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The institutionalization of the Polish movement in Ukraine, 1988–1991For a long time the Polish minority in Ukraine was unable to fulfill its religious, cultural, educational, and political needs because of the Soviet communist regime. All institutions were controlled by the Communist Party and state security organs. Nevertheless, the process of the rebirth of Polish institutions and organizations began in 1989 via the former channels of the communist apparatus which was prepared to allow limited concessions. Thus the process was from above and not from below, from the center to the periphery, according to the former command political system. It relied on former organisations, mostly Towarzystwo Łączności i Związków Kulturalnych z Zagranicą.However, the ethnic mobilization of the Polish minority in Ukraine proceeded faster than the equivalent process embracing the Ukrainians themselves, who fought also for sovereignty for the nation. The article describes in detail the phases of forming the Polish organizations for which Polskie Stowarzyszenie Kulturalno-Oświatowe was a precursor, and its forms of activity, later imitated by other social organizations, such as Polish language courses, festivals and competitions, folk dancing, travel to Poland.

In the study of the independence of characteristics in the multi-feature tables X2 Pearson's statistics are the most popular. For multi-feature arrays, there are certain limitations as to the applicability of the X2 Pearson's statistics, but in an era of rapidly developing computer setting can be abolished with the critical value of computer simulation to generate the contents of multi-feature tables. The aim of the study is to provide the reader with a ready computer implementation, written in VBA editor (Visual Basic for Applications). Reading the presented theory for multi-feature tables and analysis of the examples allow the reader to carry out independent tests using X2 Pearson's statistics at any number of objects in each multi-feature table cells.

This article focuses on the relations between men and women in the area of family life, and in particular the situation of fathers and their approach to biological differences between the genders. Using the theoretical perspective developed by Norbert Elias, the author shows how the organization of social life, which she considers to be based on the inequality of men and women, is legitimized by emphasis in the process of naturalizing gender differences. On the basis of qualitative research, methods of defining fatherhood in reference to that difference are depicted, as are the strategies which individuals adopt to deal with it, and the problems that are connected with this in contemporary Polish society.

The article presents a usage of vector autoregressive models in forecasting Polish consumer price index. Macroeconomic variables used in this paper are considered to reflect particular economic theories describing causes of inflation. Out-of-sample methodology was used in forecasting process. Accuracy of results was diagnosed by using ex post forecasting errors.

In his well known essay "Left-wing" communism: an infan-tile disorder Lenin used the Russian term "levizna" to name a naïve strategy of West European communist parties. This term is usually translated as "Left-Wing" but it does not show its disregarding to West communist politics in Lenin's eyes. In Polish there is anther tradition, used by commu-nist nomenclature, to ridicule left wing movement (e.g. in 1968), and it is translated as "lewactwo" (translations such as"lefty", "leftie" do not fit due to historical context and the Russian grammar). Nowadays the term is used by right-wing movements and politicians to humiliate each left-wing idea as childish (opposed to "adult" right-wing). In my article, I intend to show how this "lewactwo" notion works as a barrier of national identity, as well as a screen of phantasy. The em-pirical part of my work was based on Internet folklore, such as mems, commentaries, short YouTube films and also on offers of shops with patriotic clothes and gadgets (because their offer is rooted in this folklore, and they first make some "patriotic context," e.g. something interesting in history, and then offer clothes etc. in relation to this. So their merchandise is strictly based on Internet folklore and work as "barometer" for it). My analysis shows how the notion "lewactwo" works as an ideological and phantasmatic barrier for national identity. This barrier shows how all these right-wing movements construct positive set of the "nation." This set contains positive as well as negative (put together with "lewactwo") elements, like notions, ideas and signs with which they must be contiguous to be part of the nation (e.g., in an anthropological notion of magic based on contagion and similarity). The term "lewactwo" is also used as a screen of phantasy, where you are projecting all features which exclude you from the community and your positive "national identity."

The institutionalization of the Polish movement in Ukraine, 1988–1991For a long time the Polish minority in Ukraine was unable to fulfill its religious, cultural, educational, and political needs because of the Soviet communist regime. All institutions were controlled by the Communist Party and state security organs. Nevertheless, the process of the rebirth of Polish institutions and organizations began in 1989 via the former channels of the communist apparatus which was prepared to allow limited concessions. Thus the process was from above and not from below, from the center to the periphery, according to the former command political system. It relied on former organisations, mostly Towarzystwo Łączności i Związków Kulturalnych z Zagranicą.However, the ethnic mobilization of the Polish minority in Ukraine proceeded faster than the equivalent process embracing the Ukrainians themselves, who fought also for sovereignty for the nation. The article describes in detail the phases of forming the Polish organizations for which Polskie Stowarzyszenie Kulturalno-Oświatowe was a precursor, and its forms of activity, later imitated by other social organizations, such as Polish language courses, festivals and competitions, folk dancing, travel to Poland.