Suchergebnisse

Russian Federation consists of 89 Federated units, namely republics, provinces (in Russian - krai), regions (in Russian - oblast), two federal cities (Moscow and Saint-Petersburg), autonomous region and autonomous districts. Federated units are divided in municipalities. Along with the Federal Constitution there are fundamental laws in Federated units (republics have constitutions, all other units have charters). Municipalities (the level of local government) have charters. Each level has its own system of government. And at each level a referendum might be held. Local government approved their regulations on local referenda. Regional laws on referendum and local government regulations on referendum should be consistent with these requirements of the federal law, and local regulation should not contradict both Federal and regional legislation. Therefore, if regional laws were adopted before the mentioned Federal Law entering into force, their parts contradicting with the Federal Law should be amended. In any case, only those provisions of regional laws and local regulations can be used and enforced that conforms to the Federal legislation.

The tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles (Court of First Instance, Brussels), ruling on appeal, granted maintenance to a former wife after divorce, on the basis of the new Article 301 of the Civil Code, in the amount of EUR 575 for a period of thirteen months. The court found that the divorce had not led to a substantial change in the financial situation of the former wife — she seemed to receive sickness and invalidity allowances — but that, on the other hand, her expenses had increased significantly since she had to pay rent. The amount of the pension after divorce is therefore the price of the rent which the former wife had to bear since the divorce. The court had held that the pension after divorce should enable the spouse who demonstrates that 'the divorce causes him a significant deterioration in his economic situation to come closer, after the divorce, to what was his usual conditions during the marriage'. ; Le tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles, statuant en degré d'appel, avait accordé à une ex-épouse une pension alimentaire après divorce, sur la base du nouvel article 301 du Code civil, d'un montant de 575 euros pour une période de treize mois. Le tribunal avait constaté que le divorce n'avait pas entraîné de modification substantielle de la situation matérielle de l'ex-épouse en termes de ressources — elle bénéficiait semble-t-il d'allocations de maladie et d'invalidité — mais qu'en revanche, ses charges avaient sensiblement augmenté depuis qu'elle devait assumer le paiement d'un loyer. Le montant de la pension après divorce correspond donc au prix du loyer que l'ex-épouse devait supporter depuis le divorce. Le tribunal avait en effet considéré que la pension après divorce devait permettre à l'époux qui fait la démonstration que «le divorce lui occasionne une dégradation significative de la situation économique, de se rapprocher, après le divorce, de ce qu'étaient ses conditions habituelles pendant le mariage».

International audience ; This article explores the conditions for the emergence of a notion that has become central to administrative law, that of a victim. Until the early years of the 20th century, it was a simple element of everyday language, without any legal burden, that the administrative judge rarely used. At the same time, the doctrine shows a similar indifference towards the word victim and the reality it covers. It is then the legislator who imposes the victim's emblem on the French Conseil d'Etat and professors. A series of laws, adopted in the 1910's and providing for the compensation of serial damages, led to the emergence of a real victim vogue. The doctrine then returned to the original meaning of the victim, the sacrificial victim, the one that generates a social bond. Having become the object of administrative law, the object of doctrinal work as well as judicial decisions, the victim nevertheless struggles to become a legal person. The combined efforts of the legislator and the doctrine prevent the recognition of genuine subjective rights. At the end of this genealogical journey, the victim appears in administrative law as a separate instrument from that handled by the privatists. It is indeed presented as a "notion of mass", applied in a privileged way when repairing serial damage by laws deprived of any link to the idea of liability. It refers to the being whose suffering has its source in a particular cause, which moves the national community enough for the State to offer him/her at least partial compensation. The granting of victim status seems to be the prerogative of the legislator, the latter alone having the legitimacy to determine the causes that give meaning to suffering and the pains that cement the community. ; L'article explore les conditions d'émergence d'une notion devenue centrale en droit administratif, celle de victime. Jusqu'aux premières années du XXe siècle, elle est un simple élément du langage courant, sans charge juridique, que le juge administratif utilise rarement. A la même époque, la doctrine fait preuve d'une indifférence similaire à l'égard du mot victime et de la réalité qu'elle recouvre. C'est alors le législateur qui impose au Conseil d'Etat et aux professeurs l'emblème de la victime. Une série de lois, adoptées dans les années 1910 et prévoyant la réparation de dommages sériels, provoque l'apparition d'une véritable vogue victimale. La doctrine renoue alors avec la signification originelle de la victime, la victime sacrificielle, celle qui génère du lien social. Devenue objet du droit administratif, objet de travaux doctrinaux comme de décisions juridictionnelles, la victime peine pourtant à devenir un sujet de droit. Les efforts conjugués du législateur et de la doctrine empêchent en effet la reconnaissance de véritables droits subjectifs. A l'issue de ce parcours généalogique, la victime apparaît en droit administratif comme un instrument distinct de celui manié par les privatistes. Elle se présente en effet comme une « notion de masse », appliquée de façon privilégiée lors de la réparation de dommages sériels par des lois privées de tout lien avec l'idée de responsabilité. Elle désigne l'être dont la souffrance puise sa source dans une cause particulière, qui émeut suffisamment la communauté nationale pour que l'Etat lui offre un dédommagement, au moins partiel. L'octroi de la qualité de victime semble être l'apanage du législateur, ce dernier détenant seul la légitimité pour déterminer les causes qui donnent un sens à une souffrance et les douleurs qui cimentent la collectivité.

"Serial no. 97-95." ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 2 17

According to Albanian legislation, the definition of working at home and teleworking is almost identical. Both jobs are done from home and the only difference relies on the fact that telework requires the use of information technology. The Albanian law, as well as the definitions of international organizations and various researchers, state that the difference is in the use of instruments of information and communication technology. Basically, if the definitions of the above issues and the definitions of the Albanian legislation are summarized, it can be said that telework is the work performed outside the premises of the organization using information technology.

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The impact of legally mandated change on women prisoners / Claudine SchWeber & Clarice Feinman -- I: Domestic violence -- battered women -- Restraining orders for battered women: issues of access and efficacy / Janice Grau, Jeffrey Fagan & Sandra Wexler -- Domestic violence in criminal court: an examination of new legislation in Ohio / Daisy Quarm & Martin D. Schwartz -- II: Sexual assault -- Rape law reform: the new cosmetic for Canadian women / Judith A. Osborne -- Sexual assault prosecution: an examination of model rape legislation in Michigan / Susan Caringella-MacDonald -- III: Prostitution -- The white slave traffic act: historical impact of a Federal crime policy on women / Marlene D. Beckman -- New York State's prostitution statute: cast study of the discriminatory application of a gender neutral law / Frances P. Bernat.

"Printed for the use of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs." ; Mode of access: Internet.

The article covers the issue of police harassment and necessity of legislative regulation of range and permissible limits of the use of special measures used to maintain law and order. The article identifies human rights and fundamental freedoms as a priority in the National policing and reflects its service function in state and society. The description of the police as a subject of administrative law and a guarantor of law and order in the country is given in the article. The article deals with the provisions of The Constitution of Ukraine and general regulations governing the activities of the National Police. The analysis of European and national approaches in counteraction of exceeding the limits of authority by policemen and also description of the provisions governing the specifics of the application of special measures are specified. The work contains a review of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights in cases related to combating police misconduct. In addition to the analysis of legislation and case law, the article reflects the main prerequisites for the problem of harassment and exceeding the limits within which a police officer must act. The article contains a detailed analysis of the peculiarities of the application of measures related to violence and encroachment on the rights and freedoms of citizens. The paper pays attention not only to the practical and normative aspect of the above mentioned problem, but also describes the role of fundamental principles of law and human rights in understanding the theory of law. The peculiarities of protection of violated rights in court were also given and the inadmissibility of the police's superiority over the law was proved. The main idea, which was laid down by the author of the article in its content, was the need to ensure legal certainty in legislation aimed at regulating the actions of police officers in situations requiring police intervention. Also, the need for clear regulation and consolidation of regulations, in the rules of law, the ...