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Abstract. This article attempts to briefly look at the similarities and differences in the initial conditions for the formation of the two countries: the United States of America and Indonesia, especially in the dynamics of the relations between statesmen and religious leaders, including political relations with religious issues at the beginning of independence until the present. In fact, since 1776, the United States government has chosen a secular-democratic form of state that guarantees freedom of various kinds, and may not protect a particular religion. On the other hand, in Indonesia, although since 1945, the government of the Republic of Indonesia has guaranteed freedom of religion for everyone, in reality, discrimination and persecution of the majority against minorities still often occurs in the name of defending a particular religion.Keywords: The United States of America, Indonesia, issues of religious liberty. Abstrak. Artikel ini mencoba menjelaskan secara singkat kondisi awal tentang persamaan dan perbedaan negara Amerika Serikat dengan Indonesia. Persamaan dan perbedaan yang dimaksud relevansinya pembentukan kedua tersebut, khususnya dalam dinamika hubungan antar negarawan dan tokoh agama, termasuk hubungan politik dengan masalah agama pada awal kemerdekaan hingga saat ini. Padahal, sejak 1776, pemerintah Amerika Serikat telah memilih bentuk negara demokrasi sekuler yang menjamin kebebasan dalam berbagai jenis, dan tidak boleh melindungi agama tertentu. Di sisi lain, di Indonesia, meskipun sejak tahun 1945 Pemerintah Republik Indonesia telah menjamin kebebasan beragama bagi setiap orang, pada kenyataannya diskriminasi dan persekusi terhadap kelompok mayoritas terhadap minoritas masih sering terjadi atas nama membela agama tertentu.Kata Kunci: Amerika Serikat, Indonesia, Isu Kebebasan Beragama.

AbstractWhen a supplier experiences a disruption, it learns how to better prevent and recover from future disruptions. As suppliers learn to become more resilient, the overall supply network also learns to become more resilient. This research draws on the organizational learning literature to introduce the concept of supply network resilience learning, which we define as the improvement of supply network resilience when suppliers learn from their own disruptions. The analysis integrates agent‐based modeling, experimental design, data analytics, and analytical modeling to investigate how supplier learning improves supply network learning. We examine how two types of supplier learning, namely, learning‐to‐prevent and learning‐to‐recover, affect supply network learning. The results show that suppliers' learning‐to‐prevent results in a disruption‐free supply network when time approaches infinity. However, the results differ across a more realistic finite time horizon. In this setting, learning‐to‐recover improves network learning when suppliers face a lower chance of disruption. The analysis also shows that centrally located suppliers enhance network learning, except when the risk of a disruption is high and the chance of diffusing a disruption to another supplier is high. In this setting, noncentral suppliers become more critical to supply network learning. This research provides a framework that will help practitioners understand the contingencies that influence the effect of supplier learning on the overall supply network resilience learning.

How do attitudes toward vaccination change over the course of a public health crisis? We report results from a longitudinal survey of United States residents during six months (March 16 –August 16, 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic. Contrary to past research suggesting that the increased salience of a disease threat should improve attitudes toward vaccines, we observed a decrease in intentions of getting a COVID-19 vaccine when one becomes available. We further found a decline in general vaccine attitudes and intentions of getting the influenza vaccine. Analyses of heterogeneity indicated that this decline is driven by participants who identify as Republicans, who showed a negative trend in vaccine attitudes and intentions, whereas Democrats remained largely stable. Consistent with research on risk perception and behavior, those with less favorable attitudes toward a COVID-19 vaccination also perceived the virus to be less threatening. We provide suggestive evidence that differential exposure to media channels and social networks could explain the observed asymmetric polarization between self-identified Democrats and Republicans.

Agriculture is important for Ghana's economy and the livelihoods of the majority of the rural population even though its level of contribution to GDP is declining. Its importance is not only in terms of the contribution to food and nutrition security, but also in providing a basis for agro-industrial activities and for exports. It provides jobs and livelihoods to a significant proportion of the population especially in the rural areas. Farmers cultivate major staples such as maize, cassava, yam, plantain, sorghum and rice. The cash crops grown include cocoa, oil palm, cashew and rubber among others. Ghana's 2019 annual growth rate for agriculture was 4.6%. The crop sub-sector is the largest in the agricultural sector followed by livestock and fisheries. The impacts of climate change on agriculture are not just projected but are real. The sector is currently contending against erratic rainfall patterns, water stress, desertification/ degradation of ecological systems/ forest degradation; increasing temperatures; and disruption of seasonality. Climate change affects agricultural activities in diverse ways including changes in the onset of the rainy season, increase incidence and frequency in some regions, increase in post-harvest losses of agricultural commodities, decline in the availability and quality of forage and high mortality and morbidity of livestock. Managing the impacts of climate change is important in addressing the challenge of enhancing productivity in the agricultural sector. It is a multi-dimensional challenge; hence solutions must emanate from the identifiable components of the environment. Agriculture is given a high priority in Ghana's political and socio-economic discourse with the President highlighting the agricultural programme of PFJ as the flagship of his government. The various national policy documents including the national development framework have underscored the importance of the agricultural sector. However, there is need to enhance policy coherence and strengthen policy implementation along the governance structures from the national through the regional to the municipal and district assemblies. Farmers and women must have stronger voices at the district level to articulate better their concerns. Besides, Ghana's national budgetary allocation to the agricultural sector is still below the target of the Maputo Declaration at about 9.7% currently. However, the on-going programmes such as the PFJ and its constituent modules are likely to increase it. The funding from multi- and bilateral sources are also likely to increase agricultural expenditures. The key recommendations proposed include creating an enabling legal, institutional and policy framework to create a favorable environment for enhancing policy coherence and strengthening policy implementation along the governance structures from the national to regional through to the municipal and district assemblies. It is also important to increase national budgetary and finance flows from bilateral and multi-lateral sources into the agriculture sector to promote widespread adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA). Investments should take into account gender and youth considerations, supported by a strong extension services system. Farmers' adoption of CSA is an important intervention area that economic planning must cater for. Market access and access to financial resources to finance their agricultural activities in crops, livestock, fishery and agroforestry, are crucial. Government must consider, adopt and implement this recommendation in collaboration with other stakeholders.

Based on field visits, structured interviews, and reviews of the literature and secondary data, we examine major challenges facing the leather and date clusters in Tunisia. The challenges vary greatly between the clusters. The leather and footwear industry faces a decline in external demand. After the global economic crisis in the late 2000s and the Arab Spring in the early 2010s, the sector lost international competitiveness. To revitalize the sector, policies should be designed to expand markets for leather and footwear. Exploring trade agreement with the US, leveling the tariff rate for intermediate goods and shoes, attracting foreign direct investment, and improving leather quality are among potential policy options. Implementing these policies will require coordination among different government agencies and private sector stakeholders. Besides demand challenges, lack of water treatment also is a major challenge facing tanneries across Tunisia. The international demand for Tunisian dates has been very strong. Most of the major challenges are on the supply side, such as value chain coordination, inadequate water supply, labor shortages, diseases, lack of new varieties, and limited value addition. The supply-side policy options include diversifying varieties and expanding into date derivative and palm waste products, promoting labor-saving mechanization and water-saving irrigation technologies, and improving coordination along the value chain. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; CRP2; EgyptSSP; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance; Capacity Strengthening ; DSGD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)