Suchergebnisse

AbstractWhat drives foreign state support for rebel organizations? While scholars have examined the geopolitical and organizational factors that fuel foreign support, the role of rebel leaders in this process remains understudied. In this article, we propose that rebel leaders' personal backgrounds shape their ability to obtain foreign support during conflict. In particular, we argue that rebel leaders with significant prior international experiences—including study abroad, work abroad, military training abroad, and exile—are at an advantage in securing wartime external support for their organizations. These experiences provide opportunities for would-be rebel leaders to interact with a multitude of foreign individuals who may later enter politics or otherwise gain prominence in their respective societies, allowing them to build interpersonal social networks across borders. Such networks offer key points of contact when rebel leaders later seek foreign backing. We test this theory using data from the new Rebel Organization Leaders (ROLE) database, finding robust support for our argument as well as the broader role of rebel leader attributes in explaining external support. Our results underscore the value of incorporating individual leaders and their social networks more squarely into the study of modern war.

At head of title: Congrès international des orientalistes. XIe session. Paris, 1897. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Boat pushbacks and pullbacks by Italy and the European Union (EU) have returned migrants and refugees to Libya where they have been subjected to brutal human rights violations, such as torture and ill-treatment. This article argues that these pushbacks and pullbacks not only undermine key human rights principles, but they are also an act of cruelty. As Italy and the EU have used the law to evade their international human rights and refugee obligations, the law has had distributive effects that have shaped migration pathways and exacerbated the vulnerability of migrants and refugees to torture. Not only have legal manoeuvres stripped migrants and refugees of their rights, enabling Italy and the EU to return people to inhumane detention centres in Libya, but they have also had the sinister side effect of excluding migrants and refugees from moral concern. As Italy and the EU have sought to evade legal responsibility, it has created indifference to the suffering of people on the move in Libya. This article sheds important light on the factors that lead to the torture of migrants and refugees on their migration journeys and offers new insights into the relationship between cruelty, migration policies, and indifference to human suffering.

In this article we ask why some unions in Canada and the United States were more actively opposed to NAFTA than others, and why these "activist" unions differed in the strategies that they adopted for fighting NAFTA and in the alternatives that they offered to it. We ask the same questions about differences between the U.S. and Canadian labor movements as embodied in the rhetoric and behavior of their central federations. We distinguish four union "types" on two dimensions: the inclusiveness of union leaders' collective identity (i.e., the kinds of workers that the union actively seeks to organize), and the radicalness of union leaders' moral economy (i.e., how critical the union is of the status quo political economy). We hypothesize that differences in union type, so defined, explain a significant part of the variation in the levels of union activism against NAFTA in both countries, as well as differences in strategies of opposition. Differences in the relative strength of union types is also hypothesized to be an important factor explaining strategic differences between the two national labor federations. We use statistical analysis of survey data, as well as qualitative analysis of institutional variables, to operationalize and assess these hypotheses. We find considerable support for them. (Mobilization / FUB)

"Lukas Morbe sheds light on important antecedents of international retailers' local performance including international strategies and their local implementation, local consumers' perceptions as well as the wider country- and format-specific environment. This topic is of exceptional relevance due to the specific challenges that retail companies face with their increasing internationalization. Retailers transfer their formats across the globe while their business is local in nature and requires attention to the performance in each individual host country. The results of the presented analyses aim to inform retail managers' decisions in international expansion and operation, but also allow for theoretical implications for future research in the fields of retail management and international business. About the Author Dr. Lukas Morbe worked as research assistant at the Chair for Marketing and Retailing at Trier University, where he received his doctoral degree"--Back cover.

Mit Errichtung der ad hoc Tribunale der Vereinten Nationen zur Verfolgung völkerrechtlicher Verbrechen im ehemaligen Jugoslawien und in Ruanda zu Beginn der 90er Jahre entschloss sich die Staatengemeinschaft erstmalig in neuerer Zeit zur Einsetzung internationaler Strafgerichte. Den Tribunalen wird überwiegend Anerkennung für ihre Beiträge zu Frieden und Aussöhnung entgegengebracht. Im Jahre 1998 wurde in Rom das Statut des ständigen Internationalen Strafgerichtshofs angenommen. Der Strafgerichtshof hat mittlerweile seine Arbeit aufgenommen. Er steht nun vor der schwierigen Aufgabe, den Erwartungen, die seitens der Weltöffentlichkeit an ihn gestellt werden, in gleicher Weise gerecht zu werden wie seine beiden Vorgänger. Dabei ist maßgeblich, inwieweit sich die rechtlichen Vorgaben für den Strafgerichtshof von denen der ad hoc Tribunale unterscheiden. Diese Fragestellung liegt der Arbeit zu Grunde. -- Die Wissenschaft hat sich bislang vor allem mit der Weiterentwicklung des materiellen Völkerstrafrechts beschäftigt. Aspekte der Durchsetzung eines völkerrechtlichen Strafanspruchs sind jedoch genauso wichtig wie die Entstehung des Strafanspruchs. Für die Durchsetzung eines völkerrechtlichen Strafanspruchs wiederum sind die rechtlichen Vorgaben für das Ermittlungsverfahren von herausragender Bedeutung, denn im Unterschied zur staatlichen Ebene haben internationale Strafgerichte fernab vom Tatort ihren Sitz und verfügen über keine eigenen Vollzugsorgane. Deshalb findet das Ermittlungsverfahren besondere Berücksichtigung. Im Ergebnis erfolgt eine Bewertung, ob die im Einzelnen festgestellten Unterschiede zwischen den Strafgerichten derart gravierend sind, daß nunmehr mit dem Strafgerichtshof eine neue Ära beginnt, in der möglicherweise eine effektive Durchsetzung des Strafanspruchs wesentlich schwieriger erscheint als bei den ad hoc Tribunalen.

Background: While congenital choledochal malformation (CCM) is relatively well known within the pediatric surgical and pediatric gastroenterological communities, many controversies and questions remain. Methods: In this paper, we will discuss the results of an international Delphi survey among members of the European Reference Network RARE-LIVER and of the faculty of the Biliary Atresia and Related Diseases (BARD) network to identify the most common practices as well as controversies regarding diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of this still enigmatic disease. Results: Twenty-two individual respondents completed the survey. While there seems to be agreement on the definitions of CCM, preoperative workup, surgical approach and follow-up still vary considerably. The mainstay of treatment remains the removal of the entire extrahepatic biliary tract, clearance of debris both proximally and distally, followed by reconstruction with (according to 86% of respondents) a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Nonetheless, both laparoscopic and robotic-assisted resections are gaining ground with the suggestion that this might be facilitated by concentration of care and resources in specialized centers. However, long-term outcomes are still lacking. Conclusions: As even post-surgical CCM has to be considered as having premalignant potential, follow-up should be well-organized and continued into adulthood. This seems to be lacking in many centers. International cooperation for both benchmarking and research is paramount to improving care for this rare disease.