Suchergebnisse

The author focuses on the analysis of the participatory budgeting issue. He presents the outcomes of its three-year implementation in Warsaw's Ursynów District. He emphasises more the conclusions drawn from practice than from the confrontation of the reality with the assumptions of participatory budgeting. The participatory budget is defined as a process aimed at enabling the community to directly influence the decision to allocate part of the public budget. Within its scope the inhabitants report proposals for projects worth funding. It is a way of including them in the planning of spending public funds that have been given by the authorities at their disposal. The author formulates the thesis that the practice of the participatory budget functioning in Poland is subject to numerous procedural defects. Local governments do not always produce the right patterns for its implementation. They struggle to match these budgets to their realities and often duplicate mistakes. It is a challenge for self-government councils to use their democratic mandate to more actively shape public spending processes.

LIMITATION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACTIVITY DURING MARTIAL LAW AND THE STATE OF EMERGENCYTelecommunications activity is apeculiar kind of economic activity. In specific situations, this activity might be subject to limitation. An example of such situations are the circumstances regulated in chapter XI of Polish Constitution, in which the freedom of carrying out telecommunications operations might be limited. This article consists of the description of the types of telecommunications activity and the regulations and laws governing martial law and the state of emergency — which allow the limitation on telecommunications activity.

COOPERATION BETWEEN GOVERNMENTAL AND SELF-GOVERNMENTAL ADMINISTRATION DURING EXTRAORDINARY MEASURESThe system of territorial self-government is based on independence of its tiers — communes, districts and voivodships — which is expressed in their independence in two relational systems: between tiers within the system of territorial self-government, and between tiers of local self-government and governmental authorities. However, at the same time, independence does not exclude their cooperation in both relational systems because agreements, unions, and associations, in which tiers of territorial self-government participate, and also associations of tiers of territorial self-government with governmental authorities, allow for common performance of public tasks or for their delegation. The above-mentioned forms are not initiated without the will of tiers of local self-government and they do not build hierarchical dependency between their participants. The imposition of every extraordinary measure has a great influence on those relations because, despite the declaration of normal functioning of public authorities in case of the imposition of extraordinary measure, not only extraordinary competences of heads of the communes and starost's in relation to entities functioning on the territory of their jurisdiction arise but also atypical relations between starost, commune head, and governor, and even between central authorities and starost. The aim of this article is to identify and analyze the mentioned relations which are provided by provisions of acts regulating conditions of imposition of every extraordinary measure.

FINANCIAL AID PROVIDED BY PRIVATE PERSONS TO ENTITIES DURING EXTRAORDINARY MEASURESIn Financial Aid Provided by Private Persons to Entities during extraordinary measures, several forms of help wire transfers, bank account deposits, charity text messages, crowdfunding are discussed. In particular, the article is focused on public fundraising events governed under the Act on the Rules of Public Fundraising dated 14th of March 2014. The analysis also refers to the no longer binding Act on Public Fundraising Events dated 15th of March 1933. Thediscussion is related to the rules of public fundraising during the period of martial law and state of emergency due to natural disaster. The article presents new public fundraising rules, especially the fundraising entity's obligation to report afundraising event on the portal of public fundraising events.

Increase in the value of a company is related to implementation of innovative processes in all functional areas of business. As a result of implemented innovation, the company may offer new products or lower prices. In any case, this leads to improved economic efficiency of the company. The rise in innovation is coupled with an increase in the benefits but is also accompanied by an increase of the risk of failure. This constitutes background against which the article presents the course of innovation processes and possibilities of applying innovation in different market strategies. The article stresses relations between financial risk and the time of innovation. Sources of financial risk and methods of financing innovative investments are also discussed as is the need to take into account the technological environment and market context of innovation

The aim of this article is to delineate the role of property taxes in local government revenues in New England in the USA. In the paper I analyse the data from: Boston, Providence, Bridgeport, Manchester, Portland and Burlington. The article consists of three parts. The first part of the study describes local government in the US. The second part of the article shows structure of local government revenues. Finally, in connection with observed relations in revenues structure in New England's cities, the author discusses popular single tax theory.

The European Union, with its economic potential, standard of living of its societies, humanitarian and democratic legal-institutional system, creates very convenient conditions for individual and collective human development. In light of growing conflicts, decline of living standards and epidemiological threats in African and Asian regions close and far from the EU, we are witnessing a growing level of migration towards Europe. The process of immigration, especially to the richest EU countries, is accompanied by many dangers, also of criminal character.One of the forms of reducing the risk of such dangers is effective EU border protection. The aim of the article is to present changes in procedures and border activities implemented as a result of growing threats to EU safety and immigrants themselves.