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It has been argued that human actions through pollution and other activities have imperil survival, harm health and dislocate the well-being of man on earth. This argument's corollary is that, given the curious datum that human beings are implicated in loss and damage of the environment, actions performed by individuals have aggregate negative consequences on the environment. Yet, what African culture is and how it matters in environmental ethics is regrettably unexplored and disproportionately contested. This study examines the contributions of culture toward the preservation and protection of the environment for future generation. The study adopts qualitative methodology and content analysis, as well as "relational theory" to respond to the thesis that African culture has a moral responsibility and an in-built mechanism to protect human interactions with nature and environment. The findings show that culture has the capacity to avert loss and damage of the African environment through African ethics.

ABSTRACTWe examine shareholder initiated social policy proposals' capacity to exert pressure on management to force it to adopt the suggested changes in policy. We show that social proposals, filed under the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's Rule 14a‐8, have a more limited capacity to change corporate social policy than it has been previously reported. However, the capacity to exert pressure on firms can be substantially higher for some types of filers, notably pension funds and mutual funds. The analysis also suggests that the capacity to influence management is higher for some types of issues presented in the resolution, such as those related to board diversity, energy and environment, and international laborand human rights. We also provide suggestions explaining why shareholder activism is a persistent practice despite its limited results.

During the 1960s and 1970s over 108 million was spent on four unprecedented social scientific experiments to test the effectiveness of a major proposal to reform the welfare system. Now out of favor, the negative income tax was then considered to be an appealing alternative to welfare. Starting in New Jersey and Pennsylvania during the Johnson administration, the experimental research continued through Carter's term and helped to keep reform proposal and research organizations alive. This book examines the results of these experiments and their effect on Carter's reform attempt-the Program for Better Jobs and Income.

In the study of international political economy, there is little discussion on how economic development affects the global environment. Yet natural degradation can be one of the most pervasive and longest lasting consequences of development. Too often these consequences are simply catalogued without sufficient consideration given to their social, political and economic causes. Global deforestation, this study's litmus test of environmental lateral pressure, is examined in relation to domestic GNP, population growth, and a variable constructed for this study, namely tradeconnected GNP, which accounts for the trade effects among nations. This model specifically addresses the ongoing debate between economists and environmentalists over the costs and benefits of free trade. Economists defend free trade by citing evidence that domestic GNP increases, spurred on by the gains from trade, reduce environmental degradation as richer countries become better able to address such concerns. This study replicates these results, but then it tests trade effects directly and finds that they increase rather than decrease patterns of global deforestation.

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this article is to detail the oral health status of early baby boomers and how it is affected by the cultural influences after World War II.MethodsNational data on clinically and self‐assessed oral conditions from the 2021 NIDCR Oral Health in America Report, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2014), Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Cancer Institute (2018), the Indian Health Service (2022), and the Health and Retirement Study (2018) were tabulated and compared (where available) to similar data for older and younger cohorts.ResultsData analyses show that there is more tooth retention overall. There are higher levels of tooth loss, unrestored caries, and periodontitis among Black, American Indian, Alaskan Native, and Hispanic baby boomers, and the poor. Smokers had higher rates of periodontitis.ConclusionA life course approach to oral health care is warranted. Only by regular access and preventive care throughout life can avoidable, unnecessary, overly complex, and invasive procedures be prevented.