Suchergebnisse

In order to ensure the feasibility of passenger or goods vehicles (angkot, buses, trucks) on the road, the government should supervise. The supervision carried out is in the form of periodic tests carried out by the government, especially the ministry of transportation, which is clearly regulated in Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Junto Road Traffic and Transportation Regulation of the Minister of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia Number PM 133 of 2015 concerning Periodic Testing of Motorized Vehicles (Permenhub) PBKB). In Article 49 paragraph (1) of Act No. 22 of 2009 it is stated that imported, manufactured and/or assembled Motorized Vehicles, trailers, and patch trains that are imported, manufactured and/or assembled in the country to be operated on the road must be tested. The implementation of the revocation of travel business permits due to not having periodic tests in Pekanbaru City is not implemented properly, there are still many travellers who are not tested regularly and are not given sanctions. The obstacles in implementing the revocation of travel business licenses due to not having periodic tests in Pekanbaru City are due to the low legal awareness of travel owners, lack of testing staff and ability to test and equipment facilities that do not support. Efforts to overcome obstacles in implementing the revocation of travel business licenses due to not having periodic tests in Pekanbaru City are by making policies and proposing additional testing staff and carrying out maintenance of testing facilities and equipment

Although the term "cluster" is widely used in academic and political circles since the 1990s, we will see that cultural clusters take different forms. This analysis will underline the characteristics of a very specific type of cluster: the metropolitan cultural cluster. Their construction is part of a double intention : building new policy objects in an original way. These clusters can be considered as new public policy tools because of their hybrid nature. They depend on urban, economic and cultural dynamics. To better understand our research object we will use a multidisciplinary scientific approach at the intersection of these three perspectives. This is the originality of our approach.To sum up our work, we will see how the development of these clusters is structured through the relationship between stakeholders. We will focus on the logics that are behind these projects, choices, conflicts and changes in stakeholder's positions.Less sectional, metropolitan cultural clusters are based on projects where the process is more important than the result. These processes are at the centre of our analysis and we will focus on their dynamics. The "new way of doing things" directly echoes with governance. The projects at the basis of metropolitan cultural clusters advocate an organic development where strategies are not static and where they evolve according to opportunities. Despite these intentions, the cultural clusters we study are largely influenced by earlier forms of clusters. The term itself is inherited from industrial policy. The methods of governance in these clusters seem frozen in old models and less flexible than they are supposed to be. They derive from a top-down approach, decided "by the top for the bottom". Starting from case studies and through an international comparative analysis, we will highlight the complexity behind the term cultural cluster. Adopting a continuous approach, we will trace the evolution of their objectives and seek to identify evolution factors. This thesis proposes a new ...

Although the term "cluster" is widely used in academic and political circles since the 1990s, we will see that cultural clusters take different forms. This analysis will underline the characteristics of a very specific type of cluster: the metropolitan cultural cluster. Their construction is part of a double intention : building new policy objects in an original way. These clusters can be considered as new public policy tools because of their hybrid nature. They depend on urban, economic and cultural dynamics. To better understand our research object we will use a multidisciplinary scientific approach at the intersection of these three perspectives. This is the originality of our approach.To sum up our work, we will see how the development of these clusters is structured through the relationship between stakeholders. We will focus on the logics that are behind these projects, choices, conflicts and changes in stakeholder's positions.Less sectional, metropolitan cultural clusters are based on projects where the process is more important than the result. These processes are at the centre of our analysis and we will focus on their dynamics. The "new way of doing things" directly echoes with governance. The projects at the basis of metropolitan cultural clusters advocate an organic development where strategies are not static and where they evolve according to opportunities. Despite these intentions, the cultural clusters we study are largely influenced by earlier forms of clusters. The term itself is inherited from industrial policy. The methods of governance in these clusters seem frozen in old models and less flexible than they are supposed to be. They derive from a top-down approach, decided "by the top for the bottom". Starting from case studies and through an international comparative analysis, we will highlight the complexity behind the term cultural cluster. Adopting a continuous approach, we will trace the evolution of their objectives and seek to identify evolution factors. This thesis proposes a new ...

Although the term "cluster" is widely used in academic and political circles since the 1990s, we will see that cultural clusters take different forms. This analysis will underline the characteristics of a very specific type of cluster: the metropolitan cultural cluster. Their construction is part of a double intention : building new policy objects in an original way. These clusters can be considered as new public policy tools because of their hybrid nature. They depend on urban, economic and cultural dynamics. To better understand our research object we will use a multidisciplinary scientific approach at the intersection of these three perspectives. This is the originality of our approach.To sum up our work, we will see how the development of these clusters is structured through the relationship between stakeholders. We will focus on the logics that are behind these projects, choices, conflicts and changes in stakeholder's positions.Less sectional, metropolitan cultural clusters are based on projects where the process is more important than the result. These processes are at the centre of our analysis and we will focus on their dynamics. The "new way of doing things" directly echoes with governance. The projects at the basis of metropolitan cultural clusters advocate an organic development where strategies are not static and where they evolve according to opportunities. Despite these intentions, the cultural clusters we study are largely influenced by earlier forms of clusters. The term itself is inherited from industrial policy. The methods of governance in these clusters seem frozen in old models and less flexible than they are supposed to be. They derive from a top-down approach, decided "by the top for the bottom". Starting from case studies and through an international comparative analysis, we will highlight the complexity behind the term cultural cluster. Adopting a continuous approach, we will trace the evolution of their objectives and seek to identify evolution factors. This thesis proposes a new perspective on the dynamics of cultural clusters. It draws on concepts from evolutionary theories. How do these concepts allow us to better understand the bifurcation strategies in the clusters of Nantes, Barcelona and Quebec? In other words, what do these concepts teach us on the determinants of flexibility?The conclusion will highlight the regular mechanisms that drive the evolution processes of metropolitan cultural clusters. ; Bien que le terme de « cluster » soit largement répandu dans les milieux académiques et politiques depuis les années 1990, nous verrons que le cluster culturel revêt différentes formes. Nous tenterons de montrer à travers cette analyse, quelles sont les spécificités d'un type de cluster bien particulier : les clusters culturels métropolitains. Leur édification s'inscrit dans une volonté qui est double celle de construire de nouveaux objets politiques d'une nouvelle manière. Ces clusters peuvent être considérés comme de nouveaux objets politiques de par leur nature hybride. Ils dépendent à la fois de politiques publiques et de dynamiques urbaines, économiques et culturelles. Pour mieux appréhender notre objet de recherche nous adopterons une approche scientifique pluridisciplinaire pour se situer à l'intersection de ces trois perspectives. Telle est l'originalité de notre démarche.En somme, il s'agit de voir comment se structure l'évolution de ces clusters à travers les rapports entre acteurs, d'éclairer les logiques qui sont derrières ces projets, les choix, les conflits et les changements de position des acteurs.Moins sectoriels et plus territorialisés, les clusters culturels métropolitains sont basés sur des projets où les processus comptent plus que les résultats. Ces processus constitueront le cœur de notre analyse et nous chercherons à comprendre leurs dynamiques. La « nouvelle manière de faire » fait directement écho à la gouvernance. Ces projets se défendent d'adopter une approche top down, décidée « par le haut pour le bas » et assument un développement qui serait organique, dont les stratégies ne seraient pas figées et évolueraient en fonction d'opportunités. Malgré ces volontés, les clusters culturels que nous étudions portent les stigmates du passé. Le terme de cluster est hérité en effet de politiques industrielles. Les méthodes de coordination des acteurs de ces clusters semblent figées dans d'anciens modèles et bien moins ouverts qu'ils ne le laissent supposer.En partant d'études de cas, et grâce à une analyse comparée internationale, nous mettrons en exergue la complexité qui se cache derrière ce terme de cluster culturel. Grâce à une approche longitudinale nous retracerons l'évolution de leurs objectifs dont nous chercherons à identifier les facteurs. Cette thèse propose une lecture renouvelée de la dynamique des clusters culturels. Elle s'appuie sur les concepts issus des théories évolutionnistes. Comment, en les mobilisant, peut-on mieux appréhender les bifurcations stratégiques des clusters de Nantes, Barcelone et Québec ? Autrement dit, que nous apprennent ces concepts sur les déterminants de la flexibilité ? Les conclusions mettront en exergue les mécanismes réguliers qui conduisent les processus d'évolution des clusters culturels métropolitains. Le cluster culturel apparait comme un prétexte pour étudier plus finement les logiques de construction de projets dans les villes contemporaines.

Although the term "cluster" is widely used in academic and political circles since the 1990s, we will see that cultural clusters take different forms. This analysis will underline the characteristics of a very specific type of cluster: the metropolitan cultural cluster. Their construction is part of a double intention : building new policy objects in an original way. These clusters can be considered as new public policy tools because of their hybrid nature. They depend on urban, economic and cultural dynamics. To better understand our research object we will use a multidisciplinary scientific approach at the intersection of these three perspectives. This is the originality of our approach.To sum up our work, we will see how the development of these clusters is structured through the relationship between stakeholders. We will focus on the logics that are behind these projects, choices, conflicts and changes in stakeholder's positions.Less sectional, metropolitan cultural clusters are based on projects where the process is more important than the result. These processes are at the centre of our analysis and we will focus on their dynamics. The "new way of doing things" directly echoes with governance. The projects at the basis of metropolitan cultural clusters advocate an organic development where strategies are not static and where they evolve according to opportunities. Despite these intentions, the cultural clusters we study are largely influenced by earlier forms of clusters. The term itself is inherited from industrial policy. The methods of governance in these clusters seem frozen in old models and less flexible than they are supposed to be. They derive from a top-down approach, decided "by the top for the bottom". Starting from case studies and through an international comparative analysis, we will highlight the complexity behind the term cultural cluster. Adopting a continuous approach, we will trace the evolution of their objectives and seek to identify evolution factors. This thesis proposes a new ...

Although the term "cluster" is widely used in academic and political circles since the 1990s, we will see that cultural clusters take different forms. This analysis will underline the characteristics of a very specific type of cluster: the metropolitan cultural cluster. Their construction is part of a double intention : building new policy objects in an original way. These clusters can be considered as new public policy tools because of their hybrid nature. They depend on urban, economic and cultural dynamics. To better understand our research object we will use a multidisciplinary scientific approach at the intersection of these three perspectives. This is the originality of our approach.To sum up our work, we will see how the development of these clusters is structured through the relationship between stakeholders. We will focus on the logics that are behind these projects, choices, conflicts and changes in stakeholder's positions.Less sectional, metropolitan cultural clusters are based on projects where the process is more important than the result. These processes are at the centre of our analysis and we will focus on their dynamics. The "new way of doing things" directly echoes with governance. The projects at the basis of metropolitan cultural clusters advocate an organic development where strategies are not static and where they evolve according to opportunities. Despite these intentions, the cultural clusters we study are largely influenced by earlier forms of clusters. The term itself is inherited from industrial policy. The methods of governance in these clusters seem frozen in old models and less flexible than they are supposed to be. They derive from a top-down approach, decided "by the top for the bottom". Starting from case studies and through an international comparative analysis, we will highlight the complexity behind the term cultural cluster. Adopting a continuous approach, we will trace the evolution of their objectives and seek to identify evolution factors. This thesis proposes a new perspective on the dynamics of cultural clusters. It draws on concepts from evolutionary theories. How do these concepts allow us to better understand the bifurcation strategies in the clusters of Nantes, Barcelona and Quebec? In other words, what do these concepts teach us on the determinants of flexibility?The conclusion will highlight the regular mechanisms that drive the evolution processes of metropolitan cultural clusters. ; Bien que le terme de « cluster » soit largement répandu dans les milieux académiques et politiques depuis les années 1990, nous verrons que le cluster culturel revêt différentes formes. Nous tenterons de montrer à travers cette analyse, quelles sont les spécificités d'un type de cluster bien particulier : les clusters culturels métropolitains. Leur édification s'inscrit dans une volonté qui est double celle de construire de nouveaux objets politiques d'une nouvelle manière. Ces clusters peuvent être considérés comme de nouveaux objets politiques de par leur nature hybride. Ils dépendent à la fois de politiques publiques et de dynamiques urbaines, économiques et culturelles. Pour mieux appréhender notre objet de recherche nous adopterons une approche scientifique pluridisciplinaire pour se situer à l'intersection de ces trois perspectives. Telle est l'originalité de notre démarche.En somme, il s'agit de voir comment se structure l'évolution de ces clusters à travers les rapports entre acteurs, d'éclairer les logiques qui sont derrières ces projets, les choix, les conflits et les changements de position des acteurs.Moins sectoriels et plus territorialisés, les clusters culturels métropolitains sont basés sur des projets où les processus comptent plus que les résultats. Ces processus constitueront le cœur de notre analyse et nous chercherons à comprendre leurs dynamiques. La « nouvelle manière de faire » fait directement écho à la gouvernance. Ces projets se défendent d'adopter une approche top down, décidée « par le haut pour le bas » et assument un développement qui serait organique, dont les stratégies ne seraient pas figées et évolueraient en fonction d'opportunités. Malgré ces volontés, les clusters culturels que nous étudions portent les stigmates du passé. Le terme de cluster est hérité en effet de politiques industrielles. Les méthodes de coordination des acteurs de ces clusters semblent figées dans d'anciens modèles et bien moins ouverts qu'ils ne le laissent supposer.En partant d'études de cas, et grâce à une analyse comparée internationale, nous mettrons en exergue la complexité qui se cache derrière ce terme de cluster culturel. Grâce à une approche longitudinale nous retracerons l'évolution de leurs objectifs dont nous chercherons à identifier les facteurs. Cette thèse propose une lecture renouvelée de la dynamique des clusters culturels. Elle s'appuie sur les concepts issus des théories évolutionnistes. Comment, en les mobilisant, peut-on mieux appréhender les bifurcations stratégiques des clusters de Nantes, Barcelone et Québec ? Autrement dit, que nous apprennent ces concepts sur les déterminants de la flexibilité ? Les conclusions mettront en exergue les mécanismes réguliers qui conduisent les processus d'évolution des clusters culturels métropolitains. Le cluster culturel apparait comme un prétexte pour étudier plus finement les logiques de construction de projets dans les villes contemporaines.

The National Committee for Aid to Refugees declared 1980, the year of refugee in the Sudan, launched a fund-raising campaign and invited the international community to participate in a Conference to begin on June 20, 1980, the day celebrated as "Refugee Day" throughout Africa. The conference was attended by 27 governments, 18 intergovernmental organisations and nearly 60 voluntary agencies