Chronique des relations exterieures du Canada et du Quebec (International Relations of Canada and Quebec: Chronological Summary)
In: Études internationales: revue trimestrielle, Band 23, Heft 1, S. 139
ISSN: 0014-2123
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In: Études internationales: revue trimestrielle, Band 23, Heft 1, S. 139
ISSN: 0014-2123
In: Études internationales: revue trimestrielle, Band 22, Heft 1, S. 137
ISSN: 0014-2123
In: Études internationales: revue trimestrielle, Band 22, Heft 4, S. 799
ISSN: 0014-2123
In: Études internationales: revue trimestrielle, Band 22, Heft 3, S. 577
ISSN: 0014-2123
In: Études internationales: revue trimestrielle, Band 22, Heft 2, S. 393
ISSN: 0014-2123
In: Études internationales: revue trimestrielle, Band 21, Heft 2, S. 375
ISSN: 0014-2123
In: Études internationales: revue trimestrielle, Band 21, Heft 4, S. 823
ISSN: 0014-2123
In: Études internationales: revue trimestrielle, Band 21, Heft 3, S. 565
ISSN: 0014-2123
In: Études internationales: revue trimestrielle, Band 20, Heft 4, S. 853
ISSN: 0014-2123
In: Études internationales: revue trimestrielle, Band 20, Heft 2, S. 369
ISSN: 0014-2123
In: Études internationales: revue trimestrielle, Band 18, Heft 3, S. 609
ISSN: 0014-2123
In: Études internationales: revue trimestrielle, Band 18, Heft 4, S. 811
ISSN: 0014-2123
This Article examines whether contemporary international law is equipped to address the recurrent phenomenon of covert involvement by a state in internal conflicts of another state. Ms. Michael analyzes this phenomenon in the context of United States assistance to the Contras in collective self-defense on behalf of El Salvador, and Nicaragua's concomitant support of the Salvadoran Rebels' attempts to overthrow the existing El Salvador Government. Ms. Michael summarizes the extensive history of conflict between the United States and Nicaragua culminating in the contemporary dispute existing between the Reagan Administration and the Sandinista Government. Both the Sandinistas and the Reagan Administration charged the other with violating international law through waging an unlawful war of indirect aggression. In outlining the basic substantive and procedural requirements of international law imposed on any exercise of individual or collective self-defense, Ms. Michael examines governing provisions of the United Nations and Organization of American States Charters. The Article then addresses three substantive requirements under customary international law entitling individual or collective self-defense: 1) a state must exhaust peaceful procedures; 2) the responsive measure of force employed must be necessary; and 3) a defensive use of force must be proportional to the character and magnitude of the attack. Ms. Michael next appraises the merits of the Reagan Administration's position supporting the Contras in light of these governing legal principles. Ms. Michael concludes that the actual context underlying the dispute between the Sandinistas and the Reagan Administration indicates that neither government had "clean hands" in Central America, with the United States becoming another aggressor in the conflict.
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In: Journal of European integration, Band 33, Heft 2, S. 117-138
ISSN: 0703-6337
World Affairs Online
In: Collection Lamy axe droit