалізації. Зазвичай у конституціях держав містяться положення, які є прикладом загального довідкового правила, що дозволяють застосовувати міжнародні угоди, обов'язкові для держави, належним чином ратифіковані та опубліковані, або загальновизнаних принципів і норм міжнародного права, або визначають місце міжнародного права в межах правової системи конкретної держави.

Following the Fukushima disaster in Japan in 2011, how the compensation system for nuclear damage should be improved has obtained broad attention. The compensation system, including liability rules, insurance and government involvement, does not only concern to what extent the victims can be sufficiently compensated, but is also relevant to create incentives for the nuclear industry to enhance safety. International compensation regimes for nuclear damage started to emerge since 1960s, but still fail to engage some (potentially) big "nuclear power" ones. The Japanese and Chinese systems are such ones which received less attention until recently. This paper will, on the one hand, engage in a positive study by giving a comparison between the international regime, the Japanese and the Chinese system; on the other hand, provide a normative analysis by using economic criteria to examine the efficiency of the systems and formulate suggestions for reform.