In the last decade of the 20th century, profound social and urban changes took place in the ports of Iquique and Pisagua, in northern Chile. This meant the advent of a new mindset which was modern, liberal and marked by relations imposed by the capitalist model. They were new cities, different from the Spanish-colonial root, without foundation date or military-management strategy. They arose without links to the past, organized by a new institution formed by liberal politicians, business people and enlightened businessmen, and with the sole purpose of fulfilling the role assigned by modern technique of commercial nexus and services in the product flow of nitrate explotation. It is there, where a theater that hosted the aspirations and social conventions of the ruling class was built. It was the economic boom of the nitrate cycle, where opulence was the attitude that characterized the society at that time, promoting the construction of buildings that recalled the great European theaters, hosting the refinement of social events and lyric-dramatic singing entertainment. Thus the nitrate towns joined the route of the major theater companies in their journey through the world, giving both European immigrants that settled in these desert land and locals, representative of the ruling elite, to reproduce the social and cultural European world. So the theaters were prominent landmarks of the city, as a testimony of that time, and showing the golden past of the nitrate economic boom period. In parallel, the emergence of the working class and social crisis, marked the social and cultural process of the boom phase of nitrate cities with special features. It was on the opposite scenario where another phenomenon emerged, linked with socio-spatial transformations associated with the industrial era, the development of the working class. A process that spread from Europe to America by the cities that were adhering to the industrialization process. The massive concentration of workers in the nitrate offices was the substrate for the origin and expansion of the labor movement that was born in the struggle for its social demands. It was also the basis for the development of guild and mutual associations which were accompanied by illustrated movements that saw in education and culture, the solution to overcome the state of deprivation in which they lived. Thus, the forms of social organization and representation, with the spread of theatrical performances, with operettas and farces, with philharmonics and estudiantinas. It is there where an inner transgressive theatrical endeavour arose, and moved away from conventional buildings of the ruling class and stuck to the mutual and philanthropic societies, building a testimony that was highlighted not by material but by their works. In this definition of context, the crisis that marked the end of the nitrate cycle indicated the decline of the bourgeois theater which disappears with the ruling classes that leave the cities and nitrate offices. However, the theater that emerges is reinvented and represents the middle and lower classes. Until that time, these classes were away from the stage. This process will be supported by the welfare state promoting the creation of new spaces for performances, and by the strengthening of a national theatre. The hypothesis raised focused the study on the imaginary of modernity and its catalytic spread, of improvement by the sake of improvement. At the same time, the partial vision that triggered modern thinking validated the idea of a bounded world of relationships, ignoring the multiplicity of processes that constitutes it. The history of theater in Chile is related to the social history of the process of the occupation of space, inseparable, like all processes in space and time, of the multiple existing links between political, economic, and cultural factors that are expressed in a spatial taxonomy of accumulation, production and space occupation. ; En la última década del siglo XIX afloraron en los puertos de Iquique y Pisagua, en el norte de Chile, profundas transformaciones sociales y urbanas dando cuenta de la instalación en la sociedad de una nueva mentalidad, moderna, liberal y marcada por las relaciones que impuso el modelo capitalista. Eran nuevas ciudades, distintas a las de raíz hispano-colonial, sin fecha de fundación ni afán de estrategia administrativa-militar. Surgieron, sin recurrir al pasado, organizada por una nueva institucionalidad formada por políticos liberales, empresarios e ilustrados hombres de negocio, y con el sólo objeto de cumplir con el rol que la técnica moderna le asignaba, la de nexo comercial y de servicios en la circulación del producto de la explotación del recurso del salitre. Es allí donde surgió un teatro que acogió las aspiraciones y convenciones sociales de la clase dirigente. Se vivía el periodo de auge económico del ciclo del salitre, donde la opulencia fue la actitud que caracterizó a la sociedad en aquel momento, amparando la edificación de salas, que rememoraban a los grandes teatros europeos, acogiendo el refinamiento del evento social y del espectáculo del canto lírico y dramático. De este modo las ciudades del salitre se integraron al itinerario de las principales compañías de teatro en su periplo por el mundo, concediendo tanto a migrantes europeos que poblaron estas tierras desérticas como a los nacionales, representantes de la elite dirigente, para que reprodujeran el mundo cultural y social europeo. Las salas de teatro quedaron así, en sitios destacados de la ciudad, como testimonio de aquella época, dando cuenta del pasado portentoso que se vivió alrededor del auge económico del salitre. En forma paralela, la emergencia de la clase obrera y la crisis social marcó con un selló el proceso social y cultural de la etapa de auge de las ciudades del salitre. Fue en el escenario opuesto donde surgió otro fenómeno socio-espacial asociado a las transformaciones de la era industrial, el desarrollo de la clase obrera. Un proceso que se expandió desde Europa hacia América, por las ciudades que fueron adhiriendo al proceso de industrialización. La concentración masiva de trabajadores en las oficinas salitreras fue el sustrato para el origen y expansión del movimiento obrero, que nació en busca de sus reivindicaciones sociales. Asimismo, fue la base para el desarrollo de la asociatividad gremial y mutualista, la que estuvo acompañada por movimientos ilustrados que vieron en la educación y en la cultura la forma de superación del estado de postración en que se encontraban. En ella, las formas de organización y representación social actuaron a través de las cofradías de la Fiesta de la Tirana, con el teatro que se fue masificando, con zarzuelas y sainetes, con filarmónicas y estudiantinas. Es allí donde surgió un quehacer teatral interiormente transgresor, que se alejó de los edificios convencionales de la clase dirigente y se apegó al de las mutuales y sociedades filantrópicas, edificando un testimonio que no se destacó por lo material sino por sus obras. En esta delimitación del contexto, la crisis que marcó el fin del ciclo del salitre señaló el declive del teatro burgués, el que desaparece con las clases dirigentes que abandonan las ciudades y oficinas salitreras. No obstante, el teatro que se reinventa y emerge es el que representa a las clases media y populares, hasta ese momento, las clases alejadas de los escenarios. Un proceso que va a estar sostenido por el estado benefactor con el apoyo a la creación de nuevos espacios de representación, y por el afianzamiento de un teatro con carácter nacional, que tomando cuerpo en la zona central del país, va a llegar a un punto de auge con la llamada "Etapa de Oro" del teatro chileno, y que va a irradiar hacia las regiones. La hipótesis levantada centró su estudio en el imaginario de la modernidad y en su propagación catalizadora, de la superación por la superación. A la vez, la visión parcializada que impulsó el pensamiento moderno instauro la idea de un mundo acotado de relaciones, desconociendo la multiplicidad de procesos que la constituyen. La historia del teatro en Chile se relaciona con la historia social de los procesos de ocupación del espacio, inseparable, como todo proceso en el espacio y en el tiempo, de los múltiples vínculos existentes entre procesos políticos, económicos, y culturales que se expresan en una taxonomía espacial, de acumulación, producción, y ocupación del espacio. ; Postprint (published version)
IMPORTANCE: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is poorly understood compared with other anxiety disorders, and debates persist about the seriousness of this disorder. Few data exist on GAD outside a small number of affluent, industrialized nations. No population-based data exist on GAD as it is currently defined in DSM-5. OBJECTIVE: To provide the first epidemiologic data on DSM-5 GAD and explore cross-national differences in its prevalence, course, correlates, and impact. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Data come from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Cross-sectional general population surveys were carried out in 26 countries using a consistent research protocol and assessment instrument. A total of 147 261 adults from representative household samples were interviewed face-to-face in the community. The surveys were conducted between 2001 and 2012. Data analysis was performed from July 22, 2015, to December 12, 2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess GAD along with comorbid disorders, role impairment, and help seeking. RESULTS: Respondents were 147 261 adults aged 18 to 99 years. The surveys had a weighted mean response rate of 69.5%. Across surveys, DSM-5 GAD had a combined lifetime prevalence (SE) of 3.7% (0.1%), 12-month prevalence of 1.8% (0.1%), and 30-day prevalence of 0.8% (0). Prevalence estimates varied widely across countries, with lifetime prevalence highest in high-income countries (5.0% [0.1%]), lower in middle-income countries (2.8% [0.1%]), and lowest in low-income countries (1.6% [0.1%]). Generalized anxiety disorder typically begins in adulthood and persists over time, although onset is later and clinical course is more persistent in lower-income countries. Lifetime comorbidity is high (81.9% [0.7%]), particularly with mood (63.0% [0.9%]) and other anxiety (51.7% [0.9%]) disorders. Severe role impairment is common across life domains (50.6% [1.2%]), particularly in high-income countries. Treatment is sought by approximately half of affected individuals (49.2% [1.2%]), especially those with severe role impairment (59.4% [1.8%]) or comorbid disorders (55.8% [1.4%]) and those living in high-income countries (59.0% [1.3%]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The findings of this study show that DSM-5 GAD is more prevalent than DSM-IV GAD and is associated with substantial role impairment. The disorder is especially common and impairing in high-income countries despite a negative association between GAD and socioeconomic status within countries. These results underscore the public health significance of GAD across the globe while uncovering cross-national differences in prevalence, course, and impairment that require further investigation. ; The WHO WMH Survey Initiative is supported by National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) grant R01 MH070884; the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation; the Pfizer Foundation; US Public Health Service grants R13-MH066849, R01-MH069864, and R01 DA016558; Fogarty International Center grant FIRCA R03-TW006481; the Pan American Health Organization; Eli Lilly and Company; Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, Inc; GlaxoSmithKline; and Bristol-Myers Squibb. The 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing is funded by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. The São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey is supported by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation Thematic Project grant 03/00204-3. The Bulgarian Epidemiological Study of common mental disorders Epidemiology and Bulgaria is supported by the Ministry of Health and the National Center for Public Health Protection. The Chinese WMH Survey Initiative is supported by the Pfizer Foundation. The Shenzhen Mental Health Survey is supported by the Shenzhen Bureau of Health and the Shenzhen Bureau of Science, Technology, and Information. The Colombian National Study of Mental Health is supported by the Ministry of Social Protection. The Mental Health Study Medellín–Colombia was carried out and supported jointly by the Center for Excellence on Research in Mental Health (CES University) and the Secretary of Health of Medellín. The European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders project is funded by European Commission contracts QLG5-1999-01042, SANCO 2004123, and EAHC 20081308 (the Piedmont Region [Italy]); Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain grant FIS 00/0028; Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Spain, grant SAF 2000-158-CE; Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III grants CIBER CB06/02/0046 and RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP; and other local agencies and by an unrestricted educational grant from GlaxoSmithKline. Implementation of the Iraq Mental Health Survey (IMHS) and data entry were carried out by the staff of the Iraqi Ministry of Health and Ministry of Planning with direct support from the Iraqi IMHS team, with funding from both the Japanese and European Funds through United Nations Development Group Iraq Trust Fund. The Israel National Health Survey is funded by the Ministry of Health with support from the Israel National Institute for Health Policy and Health Services Research and the National Insurance Institute of Israel. The WMH Japan Survey is supported by grants H13-SHOGAI-023, H14-TOKUBETSU-026, and H16-KOKORO-013 for Research on Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases and Mental Health from the Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. The Lebanese Evaluation of the Burden of Ailments and Needs of the Nation is supported by the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health, the WHO (Lebanon), National Institute of Health/Fogarty International Center grant R03 TW006481-01, anonymous private donations to Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care, Lebanon, and unrestricted grants from Algorithm, AstraZeneca, Benta, Bella Pharma, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Lundbeck, Novartis, Servier, Phenicia, and Union Pharmaceutique d'Orient SAL. The Mexican National Comorbidity Survey is supported by The National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente grant INPRFMDIES 4280 and by the National Council on Science and Technology grant CONACyT-G30544-H, with supplemental support from the Pan American Health Organization. Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey is supported by the New Zealand Ministry of Health, Alcohol Advisory Council, and the Health Research Council. The Nigerian Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing is supported by the WHO (Geneva), the WHO (Nigeria), and the Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria. The Northern Ireland Study of Mental Health was funded by the Health & Social Care Research & Development Division of the Public Health Agency. The Peruvian WMH Study was funded by the National Institute of Health of the Ministry of Health of Peru. The Polish project Epidemiology of Mental Health and Access to Care–EZOP Project grant PL 0256 was supported by Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway through funding from the European Economic Area Financial Mechanism and the Norwegian Financial Mechanism; the EZOP Project was cofinanced by the Polish Ministry of Health. The Portuguese Mental Health Study was carried out by the Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, NOVA University of Lisbon, with collaboration of the Portuguese Catholic University, and was funded by Champalimaud Foundation, Gulbenkian Foundation, Foundation for Science and Technology and Ministry of Health. The Romania WMH Survey Initiative study projects Policies in Mental Health Area and National Study Regarding Mental Health and Services Use were carried out by the National School of Public Health & Health Services Management (formerly the National Institute for Research & Development in Health), with technical support of Metro Media Transilvania, the National Institute of Statistics–National Centre for Training in Statistics, Societatea Comerciala Cheyenne Services SRL, and Statistics Netherlands and were funded by the Ministry of Public Health (formerly the Ministry of Health) with supplemental support from Eli Lilly Romania SRL. The South Africa Stress and Health Study is supported by US NIMH grant R01-MH059575 and the National Institute of Drug Abuse, with supplemental funding from the South African Department of Health and the University of Michigan. The Psychiatric Enquiry to General Population in Southeast Spain–Murcia Project has been financed by the Regional Health Authorities of Murcia (Servicio Murciano de Salud and Consejería de Sanidad y Política Social) and Fundación para la Formación e Investigación Sanitarias of Murcia. The Ukraine Comorbid Mental Disorders During Periods of Social Disruption study is funded by US NIMH grant R01-MH61905. The US National Comorbidity Survey Replication is supported by NIMH grant U01-MH60220 with supplemental support from the National Institute of Drug Abuse, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation grant 044708, and the John W. Alden Trust. Preparation of this manuscript was supported by grant R01 MH094425 from the NIMH (Dr Ruscio).
AMÉRICA LATINA Brasil entre preparativos y descontentos por el Mundial. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-27675226 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-05/23/content_17535928.htm http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/encuesta-muestra-descontento-en-brasil-a-pocos-dias-del-mundial-/14069897 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1695517-el-ejercito-de-brasil-va-a-custodiar-a-las-selecciones-durante-el-mundial http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-05/29/content_17550303.htm Santos cambia asesores y estrategias para el balotaje en Colombia. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21603012-real-subject-colombias-presidential-vote-not-running-uribes-wrathhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1695085-santos-cambia-asesores-y-estrategias-para-el-ballottage Continúa la crisis política en Venezuela. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2014/06/02/empeches-de-rapatrier-leurs-benefices-les-transporteurs-aeriens-fuient-le-venezuela_4430099_3234.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2014/06/140602_ultnot_audiencia_leopoldo_lopez_msd.shtml http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1694673-las-mujeres-de-dos-alcaldes-detenidos-por-el-chavismo-arrasaron-en-las-elecciones-municipaleshttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/embajada-de-ee-uu-en-colombia-rechaza-acusaciones-de-venezuela/14047457 Expresidente ecuatoriano, Jamil Mahuad, condenado a 12 años de cárcel.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/expresidente-ecuatoriano-jamil-mahuad-condenado-a-12-anos-de-carcel/14053612Correa busca la reelección indefinida. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/05/30/actualidad/1401487011_686482.htmlNuevo presidente de El Salvador apuesta por mejorar economía y seguridad. Para más información:http://america-latina.blog.lemonde.fr/2014/06/02/un-ancien-guerillero-a-la-tete-du-salvador/ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-27568032http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/impreso/el-salvador-presidente-apuesta-por-mejorar-economia-y-seguridad-87139.html Delegación comercial de Estados Unidos visita Cuba. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-05/28/content_17548805.htmhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/01/actualidad/1401646446_219240.html El difícil renacer de Haití. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/05/31/album/1401544179_706421.html#1401544179_706421_1401545369http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/05/31/actualidad/1401568324_956393.html Snowden habría pedido asilo en Brasil. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2014/06/02/snowden-demande-l-asile-au-bresil_4429978_3214.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/ee-uu-y-canada/snowden-dice-que-hizo-pedido-formal-de-asilo-a-brasil/14064975 Vicepresidente argentino fue citado a declarar por corrupción. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-27643525http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/vicepresidente-argentino-fue-citado-a-declarar-por-corrupcion/14055015 Condenas en Argentina por el crimen de dos turistas francesas. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2014/06/140602_ultnot_argentina_asesinato_turistas_francesas_vs.shtml El día que el subcomandante Marcos le habló a Colombia. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/el-dia-que-el-subcomandante-marcos-le-hablo-a-colombia/14064740 ESTADOS UNIDOS /CANADÁ Estados Unidos cambió un preso en Afganistán por cinco afganos presos en Guantánamo. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/02/us/freed-soldier-faces-long-struggle-back-to-normalcy.html?ref=world http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/bowe-bergdahl-released/how-did-bowe-bergdahl-fall-hands-taliban-n120796 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1696531-polemica-por-el-canje-con-los-talibanes http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/bowe-bergdahl-released/taliban-leader-mullah-omar-calls-bowe-bergdahl-swap-victory-n119816 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/impreso/eu-da-5-presos-al-taliban-por-un-soldado-87127.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/01/actualidad/1401652687_635989.html Obama pone fin a la guerra en Afganistán con una completa salida de tropas en 2016. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21603061-some-american-forces-will-stay-afghanistan-not-long-clock-watchinghttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1695058-obama-pone-fin-a-la-guerra-en-afganistan-con-una-completa-salida-de-tropas-en-2016 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1695383-obama-anuncia-una-nueva-era-de-liderazgo-con-una-diplomacia-desmilitarizada La economía de Estados Unidos cayó 1 % en el primer trimestre del año. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21603020-crisis-induced-fear-fades-companies-take-more-leverage-risk http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1695533-la-economia-de-estados-unidos-cayo-1-en-el-primer-trimestre-del-ano Estados Unidos considera una 'farsa' las elecciones en Siria. Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/eu-considera-una-39farsa-39-las-elecciones-en-siria-1014577.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/ee-uu-cuestiona-elecciones-en-siria/14071316 Obama anuncia aumento de presencia militar en Europa del Este. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/obama-anuncia-aumento-presencia-militar-de-ee-uu-en-europa-del-este/14069158 Un aluvión de chicos sin papeles llega a Estados Unidos y desafía a su gobierno. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-27675226http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1696073-un-aluvion-de-chicos-sin-papeles-llega-a-eeuu-y-desafia-a-su-gobierno Estados Unidos critica las acciones "desestabilizadoras" de China. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/05/31/actualidad/1401555640_566721.html Tensión entre China y Estados Unidos por cyber espionaje. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-05/27/content_17542413.htm Estados Unidos anuncia plan para reducir emisiones de carbono en 30%. Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/emisiones-carbono-eu-1014430.html EUROPA Continúa la crisis política en Ucrania. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21603067-petro-poroshenko-has-been-elected-president-now-he-has-some-dreadful-problems-two-tone-election http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/01/world/europe/in-ukraine-war-kremlin-leaves-no-fingerprints.html?src=me http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2014/06/02/attaque-contre-l-armee-ukrainienne-a-louhansk_4430004_3214.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/01/actualidad/1401632761_656486.htmlhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27661848http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/spain-asks-what-next-after-abdication-king-juan-carlos-n120346http://www.lemonde.fr/europeennes-2014/discussion/2014/05/05/euro-ivg-frontieres-qu-attendez-vous-de-l-europe_4411838_4350146.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1695553-ucrania-rebeldes-derribaron-un-helicoptero-y-murieron-14-soldados http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/rusia-dice-que-situacion-en-ucrania-empeora-envia-resolucion-a-la-onu/14067738 http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/03/world/europe/ukraine.html?ref=worldhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-05/30/content_17555247.htm El rey Juan Carlos de España renunció al trono. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/el-rey-juan-carlos-de-espana-renuncio-al-trono/14065416 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27662301http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/rei-da-espanha-juan-carlos-anuncia-abdicacao-ao-trono-12686434#ixzz33XDF5j56http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/spains-king-juan-carlos-abdicate-son-felipe-takes-throne-pm-n120046http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/06/02/inenglish/1401699497_947043.html http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2014/06/02/le-roi-d-espagne-abdique-au-profit-de-son-fils_4430121_3214.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/03/world/europe/king-juan-carlos-of-spain-to-abdicate-throne.html?ref=world Miles de personas protestan en España. Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/republica-espaniola-piden-protestas-marcha-1014535.html Nuevos inmigrantes en Gran Bretaña enfrentan diversas dificultades. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/01/world/europe/britains-new-immigrants-from-romania-and-bulgaria-face-hostilities.html?src=mehttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1696520-detienen-en-marsella-al-sospechoso-de-atacar-el-museo-judio-de-bruselas Polonia bate récords y se convierte en el nuevo "milagro europeo". Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1696060-polonia-bate-records-y-se-convierte-en-el-nuevo-milagro-europeo Obama de visita en Polonia. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/03/world/europe/a-cooling-in-polands-love-affair-with-the-us.html?ref=world Detenido un yihadista francés por el atentado antisemita de Bruselas. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/01/actualidad/1401607194_479473.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/02/world/europe/suspect-arrested-in-jewish-museum-killings-in-belgium.htmlhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27660683http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/en-espana-los-socialistas-estan-en-crisis/14058035 Voto europeo 2014. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11710563 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/01/actualidad/1401574721_968057.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1694813-la-ue-acusa-el-golpe-electoral-y-piensa-en-ajustar-el-modelohttp://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-27660951http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1696351-un-viaje-al-corazon-populista-de-europa http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/europa-en-busqueda-de-nuevo-presidente/14065004 Elecciones en Francia. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/05/31/actualidad/1401566368_450681.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/manifestaciones-en-francia-tras-subida-electoral-del-frente-nacional/14051536http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/impreso/quiero-destruir-a-la-ue-no-a-europa-dice-marine-le-pen-87135.html Renuncia presidente de Georgia. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/02/world/europe/president-resigns-in-georgias-breakaway-region-of-abkhazia.html?ref=world&_r=3&gwh=D842639EED44399B652286DA86F3E16B&gwt=pay Comienza la campaña de referéndum de independencia de Escocia. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/empieza-la-campana-del-referendum-de-independencia-de-escocia/14055235 ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTE Sirios votan para elegir presidente en medio de una guerra civil. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2014/06/02/syrie-une-election-pour-empecher-toute-transition_4430181_3210.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1696102-un-dictador-vitalicio-al-assad-gana-fuerza-a-pesar-de-la-guerra-civil http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/syrias-suffering-families/why-syrian-elections-arent-fair-n120846 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1697993-elecciones-en-siria http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/02/actualidad/1401661266_060509.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/shimon-peres-y-mahmud-abas-rezaran-juntos-por-la-paz-en-vaticano-/14051899 El primer museo sobre Tiananmen abre 25 años después de la masacre. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/03/world/asia/tiananmen-square-25-years-later-details-emerge-of-armys-chaos.html?ref=world&_r=0 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/el-primer-museo-sobre-tiananmen-25-anos-despues-de-la-masacre/14063336 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/el-primer-museo-sobre-tiananmen-25-anos-despues-de-la-masacre/14063336http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/el-olvido-de-tiananmen-y-la-caida-comunista-en-europa-1014232.html Acuerdo entre Hamas y Fatah busca fin a divisiones entre palestinos. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/03/world/middleeast/new-palestinian-government.html?ref=world http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27660218 http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/governo-de-uniao-palestino-toma-posse-12688084#ixzz33XELDZpphttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1697919-al-fatah-y-hamas-lanzan-el-nuevo-gobierno-de-unidad-palestino Tailandia tras el golpe de Estado. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2014/06/02/manifestations-sporadiques-a-bangkok-malgre-la-reprise-en-main-par-l-armee_4430157_3210.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/junta-militar-tailandesa-libera-a-124-personas-pero-endurece-censura/14046077http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-05/31/content_17556103.htm http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/militar-tailandesa-levanta-bloqueo-cnn-bbc-1014423.htmlhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27659447 Continúan los esfuerzos por encontrar el vuelo MH370 de Malaysian Airlines. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-05/31/content_17556104.htmhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1695670-misterio-sin-fin-la-pista-del-mh370-era-falsa Furia en India por abusos sexuales. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-27659446http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1696099-furia-en-la-india-por-los-abusos-sexuales Buque petrolero explotó en costas japonesas. Para más información:http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/oil-tanker-explodes-japanese-coast-n117201http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1695579-imagenes-aereas-del-barco-petrolero-que-exploto-en-japon El presidente israelí confirmó que se retomará el diálogo con Palestina tras la mediación del Sumo Pontífice. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1694654-shimon-peres-al-papa-francisco-estamos-listos-para-la-paz Sorpresivo y audaz gesto del Papa para acercar a israelíes y palestinos. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1694566-sorpresivo-y-audaz-gesto-del-papa-para-acercar-a-israelies-y-palestinos Putin estrecha los vínculos con China. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-05/21/content_17526869.htm Japón se propone como alternativa frente al poderío militar de China. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/05/30/actualidad/1401464045_738615.html China busca una globalización multipolar para contener a EE.UU. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1696323-china-busca-una-globalizacion-multipolar-para-contener-a-eeuu El velo divide a la sociedad iraní. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/un-velo-divide-a-la-sociedad-irani/14064738 ÁFRICA Nigeria sacudida por la violencia. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2014/06/01/nigeria-plus-de-40-morts-dans-l-explosion-d-une-bombe-dans-un-stade-de-football_4429946_3212.html http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-06/02/content_17557056.htm http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27671688 http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2014/06/01/nigeria-plus-de-40-morts-dans-l-explosion-d-une-bombe-dans-un-stade-de-football_4429946_3212.html http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/deadly-bomb-hits-football-tv-showing-northeast-nigeria-reports-n119806http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/graficos/graficosanimados14/EU_Boko_Haram/ Manifestaciones de apoyo de estudiantes secuestradas son prohibidas en la capital de Nigeria. Para más información:http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/manifestacoes-de-apoio-estudantes-sequestradas-sao-proibidas-na-capital-nigeriana-12696432#ixzz33XEqnyC6 El Ejército de Nigeria asegura haber localizado a las niñas secuestradas. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1694720-el-ejercito-de-nigeria-asegura-haber-localizado-a-las-ninas-secuestradas Egipto ratifica en las urnas la presidencia de facto de Al-Sisi. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/02/actualidad/1401664274_307373.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/05/31/actualidad/1401553491_778574.html http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21603071-president-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-fails-bring-enough-voters-ballot-box http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27641730http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/aplastante-triunfo-de-al-sisi-en-egipto-lleno-de-sombras/14051095 Sudán cancela ejecución de mujer que abandonó el Islam. Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/impreso/cancela-sudan-ejecucion-de-mujer-por-dejar-el-islam-87132.html OTRAS NOTICIAS The Economist presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week". Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/world-week/21603075-business-week
AMÉRICA LATINACenizas del volcán chileno paralizan tráfico aéreo.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/12/australia.flights.canceled/index.html http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/americas/06/07/argentina.chile.volcano/index.html http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43369906/ns/travel-news/ http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/06/14/2266881/volcanic-ash-from-chile-continues.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-argentina-ash-20110615,0,5506277.story http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/772287.html Chávez y Castro crearán una escuela militar del ALBA. Para más información:http://www.elpais.com./articulo/internacional/Chavez/Castro/crearan/escuela/militar/ALBA/elpepuint/20110609elpepuint_13/Tes Santos aprueba la Ley de Víctimas y Restitución de las Tierras.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com./articulo/internacional/Colombia/da/paso/paz/Ley/Victimas/Restitucion/Tierras/elpepuint/20110612elpepiint_9/Tes http://www.elpais.com./articulo/internacional/Santos/aprueba/Ley/Victimas/Restitucion/Tierras/elpepuint/20110611elpepuint_2/Tes Los interrogantes sobre la salud de Chávez.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1381436-las-interrogantes-sobre-la-salud-de-chavez http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43368302/ns/world_news-americas /http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/americas/06/10/venezuela.chavez.surgery/index.html Chávez gobierna desde Cuba por teléfono e Internet.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/chvez-gobierna-desde-cuba-por-telfono-e-internet_9613646-4 Fundación Gates: Venezuela, el peor gobierno del mundo a la hora de rendir cuentas.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/venezuela-el-peor-gobierno-en-el-mundo-a-la-hora-de-rendir-cuentas_9607964-4 Los socialistas reactivan la campaña electoral a la presidencia argentina.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com./articulo/internacional/socialistas/reactivan/campana/electoral/presidencia/argentina/elpepuint/20110611elpepuint_8/Tes Centroamérica, la región más peligrosa.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/centroamrica-la-regin-ms-peligrosa_9598506-4 Tiroteo en México deja como víctimas fatales adolescente, dos niños y dos mujeres. Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43376037/ns/world_news-americas/ Dilma apuesta en su Gobierno por mujeres fuertes y gestoras. Para más información:http://www.elpais.com./articulo/internacional/Dilma/apuesta/Gobierno/mujeres/fuertes/gestoras/elpepuint/20110611elpepuint_1/Tes Grupo de estadounidenses se reúne con contratista encarcelado en Cuba. Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/americas/06/09/cuba.contractor/index.html Chile y Argentina ponen a disposición de la ONU fuerza binacional de paz.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/06/15/internacional/internacional/noticias/4060F628-CF73-48B9-8A10-9C86FA6FBC94.htm?id={4060F628-CF73-48B9-8A10-9C86FA6FBC94} Humala afirmó que evalúa indultar a Fujimori por "razones humanitarias".Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/772400.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13744906 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1381005-humala-afirmo-que-indultaria-a-fujimori-por-razones-humanitarias Venezuela eleva las tarifas de electricidad en medio de apagones.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43375328/ns/world_news-americas/ Ban Ki-moon visita países latinoamericanos.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1381470-ban-ki-moon-sigue-innovando-en-transporte-ahora-en-barco-a-uruguay Se encuentra fosa común en México.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43403607/ns/world_news-americas/ 'No soy ni de izquierda ni de derecha, soy de abajo': Ollanta Humala.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/gobierno-de-ollanta-humala_9604265-4 Al menos 19 presos murieron durante pelea en cárcel de Venezuela.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/presos-mueren-durante-pelea-en-crcel-de-venezuela_9619824-4ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁ Inicio de la campaña republicana a las presidenciales de los Estados Unidos.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13751433 http://www.economist.com/node/18806195?story_id=18806195http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/ee-uu-aspirantes-republicanos-se-enfrentan-en-debate-televisado_9609224-4Mitt Romney, vencedor en debate republicano para ganar la Casa Blanca.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/mitt-romney-avanza-en-sus-aspiraciones-a-la-presidencia-de-ee-uu_9617933-4Michele Bachmann, la dura del Tea Party que quiere ser Presidenta.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/06/15/internacional/internacional/noticias/BF912D48-B6EC-457B-85A1-784CFFBB6EE6.htm?id={BF912D48-B6EC-457B-85A1-784CFFBB6EE6} El duelo feroz de Palin y Bachmann.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com./articulo/internacional/duelo/feroz/Palin/Bachmann/elpepuint/20110612elpepiint_4/Tes Si estuviera en lugar de Weiner, dimitiría, dijo Barack Obama.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/contina-el-escndalo-del-congresista-weiner_9613225-4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13758428 http://www.elpais.com./articulo/internacional/Weiner/pide/baja/Camara/Representantes/EE/UU/niega/dimitir/elpepuint/20110611elpepuint_9/Teshttp://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2011/06/14/barack-obama-reclame-la-demission-d-anthony-weiner_1535931_3222.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/nuevas-fotos-comprometedoras-de-congresista-weiner_9601204-4 Obama observa con temor factible default griego.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/BUSINESS/06/07/obama.greece.default.ft/index.htmlClinton apoya envío de una misión de paz de la ONU a Sudán.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/clinton-apoya-envo-de-una-misin-de-paz-de-la-onu-a-sudn_9622364-4 Estados Unidos revela material de la guerra en Vietnam.Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/772421.html Fuego de Arizona se extiende hasta cerca de Nuevo México. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13756844Obama, en busca del voto latino en visita a Puerto Rico. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/barack-obama-llega-a-puerto-rico-en-busca-del-voto-latino-en-florida_9618106-4 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43391095/ns/politics-white_house/"New York Times" analiza: "Internet paralela, el arma de Washington contra las dictaduras":Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1381069-internet-paralela-el-arma-de-washington-contra-las-dictaduras Explosiones en planta química de Estados Unidos deja 4 heridos.Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/772699.html Clinton insta a los Estados africanos a abandonar a Gadafi.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43382377/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ Sindicatos de EE. UU. lanzan campaña para frenar el TLC con Colombia.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/sindicatos-en-ee-uu-se-oponen-a-tlc-con-colombia_9630024-4 Piden en Estados Unidos restablecer prohibición de armas.Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/772371.html Obama, contra la pared por la difícil situación económica.Para más información:http://www.portafolio.co/internacional/obama-contra-la-pared-la-dificil-situacion-economica Piratas informáticos atacan web Senado de los Estados Unidos.Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/772449.html EUROPAElecciones en Turquía: Erdogan revalidó su poder.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/13/world/europe/13turkey.html?ref=world http://www.elpais.com./articulo/internacional/Erdogan/refuerza/poder/tendra/pactar/Constitucion/elpepuint/20110612elpepuint_1/Tes http://www.elpais.com./articulo/internacional/kurdos/vuelven/espalda/poder/islamista/elpepuint/20110612elpepuint_8/Tes http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/06/06/turkey.elections.economist/index.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13744972 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1381050-erdogan-revalido-su-poder-en-turquia http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-turkey-election-20110613,0,3651773.story Sitio web de la policía española fue saqueado.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13749181 Persiste el intenso debate político en España.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1381321-presion-en-el-psoe-para-adelantar-las-elecciones Los "indignados" levantan el campamento en Madrid.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1381049-los-indignados-levantan-el-campamento-en-madrid Madrid anuncia aumento del salario mínimo.Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2011/06/14/madrid-annonce-une-hausse-du-salaire-minimum_1535918_3234.html Coronel ruso, conocido por sus atrocidades en Chechenia, es abatido en Moscú.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com./articulo/internacional/coronel/ruso/conocido/atrocidades/Chechenia/abatido/Moscu/elpepuint/20110610elpepuint_6/Tes Alemania reconoce a los rebeldes como gobierno oficial libio. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/14/world/europe/14libya.html?ref=world http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13753422"La Nación" analiza: "El premier, en manos de la Liga Norte":Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1381319-el-premier-en-manos-de-la-liga-norte Resultado de referéndum golpea duramente a Silvio Berlusconi. Para más información:http://www.elpais.com./articulo/internacional/Alta/participacion/refrendos/Italia/elpepuint/20110612elpepuint_2/Tes http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13741105 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1381395-otro-reves-deja-a-berlusconi-cerca-del-ocaso http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-06/14/content_12689479.htm http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43367645/ns/world_news-europe/ http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2077622,00.htmlReino Unido mantendrá fuerza militar frente en Libia.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/06/15/internacional/internacional/noticias/D3843550-D0BB-4D62-827B-FC936017F1C0.htm?id={D3843550-D0BB-4D62-827B-FC936017F1C0} Para la calificadora Standard y Poor's Grecia está cerca del default.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13758305 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1381375-grecia-mucho-mas-cerca-del-default Nuevo plan de austeridad será votado en Grecia.Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-06/07/content_12655415.htm Se acentúa el éxodo de Siria por la represión: miles de personas huyen a Turquía.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1381323-se-acentua-el-exodo-de-siria-por-la-represion http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/08/turkey.syrian.refugees/index.htmlBélgica lleva un año sin poder armar gobierno.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/blgica-lleva-un-ao-sin-poder-armar-gobierno_9606124-4Multitudinarias protestas tienen lugar en Grecia.Para más información:http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2077821,00.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-greece-protests-20110616,0,2293916.story ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTE Más de 1.100 muertos y 10.000 detenidos en Siria, denuncia la ONU.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/violencia-en-siria_9627724-4http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2077837,00.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/13/world/middleeast/13syria.html?_r=1&ref=world http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13746633 Inaceptable, uso de fuerza en Siria: Ban Ki-moon.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/772329.html Ban Ki-moon: "Llegó el momento de actuar en Siria".Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1380846-ban-ki-moon-llego-el-momento-de-actuar-en-siria Arrasan un bastión rebelde en Siria.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1381068-arrasan-un-bastion-rebelde-en-siriaOleada de detenciones tras la toma de la ciudad siria de Jisr al Shughur.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com./articulo/internacional/Oleada/detenciones/toma/ciudad/siria/Jisr/Shughur/elpepuint/20110612elpepuint_3/Tes"El País" de Madrid analiza: "Claves de la revolución siria".Para más información:http://www.elpais.com./articulo/internacional/Claves/revolucion/siria/elpepuint/20110609elpepuint_12/Tes Otro niño sirio alega haber sido torturado.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/09/syria.tortured.child/index.html Ataques suicidas con coches bomba en estación de policía al sur de Irak. Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/13/iraq.violence/index.html http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/06/14/syrie-paris-met-le-conseil-de-securite-face-a-ses-responsabilites_1536167_3218.htmlTúnez: juicio a Ben Ali comenzaría el 20 de junio.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13752786 http://www.lemonde.fr/tunisie/article/2011/06/14/les-investisseurs-reprennent-position-dans-la-nouvelle-tunisie_1535849_1466522.html Continúa en crecimiento la inflación en China.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13758784 Bangladesh: más de 100 encarcelados en huelga de la oposición. Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/12/bangladesh.strike.arrests/index.html Luego de varios meses, el primer ministro libanés logra formar gobierno.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/13/lebanon.politics/index.htmlLíbano: Hezbollah domina el nuevo gabinete del Primer Ministro Mikati.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13750628 Yemen continua viviendo protestas. Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43391282/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/14/world/middleeast/14yemen.html?ref=worldPakistán niega detención de oficial que habría dado información a CIA.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/detencin-de-informantes-de-la-cia-en-pakistn_9627504-4 600 personas alegan haber sido envenenadas en China. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/06/12/world/asia/AP-AS-China-Lead-Poisoning.html?_r=1&ref=world7 Japón sigue temblando: las malas noticias sacuden a la tercera economía del mundo. Para más información:http://www.elpais.com./articulo/reportajes/Japon/sigue/temblando/elpepuint/20110612elpdmgrep_7/TesMás de 30 muertos y 90 heridos en dos explosiones en un mercado de Pakistán. Para más información:http://www.elpais.com./articulo/internacional/muertos/90/heridos/explosiones/mercado/Pakistan/elpepuint/20110611elpepuint_10/Tes http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/11/pakistan.violence/index.html Rey de Jordania, Abdullah II, anuncia reformas.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/12/jordan.king.reforms/index.html Inundaciones en China dejan 105 muertos. Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/13/china.floods/index.html Calles de Bahrain viven las protestas.Para más información:http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/06/03/2248900/bahrain-police-open-fire-at-protesters.html http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/13/bahrain.unrest/index.html Sismo de más de 6 grados sacude a Indonesia.Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/772310.html Atentado suicida en Pakistán deja 70 muertos y 104 heridos.Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-06/14/content_12700274.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13748838 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/atentado-suicida-en-pakistn-deja-70-muertos-y-104-heridos_9600204-4Tsunami de Japón causó olas de 40 metros, según Agencia MeteorológicaPara más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/tamao-de-las-olas-del-tsunami-de-japn_9607444-4ÁFRICA Muerto en Somalia el jefe de Al Qaeda en África del Este.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com./articulo/internacional/Muerto/Somalia/jefe/Qaeda/Africa/elpepuint/20110612elpepiint_5/Tes http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/12/world/africa/12somalia.html?ref=world http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/06/13/somalia.mastermind/index.html Gaddafi alienta la violación como arma de guerra.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1381430-khadafy-alienta-la-violacion-como-arma-de-guerra http://www.lemonde.fr/libye/article/2011/06/14/libye-le-risque-d-enlisement-de-l-otan-inquiete-la-communaute-internationale_1536207_1496980.html http://www.elpais.com./articulo/reportajes/Misrata/martir/elpepuint/20110612elpdmgrep_6/TesLa violencia no cesa en Sudan.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/13/world/africa/13sudan.html?_r=1&ref=world http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13747039 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43376669/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ Clinton pide apoyo a África contra Gaddafi.Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/772346.html FMI prestaría a Egipto 3 billones de dólares. Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/06/05/egypt.economy/index.html OTRAS NOTICIASLagarde y Carstens, los únicos candidatos a dirigir el FMI.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1381358-lagarde-y-carstens-los-unicos-candidatos-a-dirigir-el-fmi http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/candidatos-a-la-direccin-del-fmi_9614084-4 http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/06/15/2268484/latin-americas-candidate-to-imf.html Nube de ceniza volcánica paraliza vuelos en Sudamérica y AustraliaPara más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/nube-de-ceniza-volcnica-paraliza-vuelos-en-sudamrica-y-australia_9611144-4Dos nuevos temblores sacuden a Nueva ZelandaPara más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/13/new.zealand.quakes/index.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/oceania/dos-nuevos-temblores-sacuden-a-nueva-zelanda_9608776-4 "China Daily" presenta portal sobre diálogo Sino-Estadounidense 2011.Para más información: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011sinousdialogue/index.html"El Universal" presenta su portal dedicado al cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/cobertura3.html"China Daily" pone a disposición portal con noticias relacionadas al pasado encuentro de los BRICS.Para más información: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/brics2011/index.html"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/18806662
n/a ; Timeline of key events: March 2011: Anti-government protests broke out in Deraa governorate calling for political reforms, end of emergency laws and more freedoms. After government crackdown on protestors, demonstrations were nationwide demanding the ouster of Bashar Al-Assad and his government. July 2011: Dr. Nabil Elaraby, Secretary General of the League of Arab States (LAS), paid his first visit to Syria, after his assumption of duties, and demanded the regime to end violence, and release detainees. August 2011: LAS Ministerial Council requested its Secretary General to present President Assad with a 13-point Arab initiative (attached) to resolve the crisis. It included cessation of violence, release of political detainees, genuine political reforms, pluralistic presidential elections, national political dialogue with all opposition factions, and the formation of a transitional national unity government, which all needed to be implemented within a fixed time frame and a team to monitor the above. - The Free Syrian Army (FSA) was formed of army defectors, led by Col. Riad al-Asaad, and backed by Arab and western powers militarily. September 2011: In light of the 13-Point Arab Initiative, LAS Secretary General's and an Arab Ministerial group visited Damascus to meet President Assad, they were assured that a series of conciliatory measures were to be taken by the Syrian government that focused on national dialogue. October 2011: An Arab Ministerial Committee on Syria was set up, including Algeria, Egypt, Oman, Sudan and LAS Secretary General, mandated to liaise with Syrian government to halt violence and commence dialogue under the auspices of the Arab League with the Syrian opposition on the implementation of political reforms that would meet the aspirations of the people. - On October 26, the Ministerial Committee held discussions in Damascus with President Assad. - The establishment of the Syrian National Council (SNC) in Istanbul, the first opposition coalition of different groups, but failed to gain international recognition because of deep divisions. November 2011: Syrian government agreed to implement a new Arab Action Plan (attached) endorsed by LAS Ministerial Council to end all acts of violence, release detainees, withdraw Syrian military and armed forces from cities, and ensure freedom of movement for journalists and observers throughout the country. -LAS Ministerial Council suspended the membership of Syria (November 16), and imposed economic sanctions (November 27) and some member states withdrew their ambassadors from Damascus, as it failed to comply with the Action Plan. December 2011: Negotiations with Damascus were resumed and an agreement is finally reached on the implementation of the Action Plan. LAS Observer Mission was deployed in Syria to monitor the implementation of the plan (December 24). - The Mission later submitted a report (attached) covering the period from 24 December 2011 to 18 January 2012 in accordance with the mandate conferred by the protocol concluded between the Syrian government and LAS. The report was divisive among the members of the Arab League, as it blamed both the regime and the opposition for the violence. January 2012: LAS Ministerial Council adopted resolution 7444 (attached) which called on the Syrian President to immediately hand over power to his deputy in order to begin the process of a political transition, which would include negotiations with the opposition, the formation of a national unity government, and the holding of elections. The resolution also, requested the Chair of the Arab Ministerial Committee and the Secretary General to brief the United Nations Security Council on the developments and get it to endorse the plan. - On January 22, Saudi Arabia withdrew its monitors, followed by the other GCC members on January 24. - On January 28, the Secretary-General of LAS announced the suspension of the activities of the observer mission, given the serious deterioration of the security situation. - On January 31, Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jabr Al-Thani, Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of the State of Qatar, Chair of the Arab Ministerial Committee and Dr. Nabil Elaraby, Secretary General of the League of Arab States briefed the Security Council (attached) on Arab efforts and called on the council to adopt a draft resolution submitted by Morocco, supporting Arab League resolution 7444 (which called on the Syrian President to hand over power to his deputy) February 2012: - On February 4, Russia and China vetoed a draft Security Council resolution (attached), tabled by Morocco (the Arab member of the Security Council) and others. - On February 12, the Arab League adopted its resolution 7446 (attached), practically "transferring the file" to the United Nations Security Council. - On February 16, the issue was taken to the General Assembly, which adopted its Resolution 66/253, calling-among other things- for the appointment of a Special Envoy. - On February 23, former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan was appointed as the Joint Special Envoy (JSE) of the United Nations and the League of Arab States on the Syrian crisis, to facilitate a peaceful Syrian-led and inclusive political solution. - On February 24, and upon the initiative of President Sarkozy of France, the first meeting of the Group of Friends of the Syrian People was held in Tunis, with the participation of more than 60 countries and representatives from the United Nations, the League of Arab States, the European Union, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Arab Maghreb Union and the Cooperation Council for the Arab Gulf States to discuss the worsening situation in Syria. The group noted the Arab League's request to the United Nations Security Council to issue a resolution to form a joint Arab-UN peacekeeping force following a cessation of violence by the regime, and called on LAS to convene a meeting of all disparate opposition groups to agree on a clear statement of shared principles for a transition in Syria. The meeting recognized the SNC as a legitimate representative of Syrians seeking peaceful democratic change. Text of the Conclusions of the Meeting. March 2012: The SNC formed a military council to organize and unify all armed resistance. - The JSE, Kofi Anan, submitted a six-point peace plan to the UN Security Council (which the council adopted in April in its resolution 2042), that called for commitment to a Syrian-led political process, achieve an effective United Nations supervised cessation of armed violence in all its forms by all parties, ensure provision of humanitarian assistance, intensify the release of arbitrarily detained persons, ensure freedom of movement for journalists and respect the freedom of demonstrating peacefully. It was later approved by the Syrian government, and the opposition remained skeptical. April 2012: United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria (UNSMIS) was established by United Nations Security Council resolution 2043 (attached) initially for a 90-day period, to monitor a cessation of armed violence in all its forms by all parties and to monitor and support the full implementation of the Joint Special Envoy's six-point plan on ending the conflict in Syria. June 2012: The Action Group for Syria, with the participation of the Secretary Generals of the United Nations and the League of Arab States, the Foreign Ministers of China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States, Turkey, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar and the European Union High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy, chaired by the JSE, met in Geneva and adopted the Geneva Final Communique (attached) which called for the establishment of a transitional governing body, with full executive powers, as part of the agreed principles and guidelines for a Syrian-led political transition. July 2012: The Syrian Opposition meeting was held under the auspices of LAS in Cairo, and reached an agreement on a national compact and a detailed transition plan. The two documents complemented the guidelines and principles laid out by the Action Group in Geneva. August 2012: UNSMIS mandate came to an end owing to an intensification of armed violence and use of heavy weapons. - Prime Minister Riad Hijab defected, and US President Obama's first direct threat of force against Syria, if Assad's regime deploys or uses chemical or biological weapons, calling such action a "red line" for the US. - Joint Special Envoy, Kofi Annan announced his resignation because of the Security Council failure to reach binding resolutions; Lakhdar Brahimi succeeded Annan as the Joint Special Representative of the United Nations and the League of Arab states for Syria (JSR). September 2012: Egypt hosted the high level preparatory meeting of the regional Quartet on Syria on September 10, which included Turkey and Saudi Arabia key backers of the Syrian Revolution, and Iran the major supporter of al-Assad regime, in an initiative to bring together regional powers to voice their positions on how to end the Syrian conflict. - On September 17, the Quartet's ministerial meeting took place in Cairo; Saudi Arabia opted out while Iran proposed a peace plan which called on all parties to cease violence and stop all financial and military support to the opposition, and suggested the deployment of observers from the quartet's nations to Syria. The participants failed to reach an agreement. October 2012: a four-day ceasefire attempt was announced towards late October, in respect to Eid al-Adha Holiday, which was breached on the first day in Homs, Aleppo and Damascus. November 2012: National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces (SOC) was formed in Qatar, responding to repeated calls from their Western and Arab supporters to create a cohesive and representative leadership, it excluded Islamist militias. December 2012: US, Britain, France, Turkey and Gulf states formally recognized SOC as "legitimate representative" of the Syrian people. January 2013: the Emir of Kuwait hosted the first pledging conference on Syria, international donors pledged more than $1.5bn to help civilians affected by the conflict in Syria. March 2013: LAS Ministerial Council adopted resolution 7595 (attached) to recognize SOC as the "sole legitimate representative" of the Syrian people and called on the SOC to establish an executive body to take up Syria's seat. April 2013: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, leader of the Islamic State, released a recorded audio message announcing Jabhat al-Nusra as an extension of al-Qaeda in Iraq and Syria. The leader of al-Nusra, Abu Mohammad al-Joulani, refused the merger. Divisions among the jihadists emerged. - Hezbollah's involvement deepened when it led the ground assault on Al-Qusayr, a Sunni town in Homs province by the Lebanese border. August 2013: The Assad regime was accused of using chemical weapons in Eastern Ghouta to kill hundreds of civilians. The government denied using chemical weapons. President Obama sought congressional authorization for the use of force. September 2013: UN Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 2118 (attached) requiring the Syrian regime to dismantle its chemical weapons arsenal by mid-2014, and avoid military strikes. December 2013: US and Britain suspended "non-lethal" support for rebels in northern Syria after reports Islamist rebels seized some bases of Western-backed Free Syrian Army. January 2014: the Geneva II Conference on Syria was held in Montreux on January 22, and attended by 37 states, 4 organizations and both Syrian parties. Iran was invited by SG Ban Ki- Moon on January 19, the Opposition declared its refusal to attend if Iran was not excluded, the US viewed Iran's invitation "as conditioned on Iran's explicit and public support for the full implementation of the Geneva Communique"; Iran refused any preconditions to the talks, and refused to endorse the Geneva Communique specially the transitional governing body. February 2014: two rounds of negotiations to discuss: 1- ending violence and 2-combating terrorism, 3-transitional governing body, national institutions, and 4- national reconciliation and national debate. The Syrian government refused to discuss a transitional government and insisted on discussing combating terrorism. The talks came to a halt. May 2014: JSR Brahimi announced his resignation because of the lack of progress and failure to agree on an agenda. - Iran proposed a political settlement of four points; a comprehensive cease-fire at national level, forming a national unity government consisting of the regime and the internal Syrian opposition, by transferring presidential powers to the government whereby the government will enjoy wide-ranging powers in years to come, and preparation for presidential and parliamentary elections. - Syrian rebels withdrew from the Old City of Homs, under an Iranian brokered deal and facilitated by the UN, after three years of Syrian government bombardment and siege. June 2014: President Assad held presidential elections, he was re-elected for another seven-year term allegedly winning 88.7% of the votes. July 2014: UN Secretary-General announced the appointment of Staffan de Mistura as his Special Envoy for Syria (SE)- NOT as a joint envoy with LAS. August 2014: US-led coalition began its airstrikes against the Islamic State in Iraq and expanded its strikes to Syria the following month, focusing on the city of Raqqa. September 2014: SE held his first round of consultations with concerned capitals, since taking up his office, it included his a visit to Damascus where he met with President Assad, senior officials and the tolerated internal Syrian opposition. October 2014: SE focused on establishing a series of local ceasefires, "freeze zones", starting with Aleppo, which aimed at the de-escalation of violence and allowance of the return of normalcy to it. February 2015: SE briefed the Security Council members on the 17th, announcing Syria's willingness to halt all aerial bombardment over Aleppo for a period of six weeks. It was not clear when would the freeze go into effect, reporting that a date would be announced from Damascus. June 2015: Egypt hosted the second Syrian Opposition meeting in Cairo, which excluded the National Coalition and announced a new road map to resolve the crisis which did not abolish Assad's government. July 2015: SE announced that his office would facilitate intra-Syrian working groups to generate a "Syrian-owned framework document" on the implementation of the Geneva Communiqué. Main themes of the groups were Safety and Protection for All, Political and Constitutional Issues, Military and Security Issues, and Public Institutions, Reconstruction and Development. September 2015: Russia conducted its first airstrikes against IS in Syria. The US and the Syrian Opposition claim it is targeting rebel-held areas instead. October 2015: First meeting of International Syria Support Group (ISSG) took place in Vienna, it included China, Egypt, the EU, France, Germany, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United Nations, and the United States. They agreed on a nine-point plan, but still had substantial divisions on the future of Assad. It was the first time Iran and Saudi Arabia were brought to the same table. November 2015: Second meeting of the ISSG was held in Vienna adding LAS to its members. They set a time frame to prepare for a parallel ceasefire and political process by January 2016 that would lead to credible, inclusive and non-sectarian governance within six months, followed by the drafting of a constitution and elections within 18 months. Jordan was tasked to develop a list of groups and individuals identified as terrorists, and Saudi Arabia to hold a meeting to unify the Syrian opposition and prep for the talks with the government. December 2015: - Syrian political and armed opposition factions met in Riyadh, to agree on a common position to negotiate with Syrian government, and resulted in the formation of the High Negotiating Committee (HNC). The main Kurdish group was excluded, while Islamist hardliners such as Jaysh Al-Islam and Ahrar Al-Sham were present. - The Secretary General of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) joined the follow-up meeting of the ISSG in New York, Saudi Arabia and Jordan briefed the group on their tasks. There was no agreement on the list of identified terrorists, especially with Russia's insistence on adding Ahrar Al-Sham to the list, which is considered pivotal to the unified Opposition bloc. - UN Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 2254 (attached) which reaffirmed the road map set out by the ISSG and urged the Support Group to apply pressure on the Syrian parties to put an immediate end to the indiscriminate use of weapons against civilians, and allow unimpeded access to humanitarian aid convoys. January 2016: the SE sent out invitations to the Syrian participants, in accordance with the parameters outlined in Security Council resolution 2254, to start on the 25th with proximity talks and had expected to last for six months. The HNC requested assurances of goodwill from the government as precondition to beginning of talks, such as release of prisoners or lifting of sieges. February 2016: Talks were delayed and lasted two days before they were suspended for three weeks. - The ISSG met on the margins of the Munich Security Conference and decided that humanitarian access will commence same week of meeting to besieged areas, and an ISSG task force would elaborate within one week modalities for a nationwide cessation of hostilities. - The US and Russia announced the adoption of the terms for a cessation of hostilities in Syria, and proposed that the cessation of hostilities commence at 00:00 (Damascus time) on February 27, 2016. The cessation of hostilities does not apply to "Daesh", "Jabhat al-Nusra", or other terrorist organizations designated by the UN Security Council. - The Security Council endorsed the announcement in its resolution 2268 (attached). March 2016: SE announced March 9 set as target date of resumption of talks in Geneva. On March 14, SE resumed the intra-Syrian proximity talks in Geneva, which mainly discussed procedural matters to reach a shared list of principles and relied on Security Council resolution 2254 as its agenda. - SE briefed the Security Council on the cessation of hostilities which lowered overall levels of violence and more than 238,000 people had been reached with humanitarian aid. - On the same day, President Putin announced the withdrawal of most Russian forces from Syria, after it had largely fulfilled their objectives in Syria, and SE stated that it would have a positive impact on the negotiations. - On March 17, the PYD announced the establishment of a federal system in Kobane, Afrin and Cizire cantons in northern Syria, and its Constituent Assembly of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria-Rojava (DFNS) announced its final declaration. Both the Syrian government and other opposition affiliates denounced the plan, as well as the United States. - On March 24, the SE ended the first round by submitting a paper on the commonalities between the Syrian sides regarding the future of Syria and would help structure the next round that would address political transition. - Syrian government forces retook Palmyra from the Islamic State, with Russian air assistance. April 2016: The SE paid visits to Amman, Beirut, Damascus and Tehran ahead of the new round of talks. - The third round of proximity talks were set to start on April 13, which coincided with the parliamentary elections in the government-controlled areas in Syria. The SE met with the High Negotiations Committee delegation (Syrian Opposition) in Geneva and was expected to meet with the Syrian Government delegation within the following days. - During the 13-27 April round of negotiations, the SE developed a Mediator's Summary that identified eighteen points necessary to move forward on political transition arrangements. - on April 28, airstrikes in Aleppo on al-Quds hospital supported by both Doctors Without Borders and the International Committee of the Red Cross, which killed dozens of civilians and medical personnel. May 2016: The Security Council adopted unanimously resolution 2286 (attached) which called for the protection of civilians and medical facilities during armed conflict. - On May 4, the US-Russia brokered a 48-hour ceasefire in which helped reduce the violence, and was later extended for another 72 hours. - On May 9, France held a ministerial Friends of Syria meeting in "Paris Format", attended by the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, the European Union, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Turkey and Jordan, and issued a statement that called on the resumption of negotiations, unimpeded access of humanitarian assistance and the implementation of international law obligations to the protection of civilians. - Later on the same day, the United States and Russia issued a joint statement on Syria to reconfirm their commitment to intensify their efforts to implement a nationwide ceasefire and promote humanitarian assistance in accordance to security council resolution 2254. - On May 17, the fourth meeting of the ISSG took place in Vienna and reaffirmed its determination to strengthen the cessation of hostilities, to ensure full and sustained humanitarian access in Syria, and to ensure progress toward a peaceful political transition. Australia, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands and Spain joined the group. June 2016: The SE announced that the time is not yet right for a resumption of the intra-Syrian talks because of the escalation of violence in Aleppo, Idlib, Latakia and other rural areas around Damascus, but the intention is to begin an official third round as soon as possible. - Riad Hijab, the Coordinator of the Opposition High Negotiations Committee, proposed a nationwide truce throughout the month of Ramadan. - On June 16, Jan Egeland Advisor to the Special Envoy for Syria announced that 16 of the 18 besieged areas have been reached since the humanitarian taskforce started in late February. - On June 21, the SE briefed the United Nations General Assembly on the situation in Syria regarding the cessation of hostilities and humanitarian assistance access, as for the resumption of talks, it is yet to be decided and the OSE currently holds technical meetings with the parties on core issues. July 2016: - On July 6, the Syrian army declared a three-day nationwide "regime of calm" in respect to Eid al-Fitr holidays nonetheless pro-regime forces continued to engage in clashes and airstrikes across the country, particularly near the flashpoints of Damascus and Aleppo City. - On July 14, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry met with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Moscow to discuss a proposal for bilateral military cooperation in the Syria; The proposal calls for the establishment of a 'Joint Implementation Group' (attached) based in Amman, Jordan to "support deliberate targeting" of Syrian Al-Qaeda affiliate Jabhat al-Nusra and "maximize independent but synchronized efforts" against ISIS in Syria, according to a draft memorandum leaked by the Washington Post. - On July 25, Stephen O'brien, the Under Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, briefed the security council (attached) on the deteriorating humanitarian situation in Aleppo due to the escalation of violence over the Castello Road, the last access route in and out of eastern Aleppo, and the continuous attacks on medical facilities. O'brien called on the security council not to allow turning Aleppo into another besieged area where 250,000 to 275,000 people reside, and called to establish a weekly, 48-hour humanitarian pause to enable humanitarian aid deliveries across borders. - On July 28, the Russian Minister of Defense Sergei Shoigu announced, right after the Syrian government announced it has cut off the Castello Road and encircled the city of Aleppo, setting up three humanitarian corridors in Aleppo City to allow in food and medical aid, and help people flee the besieged city; the fourth corridor would be established in northern Aleppo near the Castello Road to allow the withdrawal of armed insurgents, and appealed to the Syrian government to provide guarantees to the amnesty provided to rebels to lay down their weapons. - On the same day, Abu Mohammed al-Julani, Jabhat al-Nusra's Leader announced split from al- Qaeda and mentioned that its new name would be Jabhet Fateh al-Sham, in order to get the group off the terrorist list and "to remove the excuse used by the international community – spearheaded by America and Russia – to bombard and displace Muslims in the Levant: that they are targeting al-Nusra Front, which is associated with al-Qaida". - On July 29, the SE commented on the Russian initiative in a press stakeout, that it should take into consideration a few improvements such as putting the 48-hour humanitarian pause into place on a sustainable basis irrespective of the humanitarian corridors; and suggested "to actually leave the delivery of aid through corridors to the UN and its partners"; and stressed that civilians should leave voluntarily, and given the option of leaving to areas of their own choice. August 2016: - On August 1, a Russian helicopter was downed near Saraqeb, in rebel-held Idlib province, on its way back to Russia's main air base in Hmyeim in the western province of Latakia, killing the five Russian military personnel on board. The downing of the helicopter marked the single deadliest event for Russia since its air campaign began in Syria on September 29, 2015. No group claimed the shooting down of the helicopter. - Since then, Russian warplanes conducted retaliatory airstrikes against several small opposition-held areas in the vicinity of Saraqeb. Syrian rebels accuse Russia of using incendiary munitions while conducting airstrikes against Idlib City on August 7, suggesting that Russia intended to achieve punitive and deterrent effects against opposition forces in the province. - In the early weeks of August, rebel forces launched a major assault, known as the "battle for Aleppo", on government-held southwestern towns of Aleppo City, to break the siege, and control supply lines in the south connected to eastern Aleppo. They claimed breaking the siege and capturing Ramouseh Artillery Academy, parts of the cement plant and Khan Touman-Ramouseh road. Intense fighting between warring parties continues to claim control over previously lost vicinities. - On August 9, Russian President Vladimir Putin met with Turkish President Recep Tayip Erdogan in St. Petersburg, after the Turkish President officially apologized for the downing of a Russian military aircraft on June 27, 2016, and announced during a press conference that they discussed lifting of Russia's ban on imports of Turkish products, resumption of charter flights, the Turkish Stream project, Syrian settlement, and anti-terrorism efforts. - On August 10, Lieutenant-General Sergei Rudskoi, a senior Russian Defence Ministry official, announced a daily three-hour ceasefires in Aleppo, starting August 11, to allow humanitarian convoys enter the city safely, and would run from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. local time. - On August 16, the Russian Ministry of Defense announced that Russian aircrafts took off from Iranian airbase Hamedan to carry out airstrikes on ISIS and Jabhat al-Nusra-held facilities in the provinces of Aleppo, Idlib and Deir ez-Zour. - On August 18, the SE adjourned the HTF meeting as humanitarian convoys could not reach any of the besieged towns during the month, and called for at least a 48 hour humanitarian pause in Aleppo to deliver UN humanitarian assistance, through the Castello Road, to all parts of Aleppo City. - Also, on August 18, the Syrian government forces, unprecedentedly, launched strikes against Kurdish forces in Hasakeh in Northern Syria, after pro-government National Defense Forces (NDF) were engaged in clashes with the military wing of the Kurdish Workers Party, known as Asayish. The Syrian government claimed that "Asayish had escalated their acts of provocation attacking state establishments, stealing oil and cotton, disrupting examinations, carrying out abductions, and causing a state of chaos and instability, in addition to targeting positions of the Syrian Arab Army which required a suitable response by the Army as it targeted the sources of artillery fire and the gatherings of armed elements responsible for these criminal actions." - On August 19th, while the Kurdish fighters pushed back government forces and their allies, the Pentagon threatened to shoot down Syrian government aircrafts as they pose a threat to the US Special Forces deployed in the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) area. - On August 21, it was announced that a truce agreement had been reached between YPG and NDF, through Russian mediation, to start on August 21, 2016 at 17:00, which involved evacuating the wounded and transporting them to hospitals in Qamishli, and restore the situation to how it was prior to the clashes and hold talks on August 22 to resolve the remaining unresolved issues. - On August 22, most likely the ceasefires agreement failed as fighting escalated. - On August 24, Turkey and the International Coalition Air Forces launched "Operation Euphrates Shield" offenses to support the Free Syrian Army aligned with U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces SDF against IS militants in Jarablus, in northern Syria. - On August 26, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, addressing a joint press conference after their meeting in Geneva, announced that they failed to reach a breakthrough deal on military cooperation and a nationwide cessation of hostilities in Syria, saying they still have issues to resolve before an agreement could be announced. - On August 27, Kurdish militias targeted Diyarbakir airport in southeast Turkey, near the borders with Syria. Turkey retaliated by warplanes and artillery on targets held by Kurdish-backed forces the following day, despite US pentagon's criticism of the fighting. September 2016: - On September 4, Turkish Prime Minister Binali Yildrim announced that Turkish military forces and Ankara-backed Free Syrian Army (FSA) had successfully purged the border region, from Azaz to Jarablus, from "terrorist organizations." - On September 9, the US and Russia reached a deal which called for a nationwide ceasefire in Syria, and unimpeded humanitarian access to all besieged areas starting on September 12th. If sustained for seven continuous days, the U.S. and Russia would establish a Joint Implementation Center (JIC) in order to share intelligence and coordinate airstrikes against both ISIS and Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (formerly Jabhat al-Nusra). - On September 21, the cessation of hostilities deal was implemented with regular violations, while the Syrian government continued to block humanitarian access to opposition-held districts of Eastern Aleppo City despite the agreement. - On September 17, the US-led coalition accidentally launched an air strike on Syrian government forces in Deir ez-Zour. - On September 19, a UN humanitarian convoy was shelled near Urum al-Kubra near Aleppo, killing 20 humanitarian aid workers and drivers, and destroying 18 out of 31 trucks. The US blamed Russia and the Syrian government for the attack; the latter declared unilaterally the end of the ceasefire agreement. - On September 20, the UN temporarily suspended its humanitarian aid to Syria after the attack, while international powers failed to reach a consensus to restore the ceasefire during an acrimonious UN Security Council Meeting on September 21st as well as two separate meetings of the International Syria Support Group on September 20 and September 22. - On September 22, the Syrian government announced a new military offensive in the rebel-held eastern Aleppo, and further escalation in a bombing campaign by Russian and Syrian airstrikes that had already intensified the day before. - On September 25, the Security Council Meeting discussed the recent escalation of violence in Aleppo after the Syrian government announced its intention to retake all of Aleppo City, and the SE called on the Security Council to "to press for a cessation of violence, and for the protection of civilians, and the civilian infrastructure; secondly to press for weekly 48-hour pauses in the fighting to ensure that the United Nations and its partners can reach eastern Aleppo, without preconditions from either the Government or the Opposition; and thirdly to press for medical evacuations of urgent cases." - On September 27, the Syrian government launched a large scale ground offensive in eastern Aleppo, and state media announced that it recaptured the central district of Al-Farafirah northwest of the Aleppo Citadel. - On September 29, the YPG set conditions to participate in operations to seize IS-held Raqqa City: the US provides arms to the YPG, recognizes its autonomy of the Federation of Northern Syria, and ensures that the Syrian Kurds are officially invited to participate in peace talks. October 2016: - On October 1, continuous airstrikes in eastern Aleppo damaged a major hospital codenamed M10, which was partially closed because of the raids. - On October 2, Stephen O'brien, the Under Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, urged warring parties and their supporters to bring about a cessation of all hostilities, a medical evacuation system for eastern Aleppo, and regular unimpeded humanitarian access to eastern Aleppo, and he reiterated his plea to the Security Council for a 48-hours weekly humanitarian pause in fighting, at the very least. - In an official statement, the Syrian Army offered amnesty to fighters and their families to leave Aleppo under guarantee of safe passage to other rebel-held areas, after the Syrian regime forces recaptured strategic areas on the northern outskirts of the city. - On October 3, the EU announced an emergency humanitarian initiative for Aleppo, in cooperation with the United Nations and civil society organizations, in order to facilitate the urgent delivery of basic life-saving assistance to civilians in eastern Aleppo, and ensure medical evacuations with focus on women, children and the elderly. The EU has mobilized 25 million euros to support its humanitarian partners' response to cover medical, water and sanitation, and food assistance in Aleppo. The HNC issued a statement welcoming the European initiative to protect civilians in Aleppo. - The Security Council began negotiations over a draft resolution, circulated by France and Spain, which demanded all parties to the Syrian conflict "implement and ensure full implementation of cessation of hostilities, including an end to all aerial bombardments", and called on the US and Russia to "undertake joint efforts to stabilize the situation in Syria, with special measures for the Aleppo region", as well as the UN Secretary-General to propose options for a UN-supervised monitoring mechanism of the ceasefire and to "take further measures" in case of non-compliance of any party, without invoking chapter 7 of the UN Charter. The French Foreign Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault headed to Moscow and Washington to push for a vote on the draft resolution. - The United States suspended talks with Russia on trying to end the violence in Syria and accused Moscow of not complying with its commitments under the ceasefire agreement and would withdraw all personnel that were dispatched to prepare for military cooperation with Russia. - On October 4, Prince Zeid Ra'ad, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, warned over the use of incendiary weapons in Syria, and demanded bold initiatives such as limiting the use of the veto by the permanent members of the Security Council to refer the situation in Syria to the International Criminal Court (ICC). Russia rejected Zeid's call. - The Russian Defense Ministry declared its deployment of S-300 missile system to its Tartus naval base in Syria. - On October 6, the SE offered in a press conference to escort up to 1000 al-Nusra fighters to bring an end to the bombardment by Russian and Syrian forces to Idlib or anywhere else of their choice. While the Russian Defense Ministry announced it would shoot down US-led coalition jets if the US launches airstrikes against pro-government forces in Syria, after American officials had discussed using limited airstrikes to force government forces to halt its raids on Aleppo. - On October 7, Russia called for a Security Council emergency meeting to hear the SE's briefing (attached) on the situation in Aleppo, while the Russian Parliament ratified Moscow's deal with Syria on its "indefinite" deployment of forces. - On October 8, the Security Council held a meeting on Aleppo, and voted on the Russian-drafted resolution calling for the revival of the ceasefire deal, without mention of ending military fights in the city, and on the French-drafted resolution. The French draft received eleven votes in favor, China and Angola abstained, while Russia and Venezuela voted against. The Russian text only received four votes in favor of China, Egypt and Venezuela, Angola and Uruguay abstained, while the remaining nine council members voted against. - On October 9, France announced its intention to call the ICC for war crimes investigation in Syria, and shall contact the ICC Prosecutor on how to launch these investigations, putting into consideration that the only way is through the Security Council referral, which had been vetoed before by Russia in May 2014. - On October 13, the Deputy Special Envoy for Syria Ramzy Ezzeldin Ramzy confirmed the Syrian Government's approval of the October aid plan and for convoys to reach 25 of 29 besieged and hard-to-reach areas across Syria, but not to eastern Aleppo and three parts of the rural Damascus province. - On October 15, US Secretary of State John Kerry hosted a meeting on Syria in Lausanne, with the participation of Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and seven foreign ministers from the region, from Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Qatar, Jordan and Egypt, with the presence of the SE. The meeting failed to reach a joint statement on how to end the bombardment of Aleppo or on the aid delivery to the besieged towns. - On October 16, the UK's Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson held a meeting with his US, French and German counterparts and "like-minded" Gulf Arab states on the Syrian conflict in London. The UK and the US announced their consideration of imposing more sanctions against Russia and the Syrian Government to halt their ongoing raids on Aleppo. - On October 17, the European Council condemned the Syrian regime and Russia for their deliberate and indiscriminate bombardment of civilians and infrastructure in Eastern Aleppo, and called for a monitored cessation of hostilities, lift of sieges, and a nationwide sustainable humanitarian access. - On October 18, the Russian Minister of Defense Sergei Shoigu announced the cease of Russian and Syrian airstrikes on Aleppo to hold an 8-hour humanitarian pause on October 20th, in order to allow civilians and medical evacuations through six humanitarian corridors, and expected militants would withdraw with their weapons through two corridors, one via the Castello Road and the other near the souq al-Hai area in the south of the city. It was later announced that the eight-hour pause will be extended to eleven hours for four days. The armed opposition groups (AOGs) rejected the proposal in a joint statement claiming that "the initiative came at the same time as forced displacement operations are being carried out by the Assad regime in the Damascus suburbs of al-Mouadamiya, Qudsiya and al-Hama, and before that in Daraya." - On October 20, in conclusion of the EU summit, the EU failed to reach an agreement on imposing sanctions on Russia for the escalation of violence in Aleppo, and stated that "the EU is considering all available options should the current atrocities continue." The unilateral ceasefire took effect, and the Syrian Army declared that it would last for three days while artillery exchanges erupted around a crossing point near the rebel-controlled Bustan al-Qasr district shortly after the pause began. The Secretary-General and the SE briefed the General Assembly in an informal session on the situation in Syria, in response to an initiative led by Canada, after the Security Council failed to take action to end the aerial bombardment on Aleppo and revive peace efforts. - On October 21, the United Nations Human Rights Council held a special session on the deteriorating situation of human rights in Aleppo, upon the request of Britain (letter attached) that was submitted on behalf of a core group of 11 Western and Arab states. The Council adopted a resolution by a 24 in favor vote, seven against and 16 abstentions. It urged "the immediate implementation of the cessation of hostilities, and demanded that the regime and its allies put an immediate end to all aerial bombardments of and military flights over Aleppo city. The Council demanded that all parties, in particular the Syrian authorities and its supporters, promptly allowed rapid, safe, unhindered and sustained humanitarian access, including across conflict lines and borders." The Council further "requested the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic to conduct a comprehensive, independent special inquiry into the events in Aleppo, and identify all those responsible for alleged violations and abuses of international human rights law. It further requested the Commission of Inquiry to support efforts to ensure that perpetrators of alleged abuses and violations be held accountable, and to provide a full report of the findings of its special inquiry to the Human Rights Council no later than its thirty-fourth session." - On October 22, the humanitarian pause expired without any evacuations made and without further renewal despite the UN request. No medical evacuations had been made as no security guarantees had not been granted as requested by the UN. - On October 23, Turkey intensified its strikes targeting IS militants and Kurdish YPG forces in the town of al-Bab, in an attempt to sweep them away from its borders. The Turkish-backed FSA gained control over three areas of Tuways, al-Gharz and Tlatinah south of Akhtarin in northern Aleppo two days later. - On October 25, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Mikhail Bogdanov stated Moscow's willingness to restore the ceasefire in Aleppo and that the Western-backed opposition forces should be separated from terrorist groups in order to be able to move forward; after the UN had blamed all parties for the failure of evacuating injured people in Eastern Aleppo during the three-day ceasefires and called for "a permanent and comprehensive ceasefire so that life-saving humanitarian activities, including medical evacuations, can resume," meanwhile the Syrian Ambassador to Moscow ruled out any opportunity to restore the ceasefires. - On October 26, a school in the village of Haas, in rebel-held Idlib, was hit by a raid of airstrikes, causing the death of twenty-two children and six teachers. The UN Secretary-General called for an immediate investigation on this attack, as it could amount as war crimes if deliberate. Russia denied its responsibility and claimed that the damage was not consistent with an airstrike. - On October 27, Virginia Gamba, the head of the UN-OPCW Joint Investigative Mechanism, presented the mechanism's findings to the Security Council. The report indicated that of the nine cases the JIM investigated, the Syrian regime used chlorine gas against civilians in three cases and the IS used mustard gas in one case. In the remaining five cases, the JIM investigated allegations that the government dropped chlorine bombs in rebel-held areas. While the JIM could not make a conclusive determination in three of these five cases, it was able to establish that government airstrikes had occurred and the presence of a toxic substance, but it was unable to fully determine the link between the two, or the actors responsible. Russian Ambassador Vitaly Churkin questioned the JIM's findings, and expressed reservations over the US-draft resolution to extend the mandate of the mechanism for another year, which would end on 31 October 2016. - The EU added ten top Syrian officials to its sanctions list who are held responsible for "violent repression against the civilian population in Syria." - On October 28, Syrian rebels relaunched Aleppo counter-attack aiming to break the siege imposed on Eastern Aleppo. The factions included the FSA and Jaish al-Fath targetting government-held Western Aleppo. - Syrian Foreign Minister Walid Muallem met with his Russian and Iranian counterparts in Moscow to discuss counterterrorism, the cessation of hostilities and improvement of humanitarian operations, and the resumption of the intra-Syrian talks. The three ministers held a joint press conference following their meeting. - On October 30, SE condemned Syrian rebels for the indiscriminate shelling of civilian areas in Western Aleppo, raising the number of casualties in the last 48 hours. - On October 31, the Security Council extended the mandate of the UN-OPCW JIM until November 18, 2016. November 2016: - On November 1, in a teleconference with the leaders of the Russian Armed Forces, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu mentioned that Russia had halted air strikes on eastern Aleppo for 16 days, following western criticism over a Russian-Syrian government assault that killed civilians and destroyed infrastructure. - On November 2, DM Shoigu announced that it would enforce a 10-hour humanitarian pause in Aleppo on November 4, to allow civilians and fighters to exit the city through eight safe corridors. - On November 4, despite the announced unilateral ceasefire in Aleppo, there were no sign of civilians or fighters leaving the city, and opposition fighters vowed to continue fighting to break the siege. - On November 6, the SDF declared the launch of Operation "Wrath of the Euphrates" in the IS capital of Raqqa, which aimed at surrounding and isolating the city as an initial phase, in coordination with the US-led coalition airstrikes. The SDF had rejected any Turkish role to liberate the city. - On November 8, the Russian Defense Minister Shoigu announced that the first attack from the Admiral Kuznetsov, the aircraft carrier, and heavily armed escort ships were to bomb rebel positions in Aleppo. - On November 10, Jan Egeland, Advisor to the Special Envoy for Syria, declared in a press stakeout following the weekly HTF meeting that Eastern Aleppo had run out of food rations, and that the UN had proposed an initiative of four elements which included delivery of food and medical supplies, medical evacuations and access for health workers. - On November 11, the OPCW Executive Council condemned all parties for the use of chemical weapons in Syria, after voting on a US-tabled text in a closed session. The text was supported by 28 members, including Germany, France, the United States and Britain; it was opposed by Russia, China, Sudan and Iran, and there were nine abstentions. - On November 15, Russia launched its "major operation" targeting the IS and Jabhat al-Nusra's positions in Idlib and Homs provinces. Heavy airstrikes and barrel bombs pounded Eastern Aleppo after the pause declared by Russia and the Syrian Government on October 18. It is considered the first mission operated from the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov. - The Third Committee of the UN General Assembly adopted a draft resolution tabled by Saudi Arabia on the human rights situation in Syria, by a vote of 116 in favor, to 15 against with 49 abstentions. It called upon the Syrian regime and the IS to cease using chemical weapons, and stop their attacks on civilians. - On November 17, the UN Security Council adopted the US-draft resolution to extend the mandate of the UN-OPCW Joint Investigative Mechanism to 18 November 2017. - On November 20, Syrian Foreign Minister Walid Muallem held talks with the SE in Damascus, on the latest escalation of violence, the targeting of medical facilities and infrastructure, and the humanitarian initiative in Eastern Aleppo. The UN proposal of the withdrawal of al-Nusra fighters while maintaining the opposition's local administration of Eastern Aleppo; the proposal was rejected by the Syrian Government and called it a violation of "national sovereignty". - On November 23, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs Jean Ayrault announced that France would hold a meeting on Syria early December 2016. - On November 24, Jan Egeland Advisor to the Special Envoy for Syria briefed the press on the HTF meeting and the assistance deliveries of the month of November, not being able to reach besieged areas because of the absence of government approvals for convoys to enter and the escalation of violence. Egeland stated that the UN had received written approvals of the AOGs in eastern Aleppo and Russian support of the UN four-point plan, and still waiting for the government's approval. - On November 27, the rebels in Khan al-Shih town, in the outskirts of Damascus, handed in their weapons, as part of a local agreement with the Syrian government to withdraw to rebel-held Idlib province, so as government siege would be lifted. It was the only town not under government control on a major supply route from Damascus to Quneitra, in southern Syria. - On November 29, Egypt, New Zealand and Spain put in blue their draft resolution calling to put an end to all attacks on Aleppo, and allow unimpeded humanitarian access for the period of 7-days with consideration of further extension. The draft was later vetoed on 5 December by Russia and China, Venezuela voted against, and Angola abstained. It is Russia's sixth veto on a Syria draft resolution, and China's fifth veto. - After the Acting High Representative for Disarmament Affairs Kim Won-soo briefed Council members during Syria's chemical weapons consultations; the P3 announced they would circulate a draft resolution to impose sanctions on Syria for its use of chemical weapons against its own population. - On November 30, upon the request of France and the UK to hold an emergency meeting on Aleppo, SE Staffan de Mistura, USG Emergency Relief Coordinator Stephen O'brien and UNICEF Regional Director Geert Cappelaere briefed the Security Council on the situation in Aleppo, who agreed on the growing number of civilians fleeing eastern Aleppo and the dire need for safe humanitarian access. December 2016: - On December 1, ten AOGs announced the formation of 'Jaysh Halab' in Eastern Aleppo, in an attempt to unite their efforts to lift the siege and restore the districts where the pro-government militias took over in northeast and east Aleppo. It was led by Abu Abdul Rahman Nour, a senior commander in 'Jabhat al-Sham'. While Jan Egeland, Advisor to the Special Envoy for Syria, and the SE briefed the press on the humanitarian situation in Aleppo after the HTF meeting; they mentioned that over 400,000 IDPs are in west Aleppo, and UN convoys reached reached all towns under the Four-Towns Agreement, including Madaya, al-Foua and Kafraya, and Zabadani, and that the December Plan was yet to be approved by the Syrian government. - On December 3, the Syrian armed forces and its supporting militias advanced into east Aleppo, taking over 60 percent of the city that was once under rebel control since mid-2012. More than 80,000 civilians fled the area since the beginning of the regime's offense on November 15. - On December 7, AOGs called for a five-day ceasefire in Aleppo, and medical and civilian evacuations without mentioning the withdrawal of their fighters as demanded by Moscow and Damascus. Meanwhile, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry met with Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov in Germany to discuss the evacuation of opposition-held districts of Eastern Aleppo, and no agreement was reached. While leaders of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the UK and the United States released a joint statement on the situation in Aleppo calling for an immediate ceasefire and the resumption of political negotiations. - On December 8, the SE briefed the Security Council in closed consultations after the Russian announcement that it paused its operations in eastern Aleppo to allow the evacuation of civilians. Jan Egeland had said, after the weekly HTF meeting, that the co-chairs are "poles apart" on a united humanitarian diplomacy. IS launched a major offensive on Palmyra, seizing a number of gas fields in the north and few mountains in the south. - On December 9, the General Assembly adopted the Canadian-drafted resolution A/RES/71/130, which calls for an immediate cessation of hostilities and the implementation of resolutions 2268 and 2254. The resolution passed by a vote of 122 to 13, with 36 abstentions. Russia, Iran and China opposed the resolution. - On December 10, Paris hosted a meeting of "like-minded" counterparts on Syria; it brought together US Secretary of State John Kerry, German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier, British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson and Turkish Foreign Affairs Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu, along with Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan and Saudi Arabia. They discussed the humanitarian situation, and called for a ceasefire and a post Aleppo plan, as Syrian government forces neared victory over rebels there. - On December 11, ISIS recaptured the city of Palmyra in Eastern Homs Province forces despite heavy air support provided by Russia. - On December 13, the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon briefed the Security Council on the situation in Aleppo, the growing number of IDPs and allegations of torture and executions. Meanwhile, AOGs agreed to evacuate their remaining positions in eastern Aleppo after the Syrian government recaptured the city and following an agreement between Russia and Turkey. The evacuation was initially scheduled to take place on 14 December, but was delayed after Iran called for simultaneous evacuations from the besieged Shi'a-majority towns of Fu'ah and Kafraya in Idlib Province. - On December 15, the LAS held an emergency meeting at the level of representatives, based on Qatar's request, and adopted resolution 8105 condemning the attacks on civilians in Eastern Aleppo. - On December 19, the Security Council unanimously adopted the French-drafted resolution 2328 which demanded that the UN and other relevant agencies to carry out adequate and neutral monitoring of evacuations from eastern Aleppo, ensure the deployment of staff members for this purpose, and emphasized that the evacuations of civilians must be voluntary and to final destinations of their choice. Also, the LAS Ministerial Council welcomed resolution 8106 reiterating the necessity to establish a full cease-fire in Aleppo in accordance with the Security Council resolution 2328, and condemned terrorism in all its forms and crimes committed against civilians by ISIS, Fateh al- Sham Front, and that actions of both the Syrian regime and other militant groups may amount to war crimes. - Following the adoption of resolution 2328, the Office of the Special Envoy for Syria announced "the intention of the United Nations to convene the intra-Syrian negotiations mandated by Security Council resolution 2254 in Geneva on 8 February 2017." - On December 20th, the foreign and defense ministers of Russia, Turkey and Iran held parallel trilateral meetings in Moscow, despite the assassination of the Russian Ambassador to Turkey Andrey Karlov on December 19, and adopted the "Moscow Declaration" by which they agreed to act as guarantor powers for a peace accord between the Syrian government and the opposition. - On December 21, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution establishing a mechanism to assist in the investigation of serious crimes committed in Syria since 2011. The resolution received 105 votes for, with 52 abstentions, and 15 votes against (Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, Burundi, China, Cuba, DPRK, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Nicaragua, Russia, South Sudan, Syria, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe). The UN Secretary-General submitted the report of the UN Headquarters Board of Inquiry that was established to investigate the humanitarian convoy incident in Urum al-Kubra on 19 September 2016., which stated that there is no enough evidence to conclude that the convoy was deliberately attacked. - On December 22, the Syrian army announced its full control over Aleppo, after the evacuations of the remaining rebel fighters. Evacuations had faced many delays because of Iran's demands to evacuate 1500 individuals from the opposition-besieged towns of Zabadani and Madaya. On the following day, the Russian military deployed a battalion to clear the city from improvised explosive devices. - On December 23, USG Stephen O'brien briefed the Security Council, upon the request of France, "on the modalities of the evacuation of civilians and delivery of humanitarian aid in East Aleppo." Meanwhile, Syrian government forces bombed the water pumping station during its raid on opposition-held Wadi Barada, disrupting water supply to Damascus. - On December 26, Kazakhstan accepted the Russian proposal to host peace negotiations between the Syrian government and opposition forces to find a solution to the Syrian crisis, in January 2017. - On December 27, the Russian and Turkish foreign ministers agreed to implement a nationwide ceasefire in Syria, separate moderate opposition groups from UN designated terrorist groups, and prepare for the Astana talks. - On December 28-30, the DFNS met in the city of Rmeilan to approve the draft constitution, known as the social contract, which was adopted on January 29, 2014 to form its administrative system and prepare for elections. Kurdish leaders voted to drop the word "Rojava" from the official name to include other ethnic and religious components in northern Syria. - On December 29, Russia and Turkey submitted the countrywide ceasefire plan to the warring parties, which had taken effect at midnight on 30 December 2016 Damascus time. - On December 31, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 2336 in support of the Russian- Turkish agreement and the meeting to be held in Astana on 23 January 2017. January 2017: - On January 2, the Russian and Turkish air raids targeted IS militants in northern Syrian city of al-Bab; while 10 rebel factions threatened they would suspend talks regarding Astana until the ceasefire is fully implemented because of "major and frequent violations" in the rebel-held areas of Wadi Barada and Eastern Ghouta near Damascus. - On January 5, the SE welcomed the nationwide ceasefire, and the Security Council resolutions on Aleppo and Astana talks, in a press briefing after the weekly HTF meeting. Jan Egeland Advisor to the Special Envoy for Syria, voiced disappointment over the government's denied aid access to 5 out 21 locations including places in Rural Damascus, Homs and Hama. - On January 6, the Russian military started to cut down on its presence in Syria, Military Chief Valery Gerasimov mentioned that the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov would be the first to withdraw from the Mediterranean. - On January 8, Syrian government airstrikes resumed on Wadi Barada after failing to reach an agreement with opposition groups to repair the damaged water springs. Later on January 14th, the retired army officer Ahmad al-Ghadban who negotiated the deal to restore the water was killed amid heavy clashes between rebels and pro-regime forces. Both sides accused each other. - On January 12, the US imposed sanctions on 18 senior Syrian officials who were connected to the development and use of chemical weapons including chlorine gas against civilians. It marked the first time the US sanctioned Syrian military officials. While Russia and Turkey signed an agreement to coordinate their airstrikes against terrorists in Syria. - On January 13, the Syrian state television accused Israel of targeting Mezzeh Airbase outside of Damascus. - On January 14, IS launched a major offensive against pro-regime forces (Hezboallah) in Deir al-Zor Province, cutting the communication between the military base and the city. - On January 16, the High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini will host an international conference on the future of Syria in Brussels, which "aims to identify with regional partners common ground on the post-conflict arrangements and examine the scope for reconsciliation and reconstruction of Syria." - On January 19, an agreement was reached in Wadi Barada, allowing regime maintenance teams to enter the area to fix the water pipes and grant rebels amnesty or safe passage to opposition-held Idlib. - On January 20, IS militants destroyed Palmyra's Tetrapylon with only four of sixteen columns still standing, and the facade of its Roman Theatre. The UNESCO condemned the act as a new war crime. - Russia and Syria concluded a bilateral agreement on expanding and modernizing of the Russian Naval Facility in Tartus. The agreement extends the current lease for the next forty-nine years with automatic extensions and permits the simultaneous deployment of up to eleven warships to the port. - On January 23-24, indirect talks between the Syrian government and opposition were held in Astana; the delegations refused to sign the joint declaration issued by Russia, Turkey and Iran, on setting up a "trilateral mechanism" to monitor and enforce the ceasefire. The new US administration was invited, despite Iran's objection, and was represented by its ambassador to Kazakhstan. The UN SE was present, and hoped Astana talks would support the intra-Syrian negotiations to be held in Geneva in February. - On January 24, the Russian delegation shared its draft of the Syrian Constitution with the Syrian delegations, and advocated the creation of a Constitutional Committee consisting of members of both delegations. - On January 23-24, Finland and UN agencies hosted the Helsinki Conference on Supporting Syrians and the Region, which launched the 2017-2018 Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan (3RP). - On January 25, the US President Donald Trump called for establishing safe zones for refugees in Syria, after suspending visas for Syrians and other middle eastern states. President Trump later held telephone conversations with Saudi King Salman bin Abdul-Aziz and United Arab Emirates Armed Forces Deputy Supreme Commander Mohammed bin Zayed on January 29 to seek their support for his unidentified initiative. - On January 28-30, 1100 opposition fighters and 750 civilians evacuated Wadi Barada to Idlib Province, after reaching a reconciliation deal with pro-regime forces. The Syrian Forces reached Ain Fijeh spring to restore water to Damascus. - On January 30, the US delivered armored vehicles, medium and heavy weapons to SDF, in an attempt to isolate IS in al-Raqqa City. - On January 31, the SE briefed the Security Council in a closed session on the outcomes of the Astana talks and the upcoming intra-Syrian talks in Geneva, which was pushed to February 20. He mentioned if the Syrian opposition could not form an inclusive delegation by 8 February, he would select its representatives himself. The Council members welcomed the International Meeting on Syria in Astana, in a press statement. February 2017: - On February 6, high-level experts from Russia, Iran, Turkey, Jordan and the UN held their first technical meeting in Astana to discuss the implementation of the ceasefire mechanism, and cooperation on humanitarian issues; they agreed on the Concept Paper on the Joint Group. The Joint Group held its first meeting and managed to identify all areas controlled by IS and Jabhat Fatah al-Sham; the participants received two draft documents prepared by the Russians to be discussed in future Joint Group meetings, which are the Protocol to the Agreement on the mechanism to record violations of the cessation of hostilities in Syria announced on December 30, 2016 and the Procedure for imposing sanctions on violators, as well as the Regulation on Reconciled Areas. - On February 7, Amnesty International released its report (attached) on mass executions of as many as 13,000 detainees at Saydnaya Military Prison. Syrian authorities rejected the accusations. - On February 9, Russian airstrikes mistakenly kill three Turkish soldiers and injured eleven others near al-Bab city held by Turkish Armed Forces as part of Operation Euphrates Shield. Both sides agreed to strengthen their coordination. - On February 10-11, the HNC met in Riyadh and formed a delegation of 21 members, headed by Nasr al-Hariri; it included one representative each from the Cairo and Moscow groups. The HNC stated (Arabic statement attached) that the goal of the negotiations was a political transition under U.N. auspices in which Assad had no role in the future of the country. - On February 12, Turkish President Recep Erdogan stressed that the Operation Euphrates Shield aims to establish a five-thousand square kilometer 'safe zone' that includes Al-Bab, Manbij, and al-Raqqa City in Northern Syria. The safe zone would require the implementation of a no-fly zone, mentioning that he had discussed the issue with both the U.S. and Russia. - On February 13, the SE sent out invitations to the Syrian delegations for the intra-Syrian negotiations set to begin on February 23. - On February 15-16, the second round of talks took place in Astana a day later than scheduled; the opposition delegation was represented by only 9 armed groups from 14 groups which attended the first meeting; no direct meetings between the Syrian delegations were held and it ended without a final statement. The three guarantor states agreed to the Concept Paper on the Joint Group of the trilateral mechanism to observe the ceasefire, share information regarding the investigation of violations and promote confidence-building measures such as the release of detainees and abductees. - On February 17, a meeting between the "like-minded" states on Syria was held on the margins of the Bonn G20 Summit, and discussed Syria peace talks in Geneva. - On February 18, Turkey offered the US two proposals for an offensive against IS in al-Raqqa City that excludes the YPG. The preferred proposal calls for the insertion of opposition groups backed by Turkey into Tel Abyad in Northern al-Raqqa Province in order to advance against al- Raqqa City through a twelve-mile-wide corridor through terrain currently held by the SDF. The second proposal calls for opposition groups in Operation Euphrates Shield to advance more than one hundred miles from Northern Aleppo Province to Western al-Raqqa Province. - On February 21, the US CIA froze assistance to the FSA and its affiliated factions fighting in Northwestern Syria, after they came under an attack from Hay'at Tahrir al-sham HTS (successor of Jabhat Fateh al-Sham) in January. The aid included salaries, training, ammunition and in some cases guided anti-tank missiles. - On February 23, a fourth round of the intra-Syrian talks commenced in Geneva with no expectations of a breakthrough; the SE reiterated that that resolution 2254 sets the framework of the negotiations, which calls for the establishment of credible, inclusive and non-sectarian governance, and sets a timeline for drafting a new constitution and holding free and fair elections within 18 months. A day before in the ISSG Ceasefire Task Force meeting (CTF), Russia had called on the Syrian Government to halt aerial bombings during the discussions. - The Opposition groups backed by the Operation Euphrates Shield fully seized al-Bab in Northern Aleppo Province, after three months of clashes. - On February 24, the SE shared a paper on procedural issues, in bilateral meetings with the Syrian parties. The HNC held the Cairo and Moscow platforms responsible for the delay of direct talks, as they participated separately. - While Iraq conducted its first cross-border airstrikes against IS in Deir ez-Zour Province on the Syrian-Iraqi Border. The F-16 airstrikes were coordinated with the Syrian Government through a joint intelligence-sharing unit in Baghdad that includes Iraq, Syria, Russia, and Iran. Also, The U.S. provided intelligence in support of the operation. - On February 25, HTS claimed responsibility of a suicide attack on the State Security and Military Intelligence Offices in Homs City, killing at least forty pro-regime officers including Military Intelligence Branch Chief Brig. Gen. Hassan Dabul, so as to undermine the ongoing peace talks. The attacks prompted heavy airstrikes on al-Waer District, the Opposition's last strong-hold in the city. The HNC condemned the terrorist attack as per the Government's ultimatum. - On February 28, the UN Security Council voted on the French-British draft resolution which sought to ban the sale or supply of helicopters to the Syrian Government, and to blacklist 10 government and related entities involved in the production of chemical weapons. Nine countries voted in favor; Bolivia voted against the text, while Ethiopia, Egypt and Kazakhstan abstained. Russia casted its sixth veto backed by China. Britain and France had circulated the text in mid- December 2016, in response to the OPCW report findings proving government use of chlorine gas in three cases of the nine investigated cases. It was put on hold to asses US policy on Syria, the US later became a co-penholder after its unilateral sanctions on 18 Syrian senior officials on January 12. March 2017: - On March 1, the Independent Commission of Inquiry on Syria issued its report on the violations committed by warring parties in the last battle of eastern Aleppo, and considered the targeting of vital civilian infrastructure, withholding the distribution of humanitarian aid, and the use of civilians as human shields and forced evacuation agreements amount to war crimes. - On March 2, the Syrian forces backed by Russian airstrikes and Shi'a militias recaptured the city of Palmyra for the second time after heavy clashes. - On March 3, the fourth round of talks concluded with a political agenda for the upcoming round, which comprises of three baskets addressing the establishment of credible, inclusive and non-sectarian governance, drafting a new constitution, and holding free and fair elections within 18 months. A fourth basket was added upon the request of the Syrian Government to address "strategies of counter terrorism, security, governance and also medium-term confidence building measures." - On March 6, Russia announced a ceasefire in Eastern Ghouta until March 20, despite the continuation of airstrikes and mutual shelling. - On March 7, the US-allied SDF agreed to handover six villages near Manbij, on the frontline with Turkey-backed rebels to Syrian government control, under a Russian-brokered deal, in an attempt to stop further Turkish incursion. - On March 8, the SE de Mistura briefed the Security Council on the course of the talks, which aims to address the aforementioned baskets in parallel, and concluded that "nothing is agreed until everything is agreed unless the sides decide otherwise." The Syrian groups are invited to resume talks on March 23. - Meanwhile, Russian, US, Turkish high-level military officials met in Antalya to discuss additional coordination measures and "operational de-confliction of military operations" in northern Syria. - On March 13, a Russian-brokered agreement was reached to evacuate rebel fighters from Homs city, which would be carried out within six to eight weeks, between 10,000-15,000 people were expected to leave Homs in weekly batches. The neighborhood was besieged by regime forces since 2013. - On March 14, the EU unveiled its plan in Syria "in contributing to a lasting political solution under the existing UN-agreed framework and in helping to build resilience and stability in the country, as well as supporting post-agreement reconstruction once a credible political transition is underway." - On March 14-15, the third round of talks was held in Astana, even though the AOGs had called for the postponement of the meeting to assess the commitment to the declared ceasefire in Eastern Ghouta. Invitations were sent to the United Nations, the United States and Jordan. On March 14, preliminary consultations were held while a plenary meeting was due on March 15. The results of the intra-Syrian consultations were expected to be discussed. Talks failed to reach any significant agreement, and the three guarantor states issued a joint statement, and scheduled the next high-level meeting in Astana on May 3-4, 2017 and agreed to hold preliminary expert consultations on April 18-19, 2017 in Tehran. - On March 15, two suicide bombs targeted Damascus on the sixth war anniversary; one of them hit the main judicial building, and both killed 74 people and wounding a hundred other. It was later claimed by Fateh al-Sham Front. - On March 18, rebels began to evacuate al-Waer neighborhood in Homs City, to the opposition-held northern town of Jarablus on the borders with Turkey. - On March 20, the EU imposed sanctions against four Syrian high-ranked military officials related to the use of chemical weapons. The ban includes assets freeze and travel ban, and it is considered the first time the EU blacklists military officials. - On March 21, the US-led coalition dropped the SDF fighters on the southern side of the Euphrates to to cut the Aleppo - al-Raqqa Highway. the SDF launched an operation to seize the Tabqa Dam west of al-Raqqa City on March 22 with extensive support from the US. - On March 22, a US-led coalition strike on a center for displaced families in al-Mansoura town held by ISIL in northern Raqqa, killed 33 people. Earlier this month, the coalition declared that its raids in Syria and Iraq unintentionally killed at least 220 civilians. - On March 23-31, the fifth round of talks in Geneva was held despite of the escalation of fighting in Damascus and Hama; the SE shared non-papers with all Syrian sides with some political principles reached during the five rounds, and received their comments and amendments. - On March 24, Russia proposed a draft resolution on the use of chemical weapons in Syria and Iraq, that was reviewed in April 2016 and the UN Security Council did not support it. It was co-authored by China and Russia. Meanwhile, the Human Rights Council adopted a resolution condemning the indiscriminate attacks against civilians, forced displacement of populations, and called to hold all those responsible to account. - On March 27, the second phase of evacuations from al-Waer neighborhood took place, moving 466 citizens and 129 fighters. Meanwhile, the UN SE briefed the LAS Ministerial Council on the recent developments of the Geneva intra-Syrian talks and the Astana process. - On March 28, Russia condemned the US-led coalition airstrikes on the Tabqa Dam, and accused it of trying to "completely destroy critical infrastructure in Syria and complicate post-war reconstruction as much as possible." It further claimed that the coalition destroyed four bridges over the Euphrates river. - On March 29, the UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres addressed the annual Arab Summit, which was held in the Dead Sea, Jordan. He appealed to the Arab leaders to set aside differences and end the Syrian war. - An agreement was brokered by Iran and Qatar to swap Shi'ite citizens from the two pro-government towns of al-Foua and Kafraya, in the northwestern province of Idlib besieged by rebel fighters, with Sunni fighters and their families from the opposition-held towns of Zabadani and Madaya besieged by pro-government forces. The agreement was due to start on April 4 and would last 60 days; it included a ceasefire in the areas south of Damascus, aid deliveries, and the release of 1,500 prisoners held by the government. - On March 31, U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson disclosed during his visit to Ankara that "longer-term status of President Assad will be decided by the Syrian people" and defeating ISIL is its priority, while U.S. Ambassador to the UN Nikki Haley said the priority was no longer "getting Assad out"; it was later reiterated by the White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer's briefing. April 2017: - On April 3, the European Foreign Affairs Council chaired by the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Federica Mogherini took place in Luxembourg, and adopted the EU Strategy on Syria. It held the Syrian regime responsible for the violations against human rights, and reaffirmed that "there can be no lasting peace in Syria under the current regime." - On April 4-5, the EU and its co-sponsors hosted the Brussels Conference on Supporting the future of Syria and the region. The co-chairs declaration took note of UN appeals requesting $8 billion in 2017 to cover the required needs inside Syria and its neighboring countries, and announced pledges raised worth about $11 billion for humanitarian aid programs. - On April 4, an alleged chemical attack on Khan Shaykhun in the province of Idlib was carried out during a Syrian government air raid on the city, which claimed the lives of at least 72 civilians. Russia denied its responsibility and claimed that Syrian airstrikes targeted a rebel chemical weapons warehouse which leaked poisonous gas. While the implementation of the evacuation deal of 30,000 people from the four towns of Kafraya, al-Foua, Madaya and Zabadani was delayed because of reservations of their residents. All 16,000 residents of al-Foua and Kafraya are expected to leave under the deal. - On April 5, the UN Security Council was briefed on the attack by the Acting High Representative for Disarmament Affairs Kim Won-soo on the reported use of chemical weapons in Khan Shaykhun. The US, UK and France had informally circulated a draft resolution which demands that the Syrian government must provide the JIM and the FFM with flight plans and logs of April 4, the names of all helicopter squadron commanders and provide access to air bases where investigators believe chemical attacks may have been launched. Russia criticized the text, and produced its own draft; it did not condemn neither the attack nor the Syrian government, but rather expressed deep concern over the alleged "incident with chemical weapons" and called for a full-scale investigation. Later on April 6, the ten elected members (E10) of the Security Council met at ambassador level to express their frustration for not being included in the negotiating process and discussed an alternative text which would substitute language in the P3 draft on the Syrian government's obligation to provide information on its activities with agreed language from resolution 2118. Neither resolution were tabled for a vote. - On April 6, the US waged retaliatory airstrikes against al-Shayrat airbase outside of Homs, where the chemical attack was launched. 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles had hit the airfield in Syria. The missiles were aimed at Syrian fighter jets and other infrastructure. - On April 7, Bolivia called for a Security Council briefing after the US airstrikes, and Russia announced its suspension of "the Memorandum of Understanding on Prevention of Flight Safety Incidents in the course of operations in Syria signed with the US." - On April 11, the White House released a declassified report drawn up by the National Security Council which confirmed that the Assad regime used sarin gas on its own people, and accused Russia for shielding for its allies. - On April 12, the Security Council held a meeting to vote on the P3 revised draft resolution (4th draft), which incorporated the language from resolution 2118 proposed in the E10 draft; after the SE had provided the council with his monthly briefing on the assessment of the intra-Syrian talks held in Geneva. Ten members voted in favor of the text, China, Ethiopia and Kazakhstan abstained, while Bolivia joined Russia in voting against it. It is Russia's eighth veto against a Syria-related resolution. - On April 14, the evacuation of residents from the Shi'ite towns of al-Foua and Kafraya (besieged by opposition groups) began and their convoys headed towards the government-held Aleppo; meanwhile rebel fighters and their families left the town of Madaya (besieged by government forces) and headed towards Idlib. While the evacuation from Zabadani was delayed and expected to begin later the day. The four towns agreement began with the exchange of thirty prisoners and nine bodies on April 12. The evacuations resumed after a suicide attack that targeted a government loyalties convoy killing some hundred people including women, children and rebel fighters on April 15. - On April 19-20, over 2000 opposition fighters and civilians were evacuated from the besieged towns of Zabadani and Madaya in exchange for the evacuation of nearly 8000 pro-regime fighters and civilians from the besieged towns of al-Foua and Kafraya in Idlib Province. - On April 24, the US sanctioned 271 Syrians employed by the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center, related to the development of chemical weapons. The sanction froze the individuals' assets and prohibited US companies to conduct business with them. May 2017: - On May 3-4, military experts from the three guarantors held technical consultations ahead of the two-day fourth round of the Astana process, with the participation of the Director of the UN Mine Action Service Agnes Marcaillou. The SE de Mistura and Nawaf Uasfi Tel, Political Adviser to Jordan's Foreign Minister attended as observers, and the US was represented at a higher-level (for the first time) by US Assistant Secretary of State for Middle East Affairs Stuart Jones. - Despite the Syrian Opposition delegation suspended their participation in opposition to the ongoing bombardments across Syria, the three guarantors signed the Memorandum on the creation of de-escalation areas in Syria, setting up four "de-escalation zones" in Idlib, parts of Homs, Eastern Ghouta, and parts of Deraa and al-Quneitra provinces in southern Syria. The Syrian government welcomed the Russian initiative while the Opposition rejected Iran's involvement as a guarantor. - On May 5, Russia sought UN endorsement to the agreement reached in Astana, and circulated a draft resolution calling on member states to contribute to the implementation of the Memorandum on the creation of de-escalation zones in Syria. The resolution failed to pass for a vote on May 8, as western member states had reservations on the draft. - On May 6, Riad Seif was elected as the sixth president of the SOC, beating Khaled Khoja with 58 votes from the 102 member coalition. He would replace the current head Anas al-Abdeh, who was elected in March 2016. Also, Abdulrahman Mustafa and Salwa Ktaw were elected as vice presidents. - On May 8, the evacuation process of the government-besieged Damascus suburb of Barzeh began, around 1,022 people, including 568 rebels, headed towards Idlib and northern town of Jarablus near the Turkish borders; the second convoy of 700 rebels moved on May 12. While Walid al-Muallem, the Syrian Foreign Minister, rejected any international forces under UN supervision to monitor the de-escalation zones deal. Meanwhile, the White House approved providing arms to Kurdish fighters as support to their operation to retake al-Raqqa City, despite Turkey's strong opposition. - On May 16, the FFM's report confirmed the use of sulfur mustard in the attack on Aleppo on Sept. 16, 2016, and was made public. The report was raised to the UN Security Council on May 5. The FFM, also, confirmed in its report, regarding its investigation of the April 4 attack on Khan Shaykhun, the use of sarin-gas or a sarin-like substance. The FFM is only mandated for indicating whether chemical weapons were used, while the JIM is mandated to determine responsibility for the attacks. - While the US Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control sanctioned ten additional entities for providing support to the Syrian regime. - On May 16-19, the UN SE held the sixth round of the Intra-Syrian talks in Geneva, which ended without covering the four baskets of the agenda, only focusing on the constitutional issues. The SE shared a proposal with the parties to establish "a Technical Consultative Mechanism on Constitutional and Legal Issues;" the proposal would identify "options for the process of constitutional drafting, and for the conduct of a national conference/national dialogue, and identify for review specific options for ensuring a sound constitutional and legal basis for any framework agreed in Geneva embodying a package and including providing for credible, all-inclusive, non-sectarian governance," and that is through UN-facilitated expert-level meetings with both Syrian sides. - On May 18, while the EU Parliament adopted a resolution pertaining the EU Strategy on Syria, which the European Council for Foreign Affairs had passed on 3 April 2017; the US-led coalition's airstrikes destroyed a pro-Syrian regime convoy of the Iraqi Shi'ite militia of Kata'ib Imam Ali, that advanced along the Damascus-Baghdad Highway towards al-Tanf base (where the US, UK and Jordan train fighters of Jaysh Mughawir al-Thawra against IS in Eastern Syria). - On May 20-21, the evacuation of nearly 3000 people, some 700 fighters and their families, was completed from al-Waer district, the last opposition-held district in the province of Homs. According to Talal Barazi, Governor of Homs, more than 14,000 people had left al-Waer in several phases since the "reconciliation deal" began to be implemented in March. Among them were some 3,700 rebels, allowed to leave with their light weapons. Russia later deployed 50 to 150 Military Police into the district. - On May 22, the SE briefed the Security Council on the latest developments, and on the last round of the Intra-Syrian talks. He commended the Astana process for the reduction of violence in the agreed de-escalation areas, and urged its guarantors to finalize their agreement addressing the subjects of detainees, abductees and humanitarian demining. The SE asserted that the rounds' focus on legal and constitutional issues does not rule out "the principle of parallelism" in addressing the agenda, and that a new consultative process at a technical level was introduced to discuss relevant constitutional and legal matters. - On May 25, NATO leaders agreed in Brussels to become full members of the Global Coalition against ISIS; the organization would not engage in combat operations, but would provide air refueling to the Coalition's aircrafts, capacity building through the deployment of special forces to train local partners, and would establish an intelligence information cell to ensure information-sharing on foreign fighters. - On May 29, the final convoy of fighters and their families moved from the opposition-held besieged district of Barzeh in Damascus to Idlib Province; estimately more than 4000 fighters and civilians were evacuated from Barzeh and Eastern Ghouta under the Russian-brokered deal. - On May 30, the US delivered its first shipment of arms to the Kurdish-led SDF, which had advanced against IS in the eastern outskirts of al-Raqqa, seizing eight villages and taking control over the Ba'ath Dam. - On May 31, Russia's Grigorovich-Class Frigate Admiral Essen and Kilo-Class Submarine Krasnodar launched four cruise missiles targeting IS near Palmyra; it targetted arms depots of fighters relocating from al-Raqqa to Eastern Homs. Russia had notified the US, Turkey, and Israel of the strikes-On June 2, EU High Representative Federica Mogherini met with newly-elected President of the Syrian Opposition Council (SOC), Riad Seif, and Syrian Interim Government (SIG) Prime Minister, Jawad Abou Hatab, to discuss the political process and EU support for Syrian resilience. Both parties reiterated their commitment to the UN-led Geneva process. June 2017: -On June 4, pro-government forces gained control of Maskanah city, the last remaining ISIS stronghold in Aleppo governorate. The advances brought pro-government forces within 10 km of Raqqa's provincial border. -US-backed SDF captured a hydroelectric facility (Baath Dam) from ISIS militants, securing the final of three major dams along the Euphrates river. -On June 5, pro-government forces captured the areas of al-Alb, Bir Dahlon and Sharot Dahlon in Eastern Homs governorate, reportedly capturing over 6,000 sq km of ISIS-held territory. -On June 6, US-backed SDF announced the launch of the fifth phase of the campaign to capture Raqqa, ISIS' self-declared capital, with forces advancing from the north, east and west and the US-led Coalition supporting the offensive with air and artillery strikes. - The US-led Coalition conducted airstrikes against pro-government forces advancing near al- Tanf, a de-confliction zone in southeastern Syria. This marks the second strike in the area in less than a month, amid escalating tensions between the US and Iran-backed forces over control of Syria's southeastern frontier. - On June 8, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov met with the UNSE de Mistura in Moscow to discuss "the consolidation of the cessation of hostilities, the fight against terrorism, the continuation of the political settlement on the basis of UN Security Council Resolution 2254," according to the Russian Presidential Envoy for the Middle East and North Africa and Deputy Foreign Minister Mikhail Bogdanov. The consultations were held prior to the fifth round of the Astana Process, which was set to take place in June, but was later postponed till the month of July. -On June 9, during a press briefing in Geneva at the conclusion of a meeting of the humanitarian task force set up by the International Syria Support Group (ISSG), the SE declared that the time was not right to resume the UN-led intra-Syrian talks. -On June 13, the WFP delivered food to more than 80,000 displaced people in seven hard-to-reach areas in Raqqa and Deir Ezzor governorates in northern Syria, where regular deliveries of humanitarian assistance had been suspended for over three years. -On June 14, Chairman of the CoI, Paulo Pinheiro, expressed concern for the "staggering loss of civilian life" caused by US-led Coalition airstrikes as part of the Raqqa campaign, stating that airstrikes had led to the displacement of 160,000 civilians. He also stressed that the Astana agreement had led to a reduction in violence in just one of the four zones outlined in the memorandum. -On June 15, during a briefing to Council members, UN High Representative for Disarmament Affairs, Izumi Nakamitsu, noted that "some progress" had been made in the implementation of resolution 2118 (2013) on the elimination of chemical weapons in Syria. However, she highlighted the continued lack of safe access to two above-ground stationary facilities scheduled for destruction under OPCW supervision. -Pro-government forces targeted the opposition-held neighborhoods of Jobar and Eastern Ghouta in the first major attack since the announcement of four "de-escalation zones" at the Astana talks in May. Syrian Armed Forces seized the Arak gas field in the region of Badiya, which had been captured by IS since 2015; the SAF declared that it recaptured 20 percent of the Badiya region. -On June 16, the Office of the Special Envoy for Syria declared that it had facilitated a meeting of technical experts from three opposition groups: the High Negotiating Committee, the Cairo Platform and the Moscow Platform as part of a technical consultation process announced at the end of the sixth round of intra-Syrian talks. The meetings focused on the timeline and process for drafting a new constitution. -On June 17, the SE announced that the seventh round of intra-Syrian talks would begin in Geneva on July 10, with further rounds tentatively planned for August and September. -The Syrian government declared a 48-hour ceasefire in the southern city of Daraa. The agreement, reportedly brokered by Russia, the US and Jordan, comes after an escalation in violence between pro-government forces and AOGs in Daraa. -On June 18, US-led coalition forces shot down a piloted Syrian government aircraft in southern Raqqa province. According to the Coalition statement, the aircraft was downed after it displayed hostile intent and advanced on coalition forces. The Russian Ministry of Defense (MOD) released a statement following the incident claiming that the US shot down the Syrian jet while it was conducting an offensive against ISIS, and accusing the US of failing to use the "de-confliction channel". The MOD statement announced that Russia was cutting off participation in the de-confliction channel pending an investigation and that all kinds of airborne vehicles operating in combat mission zones west of the Euphrates River would be tracked by Russia as air targets. -Iran launched several ballistic missiles targeting ISIS positions in eastern Syria, reportedly carried out in retaliation for a terrorist attack in Tehran two weeks prior. This was Iran's first missile attack abroad in 15 years and its first in the Syrian conflict, representing an escalation of its role. -On June 19, the Syria Institute and PAX published the Sixth Quarterly Siege Watch Report, covering events from February to April 2017. -On June 20, an American fighter jet downed an "Iranian-made" armed drone in southern Syria after it "displayed hostile intent" when it approached coalition forces stationed at a base located in a de-escalation zone. It marked the second time in a month that the US had shot down an armed drone near Tanf camp. -On June 21, after opening a new front to the south of Raqqa, US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) came within several kilometers of fully encircling the city after having already surrounded Raqqa to the north, east and west. - Turkey deployed reinforcements to the towns of Azaz and Marea in northern Syria, held by turkey-backed Syrian opposition forces, in preparation of anticipated battles with its rival Kurdish forces. - French President Emmanuel Macron, contradicting previous French policy, that France sees "no legitimate successor" to Assad and no longer considers his departure as a precondition to resolve the ongoing conflict. On July 5, the president met with Riad Hijab, Head of the HNC, to reiterate France's support to the Syrian Opposition. -On June 22, Turkish and Russian troops were deployed to Syria's northern Idlib province as part of a de-escalation agreement brokered by Russia, Turkey and Iran in May. - WFP announced that the first aid convoy had reached 15000 civilians in the city of Qamishli by land route, since it had been inaccessible in 2015, and humanitarian aid was sent through air drops instead. -On June 24, the Syrian government released 672 detainees in a move it said was aimed at bolstering the reconciliation process. -On June 27, the SE briefed the Council on the situation in Syria, expressing his readiness to facilitate direct talks between the Syrian government and opposition either at a formal or technical level. -On June 28, OPCW-JIM published its sixth report updating the SC on the status of its review of two cases identified by the FFM concerning incidents reported in Umm Hawsh in Aleppo Governorate in September 2016 and Khan Shaykhun in Idlib Governorate on April 4, 2017. -On June 29, OCHA head Stephen O'brien briefed the Council on the humanitarian situation in Syria, noting that despite a reduction in violence in some areas of the country, humanitarian convoys remained unable to reach civilians in besieged and hard-to-reach places due to bureaucratic restrictions. O'brien also detailed the Secretary-General's monthly report on the situation in Syria, released June 23, that highlighted the Astana memorandum signed by Iran, Russia and Turkey in May and the escalation of anti-ISIS operations in Syria. -The OPCW released a report on progress in the elimination of the Syrian chemical weapons program, verifying the destruction of 25 of the 27 chemical weapons production facilities previously declared by the Syrian government. However, the OPCW continues to express consideration that the initial declaration was incomplete. July 2017: -On July 1, Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) launched a strike against pro-government positions near al-Baath in Quneitra governorate in response to two stray artillery shells fired from Syria that landed in the Golan Heights. This is the fifth Israeli strike on pro-government positions near the area of al-Baath within a week. -On July 3, the UNSC appointed Catherine Marchi-Uhel to head the International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism, the UN legal team tasked with collecting and preserving evidence of the most serious crimes committed in Syria since 2011 to be used by national courts or an international tribunal. The Mechanism was established by the General Assembly on December 21, 2016 despite fierce resistance from Russia, which had previously used its veto status to block criminal investigations into the conflict. -The Syrian Army announced the suspension of all combat operations in the southern governorates of Daraa, Suweida and Quneitra for four days ahead of upcoming peace talks in Astana, Kazakhstan. It is the second unilateral ceasefire by the Syrian Army; it had announced a ceasefire in Daraa along the border with Israel on June 17. -On July 4-5, the fifth round of Astana talks co-sponsored by Russia, Iran and Turkey, convened in the Kazakh capital. The talks failed to finalize details on the boundaries and monitoring mechanisms of the four safe zones agreed to during the fourth round of Astana talks in May. In a joint statement, the guarantors welcomed the establishment of an expert-level joint working group tasked with finalizing the operational and technical parameters of the de-escalation zones, and scheduled the next Joint Working Group meeting in Tehran, on August 1-2. -On July 6, Edmond Mulet, head of the three-member leadership panel of the OPCW-JIM briefed Security Council members on the June 28 report of its investigations into the culpability for chemical attacks in Syria and urged the international community to allow the Mechanism to conduct its work in an independent and impartial manner. -On July 7, the United States, Russia and Jordan reached a ceasefire and "de-escalation" agreement for southwestern Syria to take effect July 9. The specificities of an enforcement mechanism and the precise boundaries of the ceasefire zone. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that the ceasefire would cover the areas of Daraa, al-Suweida and Quneitra governorates without providing exact boundaries. The ceasefire agreement in southwestern Syria is separate from the Astana memorandum, and was reached during the meeting between US President Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin on the sidelines of the G20 Summit in Hamburg. The SG welcomed the ceasefire announcement, calling it a significant step towards reducing violence and humanitarian access in Syria; while Israel voiced its objections on the deal. -On July 10, the seventh round of UN-led intra-Syrian talks convened in Geneva. The UN-sponsored talks were scheduled to focus on four points: drafting a new constitution, combating terrorism, governance and elections. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov expressed hope that the talks would help solidify de-escalation zones created through the Astana process. The SE stated that de-escalation zones can be beneficial but must only be interim measure to avoid the partition of Syria. The Geneva talks ended July 14 with no apparent progress. Representatives of the HNC accused the Syrian government of refusing to enter into serious negotiations. The SE noted that there had been "no breakthrough, no breakdown" during the talks and expressed hope that recent international momentum would push the parties face-to-face for substantive discussions. -On July 11, SOHR reported that it had "confirmed information" that ISIS leader Abu Bakr al- Baghdadi had been killed in the eastern province of Deir Ezzor. US-led Coalition Spokesperson Colonel Ryan Dillon could not confirm the report, nor could various media sources or Iraqi or Kurdish officials. -On July 12, following the opening of a land route connecting Aleppo to Hasakah governorate, WFP announced that it had successfully delivered food aid to two locations in the Raqqa governorate for the first time in three years. -On July 13, Brett McGurk, US Special Envoy for the Global Coalition fighting ISIS, revealed that Russia had expressed willingness to deploy military police to monitor compliance and prevent violations of the recently implemented ceasefire in southwestern Syria. -On July 14, Russia's parliament approved an agreement between Russian and Syrian officials that provides for the long-term deployment of Russian aircraft and personnel to Syria. Defense Minister Nikolay Pankov said the deal will help legalize Russia's military activities in Syria "within an international framework". -France proposed the creation of a contact group comprised of permanent members of the UN Security Council and regional actors to support UN efforts to formulate a political road map after the conflict ends. -On July 17, the EU added 16 scientists and military officials to the list of those targeted by sanctions against the Syrian regime due to their suspected involvement in a chemical attack against civilians in April. - The Syrian army, backed by Iranian-militias managed to seize oil fields of Wahab, al Fahd, Dbaysan, al-Qseer, Abu al Qatat and Abu Qatash and several other villages in the southwest of Raqqa province, while Russian strikes targeted the town of Sukhna, the gateway to Deir ez-zour. - The Turkish state-run Andalou Agency exposed ten US military locations in northern Syria, giving exact numbers of US and French special forces stationed there. The US-led Coalition against ISIS condemned Turkey for "leaking sensitive military information shared between two allies." -On July 19, it was made public that President Donald Trump ended a covert CIA program that provided arms and training to Syrian rebel groups. The program was a central feature of the Obama Administration's policy in Syria. -On July 20, 150 fighters from the Turkey-backed Euphrates Shield operation had crossed from Turkey through Bab alhawa to support Ahrar al-Sham in its fight against Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), dominated by the Fateh al-Sham faction formerly known as Jabhat al-Nusra, in Idlib. -On July 21, the SG submitted to the Security Council the forty first report on the humanitarian situation in Syria for the period from 1 to 30 June 2017, highlighting the approximately 20,000 people displaced across northeast Syria in June due to the Raqqa offensive. According to the report, the Syrian government removed medical supplies sufficient for more than 84,000 treatments. -Hezbollah and the Syrian Army launched a joint offensive against militant groups in the town of Arsal and the western Qalamoun mountain range along the Lebanon-Syrian border, an area purported to hold over 3,000 militants, including al-Qaeda-linked insurgents and members of ISIS. -On July 24, 14 heads of mission in Geneva signed a letter addressed to Security Council President, Chinese Ambassador Liu Jieyi, raising "serious concerns" about the implementation of seven Security Council resolutions on humanitarian access and urging Liu to raise the issue at the upcoming Council meeting. The signatories include the United States, Saudi Arabia, Britain, France Turkey, Qatar, Japan, Australia, the European Union, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, Canada and Italy. -General Sergei Rudskoi, chief of the Russian General Staff, announced the deployment of Russian military police to monitor compliance after a ceasefire, mediated by the Egyptian government, was declared in the Eastern Ghouta area of Damascus on July 22. Despite the reported ceasefire, part of the four proposed "de-escalation zones" outlined in the Astana memorandum, Syrian government forces continued to attack several towns in Eastern Ghouta. -On July 26, fighting on the Syrian-Lebanese border near the town of Arsal halted after a ceasefire agreement was reached between Hezbollah and HTS. The cessation of hostilities ended a six-day campaign to drive al-Qaeda-linked militants from the border region, which is also home to tens of thousands of refugees. The agreement included the evacuation of some 1000 HTS fighters, along with more than 6000 Syrians (in nearby refugee camps) from the Lebanese border town of Arsal to rebel-controlled Idlib province, as well as exchange of prisoners between Hezboallah, HTS and the Lebanese Armed Forces, which later took place on August 1. -On July 27, Ursula Mueller, Assistant Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Deputy Emergency Relief Coordinator in the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, briefed Council members on the humanitarian situation in Syria, noting that despite reduced violence, there had not been a noticeable increase in areas reached for aid delivery. -The Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates addressed two letters to the UNSG and the Security Council calling for immediate action in the militant-besieged towns of Kefraya and al-Foua. -The US-led coalition fighting ISIS told its local Syrian allies that they must exclusively fight ISIS, a directive that prompted Shohada al-Quartyan to depart a joint coalition base in Southern Syria to carry out independent operations against Syrian regime forces. -On July 28, the OPCW released its monthly report, noting that the security situation now allows safe access to confirm the condition of the final two above-ground facilities with planning underway to verify their destruction. -On July 30, for the first time in five years, UN aid was delivered to almost 7,2000 people in besieged al-Nashabiye located in Eastern Ghouta, a rebel-held area on the outskirts of Damascus. August 2017: -On August 2, the evacuation of at least 7,000 people, including al-Qaeda-linked fighters and refugees, from Lebanese border enclave of Arsal for rebel-controlled Idlib province commenced. The transfer agreement, the largest formal repatriation of refugees to Syria since 2011, was carried out without the involvement of aid groups generating concern about the welfare of the refugees. -On August 3, the Russian Ministry of Defense announced a ceasefire in northern Homs and southern Hama, in what is being billed as the third of four planned ceasefires agreed to under the Astana memorandum. Russia deployed police military to several checkpoints in northern Homs, later on August 4. Opposition groups called for a guarantor role for Turkey. According to SOHR, the ceasefire, which covered territory populated by more than 147,000 people, held for the first 10 hours before experiencing repeated violations by pro-government and rebel forces. -The Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Syria of the Human Rights Council (CoI) called on the international community to recognize the crime of genocide being committed against the Yazidis in Iraq. -On August 8, experts from the guarantor states met in Tehran to discuss ways to strengthen the de-escalation zones and determine the agenda for the upcoming sixth round of Astana talks. -On August 8-11, twenty-four FSA-affiliated groups formed new group "Liwa Tahrir Deir ez- Zour" to liberate the province of Deir ez-Zour from IS; the new faction welcomed any cooperation with local and international parties, ruling out the SDF. -On August 9, OCHA expressed concern about the safety and protection of an estimated 10,000- 25,000 people trapped inside Raqqa without access to safe drinking water for 48 days. Due to the fighting on the ground, the UN has currently no access to Raqqa city. - Russian Permanent Representative to the UN Vasily Nebenzya briefed the Security Council on the progress of establishing de-escalated zones in Syria, behind closed doors, and called on the UN to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian assistance in those areas. -On August 10, SDF US-backed forces encircled ISIS militants in central Raqqa, effectively cutting off ISIS' last remaining route to the Euphrates. -On August 12, the Syrian government captured al-Sukhna, the final ISIS stronghold in Homs governorate, as part of its multi-pronged campaign to take eastern Syria. The recent gains position the pro-government coalition 50 km (30 miles) away from Deir ez-Zour province, the last major ISIS foothold in Syria. -On August 14, approximately 300 FSA-affiliated Saraya Ahl al-Sham fighters and 3,000 refugees began evacuating the Lebanese border town of Arsal as part of a repatriation agreement brokered in early August between Lebanese and Syrian officials. Lebanon's Maj. Gen. Abbas Ibrahim, who is overseeing the transfer, said that civilians will head to the government held area of Assal al-Ward. The rebel fighters and their families are destined for the rebel-held town of al- Ruhaiba in the Eastern Qalamoun region where, according to Hezbollah's Al-Manar TV, they have been granted amnesty by the Syrian government. Their departure leaves the Islamic State as the last militant force straddling the border near Arsal. -Nearly 50,000 people remain stranded on the Jordanian border, in an area known as the berm, and are facing an increasing scarcity of food, healthcare and other basic services. The UN stressed that it will continue to support Jordanian authorities in the protection of affected Syrians. -On August 17, the UNSC adopted a presidential statement, read by Council President for August and Ambassador of Nigeria, Joy Ogwu, in support of a political transition process in Syria in accordance with the principles of the Geneva Communique. The adoption of the text signals, for the first time in two years, the consensus of the Council and its five permanent members on the need to establish a transitional government. -On August 17-20, Damascus hosted the 59th International Trade Fair, for the first time since 2011, and involved hundreds of delegations and private companies from at least forty-three states including Russia, Iran, China, and Egypt. -On August 20, President Assad announced in a speech before Syrian diplomats that Syria would not work with any Western nations until they ended their support for opposition and insurgent groups. -On August 21, UN experts launched an investigation into purported weapons deals between Syria and North Korea after two shipments to a Syrian government agency responsible for its chemical weapons program, the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center (SSRC), were intercepted. -Saudi-based High Negotiations Committee (HNC) met with delegations from the moderate Cairo and Moscow camps in Riyadh in an effort to establish a unified front for upcoming peace talks. Despite pressure from international allies calling for a more pragmatic approach, the HNC refused to accept a transition scenario in which Assad retained power. -On August 22, the next round of Astana talks was pushed back from late August to mid- September to allow the guarantor states to hold a technical meeting to set the meeting agenda. -On 23 August, a joint monitoring center was established in Amman for the southwestern de-escalation zone, which is located in the provinces of Daraa and Quneitra. The center is tasked with ensuring ceasefire compliance, ensuring humanitarian access and other forms of civilian assistance. -On August 24, the UN called for a humanitarian pause in US-led Coalition airstrikes on Raqqa to permit civilians to leave the city. This comes after the release of an Amnesty International report calling for greater protection efforts for the estimated 20,000 remaining civilians in Raqqa. -On August 25, the Russian army announced that it had dismantled the two remaining Syrian chemical weapons facilities targeted for destruction by OPCW. The OPCW has not confirmed the Russian report. -On August 28, hundreds of ISIS fighters and their families were evacuated from the Lebanese- Syrian border to militant-held eastern Syria following simultaneous Lebanese army and Hezbollah campaigns against ISIS positions. The transfer marks the first time ISIS agreed to a forced evacuation from territory it held in Syria. - The Secretary-General presented his monthly report on the situation in Syria, highlighting the recent efforts to reduce violence through de-escalation agreements and expressing hope that the Astana guarantors will reach an agreement on the finalization of operational and technical modalities for all de-escalation areas. -On August 30, Special Envoy Staffan de Mistura briefed the Security Council on the political path forward which includes a new round of Astana and Geneva talks. The SE highlighted the important role Syrian opposition allies stand to play in fostering cohesion and unity among the AOGs. - In his final address to the Council after two years as Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, Stephen O'Brien appealed to members of the Council to take action to end the civil war in the name of common humanity, calling for a referral to the International Criminal Court. -On August 31, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, stressed that the protection and assistance of citizens must take priority before defeating the Islamic State, citing reports of heavy civilian casualties in Raqqa as evidence of the threat the remaining 20,000 civilians face. -US airstrikes stalled a convoy of 300 ISIS fighters and their families in a government-controlled part of the Syrian desert in an effort to prevent their advancement into ISIS-held territory near the Iraqi border. The convoy was traveling from the Syrian-Lebanese border to Syria's eastern province as part of an evacuation deal brokered between ISIS, Hezbollah and the Syrian Army. -Pro-government forces captured strategic al-Bishri mountain overlooking ISIS-controlled Deir Ezzor province, bringing government coalition forces within close range of ISIS positions. September 2017: On September 1, French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian rejected a role for Assad in a political transition in Syria. -The Syrian Islamic Council called for Syria's AOGs to end their fragmentation and unite as one armed body under the Ministry of Defense in the Syrian Interim Government. Ahrar al-Sham, Failaq al-Sham, Liwa Ansar al-Sunnah and Jabha al-Shamiya supported the initiative. -SDF spokesperson, Jihan Ahmad, announced that the SDF had gained control over an estimated 65 percent of Raqqa city after capturing the Old City, the Great Mosque and al-Dariya neighborhood. SOHR reported that the SDF were still fighting to gain control over pockets of the Old City but added that the US-backed opposition forces held more than 90 percent of the surrounding area. -On September 2, Russian Aerospace Forces reported they had destroyed a convoy of 12 ISIS trucks carrying ammunition and weapons in Deir Ezzor province. -It was made public that the British Ministry of Defense had quietly halted its FSA training program and called back its training forces from Syria in late June 2017. -On September 3, pro-government coalition forces gained control of the remaining ISIS stronghold in Hama Governorate after capturing the town of Uqayribat and its surrounding areas. -On September 4, Syrian Interim Government Prime Minister Jawad Abu Hatab was appointed interim Defense Minister as part of a unification initiative launched by the Syrian Islamic Council in early September. Free Syrian Army factions formed a committee to select a Chief of Staff in consultation with the Prime Minister. -On September 5, the Secretary-General submitted the OPCW's forty seventh monthly report on the progress to eliminate chemical weapons in Syria to the Security Council. The report highlighted the preparations underway to confirm the status of the two remaining stationary above-ground facilities now that the security situation allows safe access and the upcoming high- level consultations with Syrian Deputy Foreign Minister, Dr. Faisal Mekdad, to clarify outstanding issues regarding the Syrian government's initial declaration. -Pro-government coalition forces reached the western perimeter of Deir Ezzor city, breaking a three-year ISIS siege of the government-held areas that had impacted 93,500 people. In support of the offensive, a Russian warship located in the Mediterranean Sea launched cruise missiles at ISIS positions near Deir Ezzor. -On September 6, SE Mistura said he expects a national ceasefire to follow shortly after ISIS has been pushed from its strongholds in Raqqa and Deir Ezzor. Although he stressed that the government "cannot announce victory", he called on opposition forces to accept defeat and focus on winning the peace through negotiations in October. -The UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria released a report on the major human rights and humanitarian law violations committed between March and July 2017. The Commission accused the Syrian government of using sarin gas in the April 4 Khan Sheikhoun attack and found US forces culpable of not taking "all feasible precautions" to protect civilians in the March 16 attack on al-Jinah Mosque. -According to Russian Foreign Minister, Sergey Lavrov, experts from Russia, Iran and Turkey made progress towards an agreement "on the parameters, configuration and methods of ensuring security in the de-escalation zone in the Idlib province" in Syria. -On September 7, Israel conducted airstrikes on the Scientific Studies and Research Center, a facility believed to house a chemical weapons manufacturing center, and a military base storing surface-to-surface missiles near government-stronghold Masyaf in Hama province. The Syrian Foreign Ministry called on the Security Council to denounce the airstrikes. -US-led coalition forces fighting ISIS announced that airstrikes had killed two ISIS leaders near Mayadin in the Deir Ezzor province on September 4, 2017. -The Head of the High Negotiations Committee, Riyad Hijab, rejected the SE Mistura's call for the opposition to accept defeat, declaring the UN mediation process a failure and calling on Syrians to demonstrate in support of the continuation of the revolution. On September 8, a convoy of 42 trucks carrying humanitarian aid for 80,000 people reached Deir Ezzor for the first time by land in three years. -US-led coalition surveillance aircraft departed its position monitoring an 11-bus convoy of ISIS fighters and their families after attempting to prevent its advance into ISIS-held territory in Deir Ezzor since August 29. The surveillance aircraft departed the airspace at the request of Russian military officials who were conducting an operation with pro-government forces close to the convoy's position. -The Syrian National Coalition (NCSRF) condemned calls from "regional and external parties" for Western-backed opposition groups Ahmed Al-Abdu and Ussoud Al-Sharqiya to cease fighting government forces in southeastern Syria and withdraw to Jordan. Both groups refused the request. -On September 9, pro-government forces broke a years-long siege of Deir Ezzor airbase and captured the Damascus-Deir Ezzor highway from ISIS. -SDF launched Operation Jazeera Storm to liberate Deir Ezzor province from ISIS. -On September 10, SDF reached the industrial zone to the east of Deir Ezzor city putting the US-backed coalition within 15 km (10 miles) of pro-government forces positioned to the west of the Euphrates river. -On September 11, the Jordanian Foreign Minister, Ayman Safadi, and Russian Foreign Minister, Sergey Lavrov, declared the ceasefire brokered by Jordan, Russia and the United States in the southern Syrian provinces of Daraa, Quneitra and Suweida on July 9 a success and reiterated their commitment to the establishment a de-escalation zone in the area as a step towards achieving a comprehensive cessation of hostilities and a political solution to the crisis. On September 12, pro-government coalition forces continued their push into ISIS-held territory in Deir Ezzor city. Russia and Syria warplanes conduct heavy bombardment in support, killing an estimated 69 people over the course of 72 hours. -Hezbollah leader, Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, declared the war in Syria over, referring to the remaining fighting as "scattered battles". -ISIS defectors have massed in Syria's Idlib province with many planning to cross into Turkey before continuing to other parts of the Middle East, North Africa and Europe. -Iran and Syria sign a memorandum of understanding on cooperation in Syria's electricity sector. The arrangement, part of a series of bilateral deals formalizing Iran's role in Syria's reconstruction process, provides for the establishment of a new power generation station in Latakia and the rehabilitation of gas units and power generating plants in Damascus, Aleppo, Deir Ezzo and Homs. -On September 13, the remaining buses of the convoy of ISIS fighters and their families stranded for over two weeks in the Syrian desert reportedly reached Mayadin, in militant-held Deir Ezzor province, following the withdrawal of US surveillance aircraft on September 8 in respect of de-confliction arrangements with Russia. -The Russian Defense Ministry claimed that pro-government coalition forces controlled 85 percent of Syrian territory. SOHR disputed the claim, saying government forces held 48 percent of Syria. -Experts from Russia, Iran and Turkey met ahead of the sixth round of talks in Astana, Kazakhstan to "lay the groundwork" for negotiations on the establishment of de-escalation zone in Idlib province. -On September 14, Col. Ryan Dillon, spokesperson for the US-led coalition fighting ISIS, said SDF forces will not enter Deir Ezzor city, and will instead focus operations on areas south of the city along the Euphrates river. He also said US-backed SDF was in control of 63 percent of Raqqa city. -On September 15, Ahmad Abu Khawla, commander of the SDF-affiliated Deir Ezzor Military Council, declared that it will not allow government forces to cross to the eastern banks of the Euphrates river. -Representatives from Russia, Iran and Turkey reached an agreement on the delineation and monitoring mechanism for the implementation of a de-escalation zone in Idlib province and agreed to position observers in "safe zones". Russia circulated a draft resolution among the permanent members of the Council to welcome the outcome of the Astana talks. -On September 16, the SDF and US Coalition officials accused pro-government forces of attacking one of their positions in the industrial zone east of Deir Ezzor city, injuring 6 SDF fighters. According to US Coalition sources, Russia conducted the airstrike after the United States had denied its request to target the area. Russian Defense Ministry spokesperson Maj. Gen. Igor Konashenkov rejected the allegations, saying warplanes carried out "pinpoint strikes only on Islamic State targets that have been observed and confirmed through several channels." -High-level consultations commenced between the Syrian government and the OPCW aimed at clarifying all outstanding issues regarding Syria's initial declaration of its chemical weapons facilities. -On September 17, a convoy of 80 Turkish military vehicles deployed to Turkey's southern border, close to the Bab Al-Hawa and Rihaniyah crossings with Syria's Idlib Governorate, ahead of the implementation of a de-escalation zone agreement brokered at the recent Astana talks. -On September 18, pro-government coalition forces crossed to the eastern bank of the Euphrates river to within five kilometers of SDF positions. In the first sign of direct contact between the SDF and the pro-government forces, US-led coalition spokesperson Col. Ryan Dillon said "open lines" of communication were being maintained to prevent clashes between the two forces as they converge on ISIS positions. -After capturing the Deir Ezzor Military Airporst from ISIS fighters, pro-government forces began operating combat and supply missions from the airport. -The World Food Programme (WFP) reached formerly besieged parts of Deir Ezzor city by land for the first time since May 2014. WFP has discontinued its high-altitude airdrop operations in favor of road deliveries which will allow for more affordable, sustainable humanitarian access. -In a meeting on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly, Members of the "Friends of Syria" Group agreed they will not support reconstruction in Syria until there is a political transition "away from Assad." -During its 36th session, the Human Rights Council held an interactive dialogue with the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Syria to discuss the continued targeting of civilians and the use of chemical weapons in the conflict, appealing to all parties to redouble their efforts to protect civilians and preserve civilian infrastructure. -On September 19, AOGs led by Hayat Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS), the Turkistan Islamic Party and Free Syrian Army affiliates launched an offensive against pro-government forces in northern Hama province in an effort to dismantle the de-escalation zone agreement on Idlib province brokered at the recent Astana talks. The offensive sparked intense Russian and Syrian bombardment of opposition-held territory in Hama and Idlib Governorates. Syrian government forces claimed the airstrikes targeted "terrorist supply lines" but SOHR alleged the strikes hit hospitals and towns, killing civilians. -The Syrian government asserted it will not accept Turkish forces on Syrian soil, effectively contradicting
PRESIDENTE DE SUDÁN ACUSADO POR GENOCIDIO EN DARFUREl fiscal jefe del Tribunal Penal Internacional ha solicitado una orden de detención contra el presidente de Sudán, Omar Al-Bachir, por genocidio, crímenes de guerra y de lesa humanidad en relación con el conflicto de Darfur, que ha causado más de 300.000 muertos desde que comenzó el conflicto étnico, en enero de 2003. Varios medios informan al respecto:"New York Times": "Sudanese President Accused of Genocide":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/15/world/africa/15sudan.html?ref=world"El País" de Madrid:"El TPI pide la detención del presidente de Sudán por la tragedia de Darfur. El fiscal acusa a Al Bachir de matar a de 35.000 personas y de causar la "muerte lenta" de hasta 265.000.- La ONU suspende su misión militar por temor a un rebrote de la violencia": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/TPI/pide/detencion/presidente/Sudan/tragedia/Darfur/elpepuint/20080714elpepuint_9/Tes"CNN":"Rights group fears Sudanese backlash":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/15/darfur.charges/index.html"Sudan calls meeting over 'genocide charge'":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/12/sudan.president.genocide/index.html"Sudanese president charged with genocide":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/14/darfur.charges/index.html"CNN exclusive: ICC prosecutor on Darfur charges":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/14/icc.transcript/index.html"Sudan: More 'blood' result of genocide charge":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/13/darfur.genocide.ap/index.html"La Nación":""Están usando tres armas: violación, hambre y miedo": Moreno Ocampo dijo que el mundo está ante un gran desafío":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030219"El conflicto en Darfur: una decisión de inciertos efectos: Piden la detención del presidente de Sudán por genocidio":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030217"Time":"Choosing Justice Over Peace in Darfur":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1822529,00.html"Civil War Threatens Sudan, Again":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1810801,00.html"MSNBC":"Sudanese president is charged with genocide: International Court accuses al-Bashir of trying to wipe out Darfur tribes":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25671505/"Sudan president may face war crime charges: Prosecutor of war crimes tribunal to seek arrest warrant Monday":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25644639/"China Daily":"Court indictment of Sudan leader 'worrying'":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-07/16/content_6851358.htmPagina de "CNN" con links a artículos sobre el conflicto de Darfur:http://topics.edition.cnn.com/topics/darfurAMERICA LATINA"El País" de Madrid publica: "Aerolíneas Argentinas cerrará hoy su vuelta a casa. El Gobierno argentino acuerda la transferencia del 94,6% de las acciones del grupo español Marsans": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Aerolineas/ultima/vuelta/casa/elpepuint/20080714elpepuint_1/Tes"La Nación" publica: "El kirchnerismo y el agro miden fuerzas. Hoy habrá actos casi simultáneos ante el Congreso y ante el Monumento de los Españoles; la CGT hará un paro desde las 12":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030300"Se espera una multitud hoy en Palermo, Llegarán productores del interior y políticos opositores":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030301"Multitudinarios actos en Argentina en la víspera de crucial sesión parlamentaria por impuesto al agro: Sector rural recibe masivo apoyo y Kirchner afirma que respetará la decisión del Congreso":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/07/16/internacional/_portada/noticias/47B18B08-BAEE-431B-A60A-97691ECA8A8A.htm?id={47B18B08-BAEE-431B-A60A-97691ECA8A8A}"Optimismo en el Gobierno pese a nuevos rechazos al proyecto oficial sobre retenciones móviles": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030670"Buscan minimizar la masividad del acto del agro":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030680"El País" de Madrid informa: "El conflicto del campo colapsa Buenos Aires: Dos manifestaciones se enfrentan en la capital argentina para apoyar y rechazar el alza de las tasas del grano en vísperas de su votación en el Senado": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/conflicto/campo/colapsa/Buenos/Aires/elpepuint/20080715elpepuint_21/Tes"The Economist" analiza: "Ecuador: Taking the headlines. An asset seizure raises questions":http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11707593"CNN" publica: "France honors ex-captive Betancourt":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/07/14/betancourt.honour.ap/index.html"La Nación" publica: "Tras el rescate en Colombia: la ex candidata presidencial sigue en París, Sarkozy condecoró a Betancourt":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030194"CCN" informa: "Chavez loosens terms of oil-supply pact":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/07/13/venezuela.petrocaribe.ap/index.htmlAndrés Oppenheimer analiza: "Correa busca votos con canales de TV":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030221"MSNBC" informa: "Mexico City suffers from protest fatigue: As demonstrators block roads daily, some politicians say enough is enough":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25684036/ "The Economist" analiza: "Latin America's economies: The ghost at the till: Bitter experience has made Latin Americans intolerant of inflation. But have their policymakers banished this spectre?": http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11707341ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA"La Nación" publica: "A Obama, correrse al centro le resta votos: McCain se acercó en las encuestas":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030230"Time" presenta un sitio con links a artículos relacionados con las elecciones en Estados Unidos:http://thepage.time.com/"The Economist" analiza: "Foreign policy and the election: Looking abroad: Barack Obama tries to focus on foreign policy ahead of a tour of Europe and the Middle East":http://www.economist.com/world/na/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11739532&source=features_box_main"El País" de Madrid informa: "Los electores castigan el cambio de discurso de Obama. El viraje hacia el centro del candidato demócrata en cuestiones claves como la guerra de Irak hace que su ventaja sobre McCain se reduzca de 15 a 3 puntos en menos de un mes, según la última encuesta de 'Newsweek'": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/electores/castigan/cambio/discurso/Obama/elpepuint/20080714elpepuint_5/Tes"El País" de Madrid publica: "El gobierno de EE UU acude al rescate de las mayores entidades hipotecarias del país. Los principales operadores hipotecarios del país mueven una deuda por valor de 5,3 billones de dólares. -Los mercados reaccionan a la noticia con subidas": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/gobierno/EE/UU/acude/rescate/mayores/entidades/hipotecarias/pais/elpepuint/20080714elpepuint_4/Tes"CNN" informa: "EU chief to meet Iran over nuclear stand-off":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/07/11/iran.negotiations/index.htmlEUROPA"El País" de Madrid informa: "El Fiscal turco pide el procesamiento de 86 supuestos terroristas que querían atentar contra el Gobierno: La red de Ergenekon está acusada de querer derrocar al Ejecutivo de Erdogan por medio de la violencia armada": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Fiscal/turco/pide/procesamiento/86/supuestos/terroristas/querian/atentar/Gobierno/elpepuint/20080714elpepuint_7/Tes"MSNBC" informa: "France gathers world leaders for Bastille Day: Sarkozy woos Syrian and Israeli leaders to parade in Paris":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25675701/"El País" de Madrid publica: "La presencia de Siria marca el desfile de la fiesta nacional francesa, Los jefes de Estado y Gobierno que asistieron ayer a la cumbre euromediterránea asisten a la parada": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/presencia/Siria/marca/desfile/fiesta/nacional/francesa/elppgl/20080714elpepuint_6/Tes"CNN" informa: "Belgian PM quits over deep divisions":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/15/belgium.government.ap/index.html"La Nación" publica: "Un fuerte sismo sacudió a Grecia: El movimiento telúrico afectó la isla de rodas y fue de 6.4 grados en la escala de Richter; murió una mujer":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030322"CNN": "Earthquake hits near Greek islands":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/15/greece.earthquake/index.html"MSNBC" publica: "Quake rattles Greek island of Rhodes; 1 dead. No damage reported at the island's renowned archaeological sites":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25683575/"Time" publica: "Russian Ships to Patrol Arctic Again":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1822514,00.html"La Nación" analiza: "Tras el acuerdo entre Washington y Praga, Rusia renovó sus amenazas contra EE.UU: El Kremlin señaló que el escudo antimisiles "debilita" la seguridad europea y advirtió que responderá de manera "adecuada"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030326"The Economist" analiza: "Russia's presidency: The odd couple. The world still wonders whether Dmitry Medvedev or Vladimir Putin is boss":http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11708197"El País" de Madrid analiza: "90 años después: Los rusos inician las conmemoraciones del nonagésimo aniversario de la muerte del último zar y su familia.- Rusia anuncia que los análisis de ADN realizados a restos hallados en los Urales el año pasado apuntan a que son del hijo y una de las hijas de Nicolás II": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/90/anos/despues/elpepuint/20080716elpepuint_11/TesAsia – Pacífico /Medio OrieNTE"New York Times" publica: "South Korea Recalls Envoy to Japan":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/15/world/asia/15korea.html?ref=world"Time" informa: "Beijing Orders Pollution to Vanish":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1822476,00.html"China Daily" informa: "Three 'defence lines' set up to tighten Olympic security": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/olympics/2008-07/16/content_6852045.htm "The Economist" analiza: "China and Taiwán: First, we take the department stores. After decades worrying about a mainland invasion, Taiwan is now courting one":http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11707158"The Economist" publica: "The illusion of calm in Tibet: After a botched response to bloody riots in Tibet in March, the Chinese authorities have ruthlessly restored order. But anti-Chinese resentment is deep-seated": http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11706247"CNN" informa: "Malaysian police seek arrest of opposition leader":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/15/ibrahim.malaysia/index.html"New York Times" publica: "9 Americans Die in Afghan Attack":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/14/world/asia/14afghan.html?ref=world"Time" informa: "New Attack Adds to Afghans' Woes":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1822515,00.html"CNN" publica: "Pakistan intelligence blamed for Afghan attacks":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/15/afghan.pakistan/index.html"La NACIÓN" informa: "Al menos 20 muertos por un doble atentado suicida en Irak: Dos hombres se inmolaron en las afueras de Baquba, un bastión de la red terrorista Al-Qaeda; hay más de 50 heridos":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030325"Time" publica: "Suicide Bomb Kills 28 in Iraq":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1822789,00.html"MSNBC" informa: "Ahmadinejad wants U.S. talks 'on equal footing': Iranian president says direct discussions could happen in 'near future'":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25680902/"Le Monde" informa: "Washington envoie un émissaire à Genève rencontrer le négociateur iranien sur le dossier nucléaire":http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2008/07/16/washington-envoie-un-emissaire-a-geneve-rencontrer-le-negociateur-iranien-sur-le-dossier-nucleaire_1073897_3218.html"The Economist" analiza: "Israel and Iran: Coming to a city near you?: Be very afraid, please": http://www.economist.com/world/africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11708204"MSNBC" informa: "Israeli Cabinet OKs Hezbollah prisoner swap: Emotionally charged deal involves Lebanese man guilty of infamous attack":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25684747/"MSNBC" publica: "Bitter foes Hezbollah, Israel swap prisoners: Lebanese militant convicted of grisly murders is among those freed":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25697873/"Jerusalem Post" informa: "Olmert: My heart goes out to the families of Goldwasser, Regev":http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1215330994400&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFullAFRICA"CNN" publica: "Zimbabwe rivals start crisis talks in South Africa":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/10/zimbabwe.main/index.html"MSNBC" informa: "Zimbabwe: Sanctions failure a win over racism, China, Russia vetoed U.N. resolution pushed by Britain and the U.S.":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25649780/"CNN" informa: "Aid workers being shot, killed in Somalia":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/12/somalia2.aidworkers/index.htmlECONOMIA"El País" de Madrid informa: "El Santander compra el banco hipotecario Alliance & Leicester por 1.574 millones. El grupo de Emilio Botín canjeará una acción suya por cada tres de la entidad británica, que quedará integrada en el Abbey. -Downing Street apoya la entrada de empresas extranjeras": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Santander/ultima/compra/banco/hipotecario/britanico/Alliance/26/Leicester/elpepueco/20080714elpepueco_3/Tes"Time" publica: "EEUU Bad Economy Is The Good Life For Some":http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1822817,00.html"MSNBC" publica: "Oil hovers around $146 amid supply tretas: But skittish market is keeping a firm floor under energy prices":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12400801/"The Economist" publica su informe semanal: "Business this week":http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11708645&CFID=13588114&CFTOKEN=19576546OTRAS NOTICIAS"El País" de Madrid informa: "El Papa subraya que sacerdocio y pederastia son incompatibles: Víctimas australianas de abusos exigen una indemnización": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/Papa/subraya/sacerdocio/pederastia/incompatibles/elpepisoc/20080714elpepisoc_8/Tes"Time" publica: "The Papal Invasion of Australia":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1822775,00.html"CNN" informa: "Asia, Europe markets fall on U.S. worries":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/07/15/world.markets.ap/index.htmlVideo con imágenes de la vida de Nelson Mandela a sus 90 añoshttp://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2008/mandela_90/
Social innovations are activities aiming at implementation of social objectives, including mainly the improvement of life of individuals and social groups, together with public policy and management objectives. The essay indicates and discusses the most important contemporary problems, solving of which requires social innovations.
Social innovations precondition the progress of civilisation. The world needs not only new technologies, but also new solutions of social and institutional nature that would be conducive to achieving social goals.
Social innovations are experimental social actions of organisational and institutional nature that aim at improving the quality of life of individuals, communities, nations, companies, circles, or social groups. Their experimental nature stems from the fact of introducing unique and one-time solutions on a large scale, the end results of which are often difficult to be fully predicted. For example, it was difficult to believe that opening new labour markets for foreigners in the countries of the European Union, which can be treated as a social innovation aiming at development of the international labour market, will result in the rapid development of the low-cost airlines, the offer of which will be available to a larger group of recipients. In other words, social innovations differ from economic innovations, as they are not about implementation of new types of production or gaining new markets, but about satisfying new needs, which are not provided by the market. Therefore, the most important distinction consists in that social innovations are concerned with improving the well-being of individuals and communities by additional employment, or increased consumption, as well as participation in solving the problems of individuals and social groups [CSTP, 2011]. In general, social innovations are activities aiming at implementation of social objectives, including mainly the improvement of life of individuals and social groups together with the objectives of public policy and management [Kowalczyk, Sobiecki, 2017]. Their implementation requires global, national, and individual actions. This requires joint operations, both at the scale of the entire globe, as well as in particular interest groups.
Why are social innovations a key point for the progress of civilisation? This is the effect of the clear domination of economic aspects and discrimination of social aspects of this progress. Until the 19th century, the economy was a part of a social structure. As described by K. Polanyi, it was submerged in social relations [Polanyi, 2010, p. 56]. In traditional societies, the economic system was in fact derived from the organisation of the society itself. The economy, consisting of small and dispersed craft businesses, was a part of the social, family, and neighbourhood structure. In the 20th century the situation reversed – the economy started to be the force shaping social structures, positions of individual groups, areas of wealth and poverty. The economy and the market mechanism have become independent from the world of politics and society. Today, the corporations control our lives. They decide what we eat, what we watch, what we wear, where we work and what we do [Bakan, 2006, p. 13].
The corporations started this spectacular "march to rule the world" in the late 19th century. After about a hundred years, at the end of the 20th century, the state under the pressure of corporations and globalisation, started a gradual, but systematic withdrawal from the economy, market and many other functions traditionally belonging to it. As a result, at the end of the last century, a corporation has become a dominant institution in the world. A characteristic feature of this condition is that it gives a complete priority to the interests of corporations. They make decisions of often adverse consequences for the entire social groups, regions, or local communities. They lead to social tensions, political breakdowns, and most often to repeated market turbulences. Thus, a substantial minority (corporations) obtain inconceivable benefits at the expense of the vast majority, that is broad professional and social groups. The lack of relative balance between the economy and society is a barrier to the progress of civilisation.
A growing global concern is the problem of migration. The present crisis, left unresolved, in the long term will return multiplied. Today, there are about 500 million people living in Europe, 1.5 billion in Africa and the Middle East, but in 2100, the population of Europe will be about 400 million and of the Middle East and Africa approximately 4.5 billion. Solving this problem, mainly through social and political innovations, can take place only by a joint operation of highly developed and developing countries. Is it an easy task? It's very difficult. Unfortunately, today, the world is going in the opposite direction. Instead of pursuing the community, empathic thinking, it aims towards nationalism and chauvinism. An example might be a part of the inaugural address of President Donald Trump, who said that the right of all nations is to put their own interests first. Of course, the United States of America will think about their own interests. As we go in the opposite direction, those who deal with global issues say – nothing will change, unless there is some great crisis, a major disaster that would cause that the great of this world will come to senses.
J.E. Stiglitz [2004], contrary to the current thinking and practice, believes that a different and better world is possible. Globalisation contains the potential of countless benefits from which people both in developing and highly developed countries can benefit. But the practice so far proves that still it is not grown up enough to use its potential in a fair manner. What is needed are new solutions, most of all social and political innovations (political, because they involve a violation of the previous arrangement of interests). Failure to search for breakthrough innovations of social and political nature that would meet the modern challenges, can lead the world to a disaster. Social innovation, and not economic, because the contemporary civilisation problems have their roots in this dimension.
A global problem, solution of which requires innovations of social and political nature, is the disruption of the balance between work and capital. In 2010, 400 richest people had assets such as the half of the poorer population of the world. In 2016, such part was in the possession of only 8 people. This shows the dramatic collapse of the balance between work and capital. The world cannot develop creating the technological progress while increasing unjustified inequalities, which inevitably lead to an outbreak of civil disturbances. This outbreak can have various organisation forms. In the days of the Internet and social media, it is easier to communicate with people. Therefore, paradoxically, some modern technologies create the conditions facilitating social protests. There is one more important and dangerous effect of implementing technological innovations without simultaneous creation and implementation of social innovations limiting the sky-rocketing increase of economic (followed by social) diversification. Sooner or later, technological progress will become so widespread that, due to the relatively low prices, it will make it possible for the weapons of mass destruction, especially biological and chemical weapons, to reach small terrorist groups. Then, a total, individualized war of global reach can develop. The individualisation of war will follow, as described by the famous German sociologist Ulrich Beck.
To avoid this, it is worth looking at the achievements of the Polish scientist Michał Kalecki, who 75 years ago argued that capitalism alone is not able to develop. It is because it aggressively seeks profit growth, but cannot turn profit into some profitable investments. Therefore, when uncertainty grows, capitalism cannot develop itself, and it must be accompanied by external factors, named by Kalecki – external development factors. These factors include state expenses, finances and, in accordance with the nomenclature of Kalecki – epochal innovations. And what are the current possibilities of activation of the external factors? In short – modest. The countries are indebted, and the basis for the development in the last 20 years were loans, which contributed to the growth of debt of economic entities. What, then, should we do? It is necessary to look for cheaper solutions, but such that are effective, that is breakthrough innovations. These undoubtedly include social and political innovations. Contemporary social innovation is not about investing big money and expensive resources in production, e.g. of a very expensive vaccine, which would be available for a small group of recipients. Today's social innovation should stimulate the use of lower amounts of resources to produce more products available to larger groups of recipients.
The progress of civilisation happens only as a result of a sustainable development in economic, social, and now also ecological terms. Economic (business) innovations, which help accelerate the growth rate of production and services, contribute to economic development. Profits of corporations increase and, at the same time, the economic objectives of the corporations are realised. But are the objectives of the society as a whole and its members individually realised equally, in parallel? In the chain of social reproduction there are four repeated phases: production – distribution – exchange – consumption. The key point from the social point of view is the phase of distribution. But what are the rules of distribution, how much and who gets from this "cake" produced in the social process of production? In the today's increasingly global economy, the most important mechanism of distribution is the market mechanism. However, in the long run, this mechanism leads to growing income and welfare disparities of various social groups. Although, the income and welfare diversity in itself is nothing wrong, as it is the result of the diversification of effectiveness of factors of production, including work, the growing disparities to a large extent cannot be justified. Economic situation of the society members increasingly depends not on the contribution of work, but on the size of the capital invested, and the market position of the economic entity, and on the "governing power of capital" on the market. It should also be noted that this diversification is also related to speculative activities. Disparities between the implemented economic and social innovations can lead to the collapse of the progress of civilisation.
Nowadays, economic crises are often justified by, indeed, social and political considerations, such as marginalisation of nation states, imbalance of power (or imbalance of fear), religious conflicts, nationalism, chauvinism, etc. It is also considered that the first global financial crisis of the 21st century originated from the wrong social policy pursued by the US Government, which led to the creation of a gigantic public debt, which consequently led to an economic breakdown. This resulted in the financial crisis, but also in deepening of the social imbalances and widening of the circles of poverty and social exclusion. It can even be stated that it was a crisis in public confidence. Therefore, the causes of crises are the conflicts between the economic dimension of the development and its social dimension.
Contemporary world is filled with various innovations of economic or business nature (including technological, product, marketing, and in part – organisational). The existing solutions can be a source of economic progress, which is a component of the progress of civilisation. However, economic innovations do not complete the entire progress of civilisation moreover, the saturation, and often supersaturation with implementations and economic innovations leads to an excessive use of material factors of production. As a consequence, it results in lowering of the efficiency of their use, unnecessary extra burden to the planet, and passing of the negative effects on the society and future generations (of consumers). On the other hand, it leads to forcing the consumption of durable consumer goods, and gathering them "just in case", and also to the low degree of their use (e.g. more cars in a household than its members results in the additional load on traffic routes, which results in an increase in the inconvenience of movement of people, thus to the reduction of the quality of life).
Introduction of yet another economic innovation will not solve this problem. It can be solved only by social innovations that are in a permanent shortage. A social innovation which fosters solving the issue of excessive accumulation of tangible production goods is a developing phenomenon called sharing economy. It is based on the principle: "the use of a service provided by some welfare does not require being its owner". This principle allows for an economic use of resources located in households, but which have been "latent" so far. In this way, increasing of the scope of services provided (transport, residential and tourist accommodation) does not require any growth of additional tangible resources of factors of production. So, it contributes to the growth of household incomes, and inhibition of loading the planet with material goods processed by man [see Poniatowska-Jaksch, Sobiecki, 2016]. Another example: we live in times, in which, contrary to the law of T. Malthus, the planet is able to feed all people, that is to guarantee their minimum required nutrients. But still, millions of people die of starvation and malnutrition, but also due to obesity. Can this problem be solved with another economic innovation? Certainly not! Economic innovations will certainly help to partially solve the problem of nutrition, at least by the new methods of storing and preservation of foods, to reduce its waste in the phase of storage and transport. However, a key condition to solve this problem is to create and implement an innovation of a social nature (in many cases also political). We will not be able to speak about the progress of civilisation in a situation, where there are people dying of starvation and malnutrition.
A growing global social concern, resulting from implementation of an economic (technological) innovation will be robotisation, and more specifically – the effects arising from its dissemination on a large scale. So far, the issue has been postponed due to globalisation of the labour market, which led to cheapening of the work factor by more than ten times in the countries of Asia or South America. But it ends slowly. Labour becomes more and more expensive, which means that the robots become relatively cheap. The mechanism leading to low prices of the labour factor expires. Wages increase, and this changes the relationship of the prices of capital and labour. Capital becomes relatively cheaper and cheaper, and this leads to reducing of the demand for work, at the same time increasing the demand for capital (in the form of robots).
The introduction of robots will be an effect of the phenomenon of substitution of the factors of production. A cheaper factor (in this case capital in the form of robots) will be cheaper than the same activities performed by man. According to W. Szymański [2017], such change is a dysfunction of capitalism. A great challenge, because capitalism is based on the market-driven shaping of income. The market-driven shaping of income means that the income is derived from the sale of the factors of production. Most people have income from employment. Robots change this mechanism. It is estimated that scientific progress allows to create such number of robots that will replace billion people in the world. What will happen to those "superseded", what will replace the income from human labour? Capitalism will face an institutional challenge, and must replace the market-driven shaping of income with another, new one. The introduction of robots means microeconomic battle with the barrier of demand. To sell more, one needs to cut costs. The costs are lowered by the introduction of robots, but the use of robots reduces the demand for human labour. Lowering the demand for human labour results in the reduction of employment, and lower wages. Lower wages result in the reduction of the demand for goods and services. To increase the demand for goods and services, the companies must lower their costs, so they increase the involvement of robots, etc.
A mechanism of the vicious circle appears
If such a mass substitution of the factors of production is unfavourable from the point of view of stimulating the development of the economy, then something must be done to improve the adverse price relations for labour. How can the conditions of competition between a robot and a man be made equal, at least partially? Robots should be taxed. Bill Gates, among others, is a supporter of such a solution. However, this is only one of the tools that can be used. The solution of the problem requires a change in the mechanism, so a breakthrough innovation of a social and political nature. We can say that technological and product innovations force the creation of social and political innovations (maybe institutional changes). Product innovations solve some problems (e.g. they contribute to the reduction of production costs), but at the same time, give rise to others.
Progress of civilisation for centuries and even millennia was primarily an intellectual progress. It was difficult to discuss economic progress at that time. Then we had to deal with the imbalance between the economic and the social element. The insufficiency of the economic factor (otherwise than it is today) was the reason for the tensions and crises. Estimates of growth indicate that the increase in industrial production from ancient times to the first industrial revolution, that is until about 1700, was 0.1-0.2 per year on average. Only the next centuries brought about systematically increasing pace of economic growth. During 1700- 1820, it was 0.5% on an annual average, and between 1820-1913 – 1.5%, and between 1913-2012 – 3.0% [Piketty, 2015, p. 97]. So, the significant pace of the economic growth is found only at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. Additionally, the growth in this period refers predominantly to Europe and North America. The countries on other continents were either stuck in colonialism, structurally similar to the medieval period, or "lived" on the history of their former glory, as, for example, China and Japan, or to a lesser extent some countries of the Middle East and South America. The growth, having then the signs of the modern growth, that is the growth based on technological progress, was attributed mainly to Europe and the United States.
The progress of civilisation requires the creation of new social initiatives. Social innovations are indeed an additional capital to keep the social structure in balance. The social capital is seen as a means and purpose and as a primary source of new values for the members of the society. Social innovations also motivate every citizen to actively participate in this process. It is necessary, because traditional ways of solving social problems, even those known for a long time as unemployment, ageing of the society, or exclusion of considerable social and professional groups from the social and economic development, simply fail. "Old" problems are joined by new ones, such as the increase of social inequalities, climate change, or rapidly growing environmental pollution. New phenomena and problems require new solutions, changes to existing procedures, programmes, and often a completely different approach and instruments [Kowalczyk, Sobiecki, 2017].
El Partido Demócrata ha abierto en Denver (Colorado, EEUU) la convención demócrata, que nombrará formalmente a su candidato para las elecciones presidenciales de EEUU.Uno de los objetivos de los líderes demócratas es poner fin a las divisiones entre los partidarios de Barack Obama, el candidato presidencial del partido, y Hillary Clinton, que fue su principal rival en las primarias.La convención culminará con el discurso de aceptación de la candidatura por parte de Obama, ante más de 4.000 delegados que participan en la reunión. Varios medios informan al respecto: Estuvo nueve años frente a un gobierno cuya legitimidad democrática fue fuertemente cuestionada y, a pesar de eso, se convirtió en uno de los más férreos aliados de Estados Unidos en la "guerra contra el terrorismo". Varios medios informan al respecto:"New York Times": "Biden Meets With Delaware Delegates":http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/08/26/biden-meets-with-delaware-delegates/?hp"El País" de Madrid: "Una noche diferente para Hillary: La senadora por Nueva York subirá al escenario de la convención demócrata, no para ser aclamada, sino para pedir a sus seguidores que apoyen a Obama": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/noche/diferente/Hillary/elppgl/20080826elpepuint_14/Tes"Michelle Obama apela a la emotividad para presentar a su marido en la convención demócrata. El senador Edward Kennedy, operado recientemente de un tumor cerebral, reaparece en la convención en Denver para apoyar a Obama incondicionalmente - La mujer del candidato, 'plato fuerte' del arranque de la reunión": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Michelle/Obama/apela/emotividad/presentar/marido/convencion/democrata/elpepuint/20080826elpepuint_2/Tes"Una convención para encontrar el espíritu ganador: Arranca con ansiedad y pesimismo la reunión de los demócratas en Denver": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/convencion/encontrar/espiritu/ganador/elpepuint/20080826elpepiint_3/Tes"Obama, aclamado en el primer día de la convención de los demócratas de EEUU": http://www.elpais.com/videos/internacional/Obama/aclamado/primer/dia/convencion/democratas/EEUU/elpepuint/20080826elpepuint_1/Ves/"CNN": "Analysis: Clinton speech was 'generous,' 'authentic'":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/08/27/analysis.day2/index.html#cnnSTCText"Clinton: Obama 'must be our president'":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/08/26/dnc.main/index.html"U.S. Attorney: Threat against Obama not 'operational'": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/08/26/obama.threat/index.html"Le Monde": "A Denver, devant un stade archicomble, Mme Clinton en appelle à l'unité démocrate":http://www.lemonde.fr/elections-americaines/article/2008/08/27/a-denver-devant-un-stade-archicomble-mme-clinton-en-appelle-a-l-unite-democrate_1088419_829254.html#ens_id=1087891"A Denver, les républicains veulent se faire entendre":http://www.lemonde.fr/web/video/0,47-0@2-829254,54-1088627@51-1087891,0.html"China Daily": "Clinton says election isn't about her":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-08/27/content_6975269.htm"Armed men were no threat to Obama - US attorney": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-08/27/content_6974247.htm"La Nación": ""Obama es mi candidato", dijo Hillary: Hizo un fuerte llamado a la unidad en su esperado discurso en la convención demócrata; "estamos en el mismo equipo" , afirmó":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1043806"La seguridad de Obama, sin amenazas creíbles: No hay pruebas sobre un complot":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1043808"El Universal" de México: "Llega el turno de Biden, vicepresidente de Obama: Su discurso, que pronunciará ante miles de delegados y escucharan millones de estadunidenses por televisión, coronará los trabajos del tercer día de la Convención Dmócrata en Denver": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/533348.html"Hillary muestra grandeza: La ex candidata no dejó duda de donde están sus lealtades y llamó a sus seguidores a votar por Obama": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/58812.html"McCain envía a Denver a "perros de ataque": Mitt Romney encabeza la tarea de criticar al aspirante del partido rival": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/58807.html"Time": "How Healed is Hillary?":http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1836042,00.html"Clinton Delivers for Obama": http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1836591,00.html"Obama's Slow March to Denver": http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1836226,00.htmlTIME publica página de Internet sobre elecciones estadounidenses: http://thepage.time.com/2008/08/27/roll-call-details-revealed/"El Mercurio" de Chile: "Hillary Clinton fue la protagonista de la segunda jornada de la Convención Demócrata: "Barack Obama es mi candidato, y él debe ser nuestro próximo Presidente"": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/27/internacional/_portada/noticias/B9959663-41B9-4E74-B766-173E237035F3.htm?id={B9959663-41B9-4E74-B766-173E237035F3}"Republicanos arremeten contra Barack y Hillary":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/27/internacional/internacional/noticias/8F35F171-8590-48F2-AEA8-147D3B1CACCF.htm?id={8F35F171-8590-48F2-AEA8-147D3B1CACCF}MSNBC publica página de Internet sobre elecciones estadounidenses:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032553/"Clinton: 'No way, no how, no McCain': Runner-up makes strong case for Obama; gets tough on Republican": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26404528/"The Economist": "Correspondent's Diary: The Democratic National Convention. Daily dispatches from Denver":http://www.economist.com/daily/diary/displaystory.cfm?source=hptextfeature&subjectid=7933598&story_id=11997226#wednesday"Barack Obama: Explaining the riddle. The man who has called himself "a blank screen" is about to take centre-stage": http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11959309"Miami Herald": Publica página de Internet sobre elecciones estadounidenses:http://www.miamiherald.com/democratic_convention/"Los Angeles Times": Publica página de Internet sobre elecciones estadounidenses:http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/AMERICA LATINA"El País" de Madrid informa: "Gustav se acerca a Haití con vientos de 150 kilómetros por hora. Más de 4.000 personas han sido evacuadas en República Dominicana.- El huracán amenaza con alcanzar la categoría 2": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Gustav/acerca/Haiti/vientos/150/kilometros/hora/elpepuint/20080826elpepuint_17/Tes"CNN" anuncia: "Oil price spikes on tropical storm fears": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/08/27/oil.prices.rise.ap/index.html"CNN" anuncia: "Tropical Storm Gustav may regain hurricane status": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/weather/08/27/gustav/index.html"El universal" de México informa: "Deja Gustav 11 muertos en Dominicana y Haití: Unas ocho personas murieron sepultadas el miércoles en un barrio de Santo Domingo por un deslizamiento de tierra antes de que Gustav perdiera fuerza y se debilitara a tormenta tropical la noche del martes": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/533309.html"MSNBC" informa: "Gulf coast prepares for deadly Gustav: Eight people die in Dominican Republic landslide, raising death toll to 11": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26367291/"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "El Supremo de Colombia denuncia un complot del Gobierno. La fiscalía investigará reuniones con emisarios de los paramilitares": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Supremo/Colombia/denuncia/complot/Gobierno/elpepuint/20080826elpepuint_5/Tes"El País" de Madrid publica: "Honduras 'se convierte' al ALBA: El país centroamericano es el primer miembro ajeno a la izquierda que se suma a la alianza regional promovida por Cuba y Venezuela": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Honduras/convierte/ALBA/elpepuint/20080826elpepuint_3/Tes"CNN" publica: "Decapitated bodies found near Tijuana":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/08/26/mexico.violence.ap/index.html"El universal" de México informa: "Pretende Venezuela tener control de acceso a internet: El proyecto de Ley Orgánica de las Telecomunicaciones, la Informática y los Servicios Postales establece que en el país se creará una sola interconexión a internet": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/533349.html"The Economist" analiza: "Brazil: Not as violent as you thought. Contrary to stereotype, the murder rate is falling": http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11975437"Jerusalem Post" anuncia: "Uruguayan president celebrates country's anniversary in J'lem": http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1219572123428&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull"El País" anuncia: "Vázquez celebra el 25 en Jerusalén": http://www.elpais.com.uy/08/08/24/pnacio_365741.aspESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA"China Daily" anuncia: "US, Russia anchor military ships in Georgian ports":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-08/27/content_6976163.htm"La Nación" publica: "Llegó a Georgia el envío de ayuda humanitaria de EE.UU.":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1043816"Los blogs pisan fuerte en la convención demócrata: Este año fueron acreditados 120 bloggers , un 300% más que en la última edición, en 2004; buscan mayor llegada a los votantes jóvenes":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1043846EUROPAVarios medios informan sobre el conflicto en el Cáucaso:"New York Times": "Russia Backs Independence of Breakaway Georgian Areas":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/27/world/europe/27russia.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin"E.U. Treads Gingerly in Georgia Crisis":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/26/world/europe/26russia.html?ref=world"El País" de Madrid: "Rusia reconoce la independencia de Abjazia y Osetia del Sur. La OTAN rechaza la decisión del Kremlin como una "violación directa" de las resoluciones de la ONU.- Medvédev dice no temer "una nueva guerra fría"": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Rusia/reconoce/independencia/Abjazia/Osetia/Sur/elpepuint/20080826elpepuint_1/Tes"Occidente califica de "lamentable e inaceptable" la decisión de Moscú":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Occidente/califica/lamentable/inaceptable/decision/Moscu/elpepuint/20080826elpepuint_12/Tes"CNN": "Tensions build as U.S. ship arrives in Georgia":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/27/russia.georgia/index.html"La Nación": "Moscú redobla su desafío a Occidente: Un gesto de Rusia causa alarma mundial. Anunció el reconocimiento de la independencia de las dos regiones separatistas de Georgia; advertencia por el escudo antimisiles":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1043684"Time": "The New (Old) Russian Imperialism":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1836234,00.html"El Mercurio": "Conflicto en el Cáucaso por Osetia del Sur y Abjasia: Rusia dice no temer a una nueva guerra fría tras reconocer independencia de separatistas":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/27/internacional/_portada/noticias/60E0B79E-37EA-4EB1-8F36-4D20BB7C7317.htm?id={60E0B79E-37EA-4EB1-8F36-4D20BB7C7317}"Rusia dice no temer a una nueva guerra fría tras reconocer independencia de separatistas": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/27/internacional/_portada/noticias/60E0B79E-37EA-4EB1-8F36-4D20BB7C7317.htm?id={60E0B79E-37EA-4EB1-8F36-4D20BB7C7317}"The Economist": "Confrontational Russia: Russia's diplomatic recognition of two breakaway bits of Georgia is more bad news":http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11998649&source=features_box_main"Treaty gamesmanship: Not even the Lisbon treaty could create European unity over Russia"http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11986010"Energy security in Europe: Dependent territory. The war in Georgia puts energy security back on Europe's agenda":http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11986026"La Nación" anuncia: "Standard & Poors habla de recesión en España: La calificadora de riesgo informó hoy que el país ibérico tendrá "al menos" dos trimestres de decrecimiento; dijo que las medidas anuncidas por el gobierno impactarán recién en 2009":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1043843"MCNBC" informa: "Karadzic says he has no hope of a fair trial. Presumption of innocence 'reduced to a joke,' he claims":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26409875/"CNN" publica: "Alitalia sale advisers meet with Air France-KLM":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/08/27/alitalia.france.advisers.ap/index.html"El Mundo" de España anuncia: "La tragedia aérea de Barajas se salda con 153 muertos y 19 heridos, varios de ellos graves":http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/08/20/espana/1219237335.html"EL País" de Madrid informa: "153 muertos en el peor siniestro aéreo de los últimos 25 años: En el avión iban 172 personas.- Hay 19 supervivientes, algunos heridos de gravedad, según confirman fuentes de la Comunidad de Madrid.- El vuelo es el Spanair JK5022 que se dirigía a la isla de Gran Canaria": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Accidente/aereo/Barajas/hay/varias/victimas/mortales/fuentes/sanitarias/elpepuesp/20080820elpepunac_11/Tes"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Tragedia del Spanair: Aeronave tuvo antes problemas de despegue": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/27/internacional/internacional/noticias/8436C926-5B08-4231-9FFD-4046BB7B778B.htm?id={8436C926-5B08-4231-9FFD-4046BB7B778B}"EL Universal" de México publica: "Identifican a 117 víctimas del avionazo en Madrid. Una semana después del siniestro, el jefe del Gobierno español, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, garantizó que los profesionales que trabajan para identificar a los fallecidos están actuando con rigor y diligencia": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/533364.html"El País" de Madrid presente video explicativo sobre la reciente tragedia en Barajas: http://www.elpais.com/graficos/sociedad/Tragedia/Barajas/elpepusoc/20080820elpepusoc_1/Ges/ASIA – PACÍFICO /MEDIO ORIENTE"Time" publica: "N Korea Reneges on Nukes — Again": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1836612,00.html"New York Times" anuncia: "North Korea Makes Plutonium Threat": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/27/world/asia/27korea.html?hp"El País" de Madrid informa: "Corea del Norte frena su desnuclearización porque EE UU le mantiene en el 'eje del mal': Pyongyang considera que Washington ha incumplido el acuerdo alcanzado hace un año al no retirarle de la lista de países promotores del terrorismo": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Corea/Norte/frena/desnuclearizacion/EE/UU/le/mantiene/eje/mal/elpepuint/20080826elpepuint_8/Tes"New York Times" anuncia: "Bomber Kills 25 Police Recruits in Iraq":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/27/world/middleeast/27iraq.html?ref=world"El País" de Madrid informa: "Miles de manifestantes irrumpen en el complejo presidencial de Tailandia: El objetivo de las protestas, pro monárquicas, es acabar con el primer ministro, Samak Sundaravej.- Le acusan de ser un aliado del derrocado Thaksin Shinawatra, acusado de corrupción": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Miles/manifestantes/irrumpen/complejo/presidencial/Tailandia/elpepuint/20080826elpepuint_10/Tes"CNN" anuncia: "Indian state erupts in violence after Hindu shot":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/27/india.religion.violence/index.html"MSNBC": "Deadly floods maroon over a million in India: Monsoon toll climbs past 800 after roads to remote northern region flooded": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26419112/"CNN" publica: "Indian army tries to reach 2 million flood victims": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/27/india.floods.deaths/index.html"CNN" informa: "Exhausted Dalai Lama cancels world trips": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/27/dalai.lama.exhaustion/index.html"MCNBC" anuncia: "Dalai Lama, battling exhaustion, cancels trips: Tibetan spiritual leader to undergo medical tests after feeling 'discomfort'": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26420401/"China Daily" publica: "Two thousand evacuated after quake in Tibet": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-08/26/content_6972869.htm"CCN" publica: "20 dead in Chinese chemical plant explosion": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/27/china.blast/index.html"China Daily" anuncia: "Official reaffirms curbing inflation a priority after Olympics":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-08/27/content_6976177.htm"Time": "Is Pakistan's Zardari Mentally Fit?": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1836468,00.html"The Economist" analiza: "Pakistan: Breaking up is easy to do": http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11998395&source=features_box_main"New York Times" publica: " Malaysian Opposition Leader Back in Parliamant": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/27/world/asia/27malaysia.html?ref=worldAFRICA"New York Times" publica: "Mugabe Opens Session to Heckles":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/27/world/africa/27zimbabwe.html?hp"MSNBC" informa: "Mugabe says he will form new government: Amid deadlock, Zimbabwe opposition accuses him of abandoning unity talks": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26422675/"CNN" anuncia: "Police seize opposition MPs in Zimbabwe": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/08/27/zimbabwe.arrests/index.html"China Daily" publica: "Hijackers free all Sudanese plane passengers":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-08/27/content_6975953.htm"La Nación" informa: "Secuestran y desvían un avión sudanés en Libia: Los dos terroristas se entregaron tras más de 20 horas de negociación; la aeronave aterrizó en un aeropuerto militar del país árabe; no hubo heridos":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1043813"CNN" publica: "Sudan hijackers release passengers but not crew": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/08/27/sudan.plane.hostages/index.htmlECONOMIA"The Economist" publica su informe semanal: "Business this week": http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11990140"El País" de Madrid publica: "Los malos datos de Alemania llevan al euro a su nivel más bajo de los últimos seis meses: La locomotora europea confirma el retroceso del 0,5% del PIB mientras aumenta el pesimismo entre empresarios y consumidores": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/malos/datos/Alemania/llevan/euro/nivel/ultimos/meses/elpepueco/20080826elpepueco_1/Tes"CNN" anuncia: "Oil's bumpy ride driven by dollar": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/08/26/oil.prices.drop.ap/index.html"Time" publica: "Gustav Concerns Push Oil Above $117": http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1836606,00.html
Renuncia de Pervez MusharrafEn medio de una grave crisis política y acorralado por la oposición, el presidente de Paquistán, Pervez Musharraf, anunció el pasado lunes su renuncia para evitar un juicio político.Después de derrocar al primer ministro Nawaz Sharif en octubre de 1999, Musharraf comenzó su presidencia con el apoyo de un público harto de una década de gobierno civil débil y corrupto.Estuvo nueve años frente a un gobierno cuya legitimidad democrática fue fuertemente cuestionada y, a pesar de eso, se convirtió en uno de los más férreos aliados de Estados Unidos en la "guerra contra el terrorismo". Varios medios informan al respecto:"New York Times":"Musharraf Announces His Resignation":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/19/world/asia/19pstan.html?ref=world"Musharraf Walked a Tightrope":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/19/world/asia/19assess.html?ref=world"Time":"Why Musharraf Failed":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1833820,00.html"Time" presenta página con fotografías: "The Rise and Fall of Pervez Musharraf":http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1833621_1752568,00.html"CNN":"Musharraf's resignation accepted":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/18/musharraf.address/index.html"Coalition charts Pakistan's future":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/19/pakistan.nextstep/index.html"Pakistan hospital bomb kills 23":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/19/pakistan.blast/index.html"La Nación":"La renuncia de Musharraf: Un arma de doble filo":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1041155"La India teme una escalada de terror en Cachemira: Advierten sobre un vacío de poder":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1041048"Musharraf dejó el poder en Paquistán: El mandatario, uno de los principales aliados de Bush, presentó la renuncia para evitar un juicio político; dudas sobre su sucesor":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1041046"Para EE.UU. un aliado crucial pero incómodo":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1041047"Times":"Pakistani coalition in crucial stability talks after Pervez Musharraf's resignation":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4563675.ece"Pervez Musharraf resigns as Pakistani President":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4555777.ece"After nine years in a dangerous job, where can Pervez Musharraf hide now?":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4561318.ece"Pervez Musharraf's speech: the key extracts. Key quotes from the emotional resignation speech of Pervez Musharraf, the former president and ally of the West":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4556726.ece"Q&A: what next for Pervez Musharraf and Pakistan?":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4556746.ece"El Mercurio":"Pakistán es el principal socio de Washington en esa región: Renuncia de Musharraf hace tambalear alianza con EE.UU.":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/19/internacional/internacional/noticias/A240D029-C057-4C2C-980D-518E43347867.htm?id={A240D029-C057-4C2C-980D-518E43347867}"Inestabilidad en Pakistán, aliado clave de EE.UU. contra el terrorismo: Tras caída de Musharraf, gobierno entra en crisis por disputa interna":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/20/internacional/internacional/noticias/7213839A-DFCD-4055-ADA1-E8424AF85CF5.htm?id={7213839A-DFCD-4055-ADA1-E8424AF85CF5"The Economist":"Exit Musharraf: Pakistan's president, Pervez Musharraf, jumps before he is pushed":http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11950470&source=features_box2"Time's up, Mr Musharraf : Enemies of Pakistan's president smell blood":http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11921205"Miami Herald":"Week ahead may be key for Musharraf: President Pervez Musharraf and the Pakistan government are headed for a decisive showdown this week.":http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/story/646219.html"Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf resigns":http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/story/646341.html"Pakistan upheaval clouds future for U.S.: Pervez Musharraf bid a tearful farewell as Pakistan's president as the future of the country and its role as an ally in the U.S. war against terrorism remains unclear.":http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/story/647478.html"El País" de Madrid:"Musharraf deja el poder en Pakistán: El presidente intenta evitar el procesamiento impulsado por sus rivales políticos - La renuncia abre la transición en un país con bombas atómicas y muy inestable":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Musharraf/deja/poder/Pakistan/elpepuint/20080819elpepiint_1/Tes"El brazo ejecutor de Bush: Los paquistaníes dieron la espalda hace tiempo al hombre que se entregó de lleno a Washington en la lucha contra los grupos islámicos radicales":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/brazo/ejecutor/Bush/elpepuint/20080819elpepiint_3/Tes"El Gobierno indio teme una escalada de violencia en Cachemira: Nueva Delhi asegura que la marcha del general beneficiará a los radicales":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Gobierno/indio/teme/escalada/violencia/Cachemira/elpepuint/20080819elpepiint_2/TesAMERICA LATINA"El País" de Madrid informa: "Chávez expropia la filial de la cementera mexicana Cemex: El Gobierno venezolano nacionaliza también a las empresas Holcim y Lafarge":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Chavez/expropia/filial/cementera/mexicana/Cemex/elpepueco/20080819elpepueco_1/Tes"El Universal" publica: "Reeditan jóvenes cubanos invasión de 1958 por 50 años de revolución: Jóvenes estudiantes, combatientes y trabajadores conformarán dos columnas como las que dirigieron los comandantes Ernesto Che Guevara y Camilo Cienfuegos":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/531209.html"The Economist" analiza: "Evo's big win: A recall referendum strengthens the socialist president, but fails to knock out his opponents in a still-divided country": http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11920813"El Mercurio" anuncia: "Evo refuerza guarnición militar de Santa Cruz":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/19/internacional/internacional/noticias/96536F05-B06D-4101-9614-B4F693AF3951.htm?id={96536F05-B06D-4101-9614-B4F693AF3951}"CNN" publica: "Argentina grants gay couples partner pensions":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/08/19/argentina.gay/index.html"El Mercurio" de Chile anuncia: "Agrarios vuelven a las rutas y amenazan con un nuevo paro": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/19/internacional/internacional/noticias/7E786FA3-0DF3-45D1-A873-B96F2707386C.htm?id={7E786FA3-0DF3-45D1-A873-B96F2707386C} "El Universal" de México analiza: "Suspenden temporalmente construcción del 'muro virtual'. La instalación de varias torres de vigilancia en la frontera entre EU y México no recibió los permisos necesarios por parte del Departamento del Interior": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/531231.html"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Presidente de Paraguay inicia gestión de gobierno: Lugo firma cien decretos y se enfoca en problemas sociales":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/19/internacional/_portada/noticias/7E7DA240-2CB7-4F0D-8266-920F93222AEB.htm?id={7E7DA240-2CB7-4F0D-8266-920F93222AEB}"The Economist" publica: "Peru: Lessons from an earthquake": http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11920805"La Nación" publica informe de Andrés Oppenheimer: "La concentración de riqueza en la región":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1041051ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA"New York Times" informa: "Export Boom Helps Farms, but Not American Factories":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/business/economy/18export.html?_r=1&ref=business&oref=slogin"El País" de Madrid publica: "Obama entra en la hora de la verdad: El aspirante demócrata se ve presionado para concretar su oferta de cambio - La campaña se convierte en un referéndum sobre su aptitud para gobernar": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Obama/entra/hora/verdad/elpepuint/20080818elpepiint_1/Tes"Time" anuncia: "Obama Sharpens the Message":http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1833849,00.html"Time" informa: "McCain and Obama on Abortion":http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1833496,00.html"El Mercurio" de Chile analiza: "Obama crea consejo para latinos en búsqueda de votantes":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/19/internacional/_portada/noticias/A842100D-7376-4358-96E1-CD719EF5321F.htm?id={A842100D-7376-4358-96E1-CD719EF5321F}"Time" publica sitio con links a artículos sobre elecciones estadounidenses:http://thepage.time.com/"The Economist" analiza: "Technology and the campaigns: "Flickring here, twittering there":http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11920873EUROPAContinua conflicto entre Rusia y Georgia, varios medios informan al respecto: "El País" de Madrid:"Rice: "Rusia está jugando un juego muy peligroso".EE UU pretende que la OTAN reafirme hoy en una reunión extraordinaria en Bruselas su apoyo a Georgia": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Rice/Rusia/jugando/juego/peligroso/elpepuint/20080819elpepuint_5/Tes"El Kremlin incumple su compromiso de retirar las tropas. Los blindados rusos permanecen apostados a 40 kilómetros de Tbilisi":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Kremlin/incumple/compromiso/retirar/tropas/elpepiint/20080819elpepiint_9/Tes"La retirada que no llega. Georgia sigue denunciando que los rusos se resisten a abandonar el país.- Moscú sostiene que el repliegue llevará días.- Rusos y georgianos intercambian prisioneros":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/retirada/llega/elpepuint/20080819elpepuint_7/Tes"Moscú advierte que aplastará a todo el que ataque a ciudadanos rusos. "El crimen de Tbilisi no quedará impune", dice el presidente Medvédev - Rusia despliega misiles en Osetia del Sur, según el espionaje de EE UU": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Moscu/advierte/aplastara/todo/ataque/ciudadanos/rusos/elpepuint/20080819elpepiint_8/Tes"CNN":"NATO officials meet over Russia-Georgia crisis":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/19/georgia.russia.war/index.html"La Nación": "Rusia advierte que necesita más tiempo para retirar sus tropas: Dijo que necesita otros dos días para el repliegue en Georgia; se realizó un canje de prisioneros entre ambos países":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1041163"Rusia refuerza su despliegue militar en Osetia del Norte. La OTAN analizará hoy una respuesta":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1041087"El Tiempo" de Colombia:"La Otan endurece su postura y revisará sus relaciones con Moscú":http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/home/la-otan-endurece-su-postura-y-revisara-sus-relaciones-con-moscu_4455099-1"Times":"Cross us and we will crush you, warns Medvedev":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4557369.ece"La France "très déçue" par l'absence de retrait russe":http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2008/08/19/l-otan-durcit-le-ton-face-a-la-russie_1085355_3214.html#ens_id=1036786"Time":"Wounded NATO Grapples with Russia":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1833830,00.html"The Economist":"NATO and Russia: No more business as usual?. NATO foreign ministers issue a warning to Russia, telling it to withdraw troops from Georgia":http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11955660&source=features_box_main"The week ahead: Seeking an end to the conflict in Georgia, and other news":http://www.economist.com/world/international/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11922405&source=features_box_main"El Mercurio" de Chile:"Conflicto en el Cáucaso: Rusia rechaza la propuesta de resolución francesa en el Consejo de Seguridad de ONU":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/20/internacional/_portada/noticias/F8364AC9-CEC5-4076-97BC-425406510D93.htm?id={F8364AC9-CEC5-4076-97BC-425406510D93}"Miami Herald":"NATO yet to enforce Russian withdrawal. An emergency meeting of NATO failed to come up with decisive action over Russia's continued occupation of Georgia.":http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/story/649058.html"El Universal" de México:"Califica Rusia de 'inadmisible' declaración de la OTANPara el embajador ruso ante el organismo fue lamentable que las declaraciones de los aliados contra las acciones militares en Georgia fueran mal vistas":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/531238.html"El País" de Madrid informa: "El terrorista más joven arrestado en el Reino Unido es declarado culpable: Hammaad Munshi, de 18 años, tenía 16 años cuando ingresó en prisión, acusado de un delito de terrorismo":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/terrorista/joven/arrestado/Reino/Unido/declarado/culpable/elpepuint/20080818elpepuint_9/Tes"El Mercurio" anuncia: "Diez soldados murieron en Afganistán: Sarkozy llega a Kabul tras ataque a tropas francesas":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/20/internacional/internacional/noticias/FC48E401-28D9-4629-94AD-6F53B246A964.htm?id={FC48E401-28D9-4629-94AD-6F53B246A964"El País" publica: "Francia propone un "respuesta coordinada" de la UE para salir de la crisis económica. Nicolas Sarkozy lanzará un plan en la reunión de los titulares de Finanzas de la UE del 11 al 13 de septiembre en Niza.- El PIB de la Eurozona retrocedió un 0,2% en el segundo trimestre.- El de Francia, cayó por primera vez en seis años":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Francia/propone/respuesta/coordinada/UE/salir/crisis/economica/elpepuint/20080818elpepueco_6/TesAsia – Pacífico /Medio OrieNTE"El País" de Madrid informa: "Mueren 10 soldados franceses en una emboscada en Afganistán. Seis talibanes suicidas mueren en un ataque a una base estadounidense en Afganistán":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Mueren/soldados/franceses/emboscada/Afganistan/elpepuint/20080819elpepuint_6/Tes"Times" anuncia: "Ten French soldiers killed in Taleban ambush":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4564729.ece"CNN" publica: "10 French soldiers killed in Afghan fighting":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/19/afghan.attack/index.html"El País" de Madrid informa: "Sueños rotos: El abandono de Liu es un drama nacional porque el atleta representa el ascenso chino": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/deportes/Suenos/rotos/elpepidep/20080819elpepidep_6/Tes"La Nación" publica: "El terrorismo islámico amenaza a China: Grupos musulmanes separatistas lanzaron una ola de atentados para atraer la atención mundial":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1041049"The Economist" analiza: "Beijing's economy: Going for gold. The Olympics have not brought Beijing's businesses the boom they hoped for":http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11920899"Le Monde" informa: "Le Hezbollah amorce un rapprochement avec les salafistes sunnites au Liban":http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2008/08/19/le-hezbollah-amorce-un-rapprochement-avec-les-salafistes-sunnites-au-liban_1085407_3218.html"Time" publica: "Thailand, Cambodia Begin Talks":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1833857,00.htmlAFRICA"Al menos 43 muertos en un atentado suicida contra una escuela de la Gendarmería en Argelia. Un terrorista se ha inmolado entre los aspirantes a reclutas en una academia policial de Issers, a 55 kilómetros de Argel.- Hay numerosas personas heridas":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/43/muertos/atentado/suicida/escuela/gendarmeria/Argelia/elpepuint/20080819elpepuint_8/Tes"CNN" publica: "43 dead in Algerian suicide bombing":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/08/19/algeria.bombing/index.html"Times" informa: "Islamist bombing kills 43 in Algeria 'bloodbath'":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article4565997.ece"Le Monde" anuncia: "43 morts dans un attentat-suicide en Kabylie":http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2008/08/19/43-morts-dans-un-attentat-suicide-en-kabylie_1085371_3212.html"CNN" informa: "Zimbabwe inflation hits 11,200,000 percent":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/08/19/zimbabwe.inflation/index.html"CNN" publica: "Nigeria cedes disputed peninsula to Cameroon":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/08/14/nigeria.cameroon.ap/index.html "The Economist" analiza: "Uganda: Drums of war across the borders. Since peace talks with Uganda's rebels collapsed, some say war must resume": http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11921621ECONOMIA"The Economist" publica su informe semanal: "Business this week":http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11922152"New York Times" publica: "Wall Street Pulls Back as Financials Fall":http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/business/AP-Wall-Street.html?ref=business"CNN" informa: "Oil prices still sliding as storm fears ease":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/08/19/oil.prices.ap/index.html"CNN" anuncia: "The next wave of mortgage defaults: More borrowers with good credit are defaulting on their home loans, and that's going to make it even harder for the staggering housing market to recover.":http://money.cnn.com/2008/08/12/real_estate/prime_defaults_price_drops/index.htm?postversion=2008081616"The Economist" analiza: "Airlines: Still a bumpy ride. Falling oil prices have lifted airlines' share prices. Is the crisis over?":http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11920681OTRAS NOTICIAS"El País" de Madrid informa: "La ONU pide 40 millones de euros para asistir a las víctimas de la guerra en el Cáucaso: Los fondos serán destinados a nueve agencias del organismo y 16 ONG":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/ONU/pide/millones/euros/asistir/victimas/guerra/Caucaso/elpepuint/20080819elpepuint_2/Tes"CNN" publica: "Hurricane warnings dropped after Fay makes landfall":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/08/19/fay/index.html"El Tiempo" de Colombia anuncia: "Fortalecida tormenta tropical 'Fay' causa destrozos e inundaciones en Florida":http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/euycanada/home/fortalecida-tormenta-tropical-fay-causa-destrozos-e-inundaciones-en-florida-_4456556-1"El País" de Madrid informa: "Fay llega a Florida y amenaza con fortalecerse: La tormenta tropical viene acompañada de fuertes lluvias y vientos - Su paso por Cuba no ha causado víctimas ni destrozos": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Fay/llega/Florida/amenaza/fortalecerse/elpepuint/20080819elpepuint_1/Tes "The Economist" analiza: "Globalisation and health care: Operating profit . Why put up with expensive, run-of-the-mill health care at home when you can be treated just as well abroad?":http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11919622
Increasing the trade integration of developing countries can make a vital contribution to boosting shared prosperity, but it also exposes producers and consumers to exogenous shocks that alter relative prices, sometimes positively and sometimes negatively. This paper discusses the short-run effects of trade-related shocks on households to capture the potential welfare impact on the poor. The discussion explores the channels through which trade shocks are transmitted to households in the bottom of the income distribution, namely through consumption, household production, and market-based labor activities. The degree to which price shocks are passed through from borders to point of sale is a key determinant of the gains from trade and the ultimate welfare impact. Trade changes in agriculture directly affect households through their consumption basket. Lower agricultural prices reduce the cost of consumables, but these welfare gains may be offset by lower earnings for households that produce these same goods. Poorer households tend to be net consumers of agricultural products, suggesting a net welfare gain, but agricultural wage workers could suffer from wage cuts. Because poorer households tend to consume relatively fewer nonagricultural products, that is nonessentials, any trade-related shocks to prices of nonagricultural product are likely to be transmitted via labor channels. Despite significant evidence that nonagricultural trade reform ultimately leads to job creation and enhanced productivity, the short-run effects can be mixed. The costs incurred by workers to transition to new jobs slow the adjustment of the economy to a new steady state. Labor mobility costs, which tend to be higher in developing countries and for unskilled workers, reduce the potential gains to trade by diverting labor market adjustment from its most efficient path.
AMÉRICA LATINA Capturan al líder del cartel mexicano Los Zetas. Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/15/19490871-leader-of-mexicos-b rutal-zetas-drug-cartel-captured?litehttp://www.cnn.com/2013/07/15/world/americas/mexico-zetas-leader-captured/ind ex.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1601512-quien-es-el-z-40-el-temible-lider-de-los-zet as-que-fue-capturadohttp://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-zetas-drug-cartel-leader- captured-20130716,0,2302668.storyhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/capturan-a-alias-z-40-lder-del-cart el-de-los-zetas_12931324-4 Sudamérica se planta ante el espionaje de Estados Unidos. Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/11/world/americas/latin-america-snowden-asylum/index.html?hpt=wo_t4http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/07/13/actualidad/1373743188_1 78003.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/07/04/world/americas/bolivia-morales-snowden/inde x.htmlhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/07/12/actualidad/1373651762_34 0294.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1600671-fuerte-ofensiva-del-mercosur-contra-washing ton-lo-denunciara-ante-la-onuhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/07/05/world/americas/venezuela-snowden/index.htmlhttp://www.eluniversal.com.co/cartagena/internacional/brasil-considera-insuficientes-explicaciones-de-eeuu-por-espionaje-126788http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/grupos-processam-governo-dos-eua-por-espionagem- 9059667 Brasil obligará a empresas de Internet a almacenar datos en el país. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/reglamentacin-de-internet-en-brasil_12928783-4http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1601019-nuevo-avance-de-brasil-contra-el-espionaje Argentina deja de exportar trigo para que no suba el pan. Para más información:http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2013/07/14/actualidad/1373829465_6820 42.html Panamá intercepta buque norcoreano procedente de Cuba con armas. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/panam-intercepta-barco-norcore ano-con-material-blico_12931903-4http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/07/16/3502822/n-korean-ship-mystery-pan ama-says.htmlhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/16/19497159-north-korean-ship- carrying-hidden-missile-equipment-detained-after-leaving-cubahttp://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-panama-north-korean- missiles-20130716,0,4337876.storyhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/16/19497159-north-korean-ship- carrying-hidden-missile-equipment-detained-after-leaving-cuba?litehttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-07/17/content_16786034.htm Surinam y Guyana son nuevos Estados asociados al Mercosur. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1600229-surinam-y-guyana-son-nuevos-estados-aso ciados-al-mercosur Mercosur levanta suspensión a Paraguay pero Cartes rechaza reintegro. Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.co/cartagena/internacional/presidente-electo-de-parag uay-rechaza-reintegrar-su-pais-al-mercosur-126496http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/paraguay-rechaza-reintegro-al-mercosur_12926631-4 Río preocupada por la seguridad del papa Francisco. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1601400-avanzan-los-preparativos-en-riohttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/07/15/actualidad/1373840255_ 540593.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/seguridad-del-papa-francisco-en-brasil_12928289-4 Paro en Brasil: sin trasporte público y con rutas bloqueadas. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1600057-sin-trasporte-publico-y-con-rutas-bloque adas-comenzo-un-nuevo-paro-en-brasil Sismo 4,2 grados Ritcher estremece región noroeste de Nicaragua. Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.co/cartagena/internacional/sismo-42-grados-ritcher -estremece-region-noroeste-de-nicaragua-126745 "The Economist" analiza labor de la ONU en la lucha contra el cólera en Haití. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2013/07/cholera-haiti A tres meses de su triunfo Nicolás Maduro realiza su primera expropiación. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1601181-la-primera-expropiacion-de-nicolas-maduro -a-tres-meses-de-su-triunfo Henrique Capriles visita Chile y pide reuniones con Piñera y Bachelet. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/gira-de-capriles-a-chile_12928702-4 ESTADOS UNIDOS /CANADÁ Conmoción en Estados Unidos por fallo sobre asesinato de joven negro. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/absolucin-de-george-zimmerman_ 12928825-4http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1601506-revelan-detalles-de-la-polemica-absolucion -al-vigilante-zimmerman-en-eeuuhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/07/15/actualidad/1373878163_ 173204.htmlhttp://www.eluniversal.com.co/cartagena/internacional/anuncian-protestas-por-c aso-trayvon-martin-en-100-ciudades-de-estados-unidos Diversas reformas políticas centran la atención del panorama político estadounidense. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21581726-two-lawmakers-are-d etermined-overhaul-americas-woeful-tax-code-will-their-parties-lethttp://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-immigration-house-20130711,0,7717223.storyhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/07/12/actualidad/1373653458 _500610.html Acusado de atentado de Boston no aceptó cargos. Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.co/cartagena/internacional/atentados-de-boston-djokh ar-tsarnaev-busca-reforzar-su-equipo-de-abogados-12http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/dzhokhar-tsarnaev-acusado-de- atentado-de-boston-se-declara-inocente_12923759-4 Descontento y huelgas en cárceles de Estados Unidos. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/07/12/actualidad/1373655888 _089545.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/15/us/more-guantanamo-detainees-quit-hunger-strike.html?ref=world&gwh=6753844C1661A88280A4E2ECEAA732BFhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/protestos-terminam-em-confronto-com-23-presos-na-califorina-9055618 Kerry retorna a Medio Oriente con esperanza de reanudar conversaciones de paz. Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.co/cartagena/internacional/kerry-retorna-medio- oriente-con-esperanza-de-reanudar-conversaciones-de-paz- Accidente ferroviario causa conmoción en Canadá. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/08/world/americas/canada-runaway-train/ind ex.htmlhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/10/19396092-death-toll-at-5 0-as-30-missing-now-presumed-dead-in-quebec-train-crash-engineer-suspen ded?litehttp://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-canada-rail-disast er-engineer-20130716,0,3929664.story EUROPA Edward Snowden solicitó asilo temporal en Rusia. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-07/16/content_16784860.htmhttp://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-russia-snowden-20130717,0,1251090.storyhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/16/19502733-stranded-fugiti ve-snowden-formally-requests-temporary-asylum-in-russia?litehttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/espinonaje-eu-alemania-936 401.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1601514-aseguran-que-edward-snowden-pidio-fo rmalmente-el-asilo-en-rusiahttp://www.cnn.com/2013/07/09/world/americas/nsa-snowden-venezuela/i ndex.htmlhttp://www.eluniversal.com.co/cartagena/internacional/snowden-es-un-regalo -incomodo-dice-putin-126771 Escándalo de corrupción del PP español salpica a Rajoy. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-spain-corruption-20130715,0,1047593.storyhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/escndalo-de-corrupcin-del-pp-espao l-salpica-a-rajoy_12923419-4http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/oposicao-ameaca-apresentar-mocao-de-censur a-contra-chefe-do-governo-espanhol-9051469http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1600891-en-la-cuerda-floja-un-escandalo-amena za-el-futuro-de-rajoyhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/13/world/europe/spains-real-crisis-is-a-le adership-void-analysts-say.html?ref=world&gwh=8143E451F2A535F1917BA0 BCC6C7F152 Falla en rieles, posible causa de catástrofe ferroviaria en Francia. Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/13/world/europe/france-train-derailment/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1600896-en-la-tragedia-francia-encuentra-con suelo-en-sus-servicios-de-emergenciahttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/07/13/actualidad/137371 5431_558757.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-france-train-accident-20130714,0,2471969.story Disturbios y protestas en Belfast. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/13/world/europe/northern-ireland-unrest/index.html?hpt=ieu_c2 Srebrenica: la herida que no cicatriza: más de 2.000 víctimas de la masacre aún no han sido identificadas 18 años después. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/07/12/actualidad/1373644685_3 97319.html Merkel apuesta a pacto de protección de datos en Europa. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/14/business/merkel-eu-data-protection/index .html?hpt=ieu_c2http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/16/19503302-spy-spotting -stroll-sparks-security-alert-in-germany?lite Parlamento británico aprueba casamiento gay. Para más información:http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/parlamento-britanico-aprova-casamento-gay-em-inglaterra-gales-9059274http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-07/17/content_16785873.htmhttp://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-britain-gay-marriage, 0,7549767.story Algunos alcaldes franceses avivan el fuego del racismo contra gitanos y nómadas. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/07/13/actualidad/137373620 2_298273.html Grecia: el gobierno ordena realizar pruebas obligatorias del VIH a prostitutas, toxicómanos, indigentes y sin papeles. Para más información:http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/caca-as-bruxas-comeca-na-grecia-9047327http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/07/13/actualidad/137372867 9_168553.html ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTE Mueren 27 personas en una cadena de atentados con autos bomba en Irak. Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/12/world/meast/iraq-suicide-bomber/index.html?hpt=wo_bn11http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/atentados-en-irak_12928817-4http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/14/world/meast/iraq-violence/index.html?hpt =imi_c2http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/09/world/meast/lebanon-blast/index.html?h pt=wo_bn11 Homenaje a Malala, la 'niña más valiente del mundo Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/malala-en-la-onu_12927002-4http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/12/world/united-nations-malala/index.html?h pt=wo_t2http://www.eluniversal.com.co/cartagena/internacional/joven-paquistani-ma lala-prefiere-el-papel-de-luchadora-al-de-victima-126599 En Pakistán tres bombas matan a más de 36 individuos. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-pakistan-bombings-20130701,0,3205657.story Al menos 12 muertos en Japón por ola de calor. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/12-muertos-en-japn-por-ola-de-calor_12 925883-4 Unos 100 reclusos escaparon tras incendiar su prisión en Indonesia. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/reclusos-escapan-tras-incendiar-su-pris in-en-indonesia_12925483-4http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/12/world/indonesia-mass-prison-break/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7 17 personas quedaron enterradas por deslizamiento de terreno en China. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/17-personas-quedaron-enterradas-por-d eslizamiento-de-terreno-en-china_12923891-4http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/13/world/asia/china-typhoon/index.html?hp t=ias_c2 Más de 5.700 desaparecidos por las inundaciones en el norte de India. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/07/15/actualidad/13738821 52_653770.htmlhttp://www.eluniversal.com.co/cartagena/internacional/india-da-por-muert as-6000-personas-desaparecidas-en-las-inundaciones-126741 Señales de desaceleramiento y reformas en la economía china. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-china-gdp-20130715 ,0,6178822.storyhttp://behindthewall.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/15/19488221-as-chinas-e conomy-slows-economists-look-for-signs-of-reform?lite Continúa la violencia extrema en Siria. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/15/world/middleeast/no-quick-impact-in-u s-arms-plan-for-syria-rebels.html?ref=world&_r=0&gwh=F9FC376F91BEB974133FCC2AE95E178Fhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/15/19484796-syrian-oppositio n-assads-forces-advance-into-rebel-held-district-of-damascus?litehttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/07/14/actualidad/137381863 9_979411.htmlhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/15/19486654-pakistani-taliban -we-sent-hundreds-of-fighters-to-syria?lite China se pliega ante las protestas medioambientales. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/07/14/actualidad/13738045 00_601287.html Asesinatos extrajudiciales debilitan democracia en India. Para más información:http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/15/extrajudicial-killings-corrode-dem ocracy-in-india/?ref=world Falta de apoyo público hecha atrás un proyecto de reforma constitucional. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-07/16/content_16782120.htm "The Economist" analiza: "¿El fracaso de la primavera árabe?" Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21581734-despite-chaos-blood-a nd-democratic-setbacks-long-process-do-not-give-up ÁFRICA Gobierno egipcio toma posesión de sus cargos y continúa la violencia. Para más información:http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/07/09/3491289/mass-shootings-of-islamist-protesters.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg-egypt-envoy-20130716,0,7851709.storyhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1601381-respaldo-al-nuevo-gobierno-egipciohttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/07/14/actualidad/13738 05601_071298.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/15/world/middleeast/egypts-leaders-ra ising-pressure-freeze-assets-of-morsi-backers.html?ref=world&gwh=9F8BEA9B66CF18F36726A1092E5B0424http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/14/world/meast/egypt-morsy-investigation/index.html?hpt=imi_c2http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21581763-week-a fter-military-coup-overthrew-egypts-elected-islamist-presidenthttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-07/17/content_16785753.htmhttp://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/07/02/world/middleeast/03egy pt-timeline-morsi.html?ref=world&gwh=F37E4DDA05B6B3AF5EDC75EE2FD 7A073 Presidente de Argelia reaparece tras derrame cerebral. Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/936434.html Siete cascos azules son asesinados en Darfur. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-darfur-un-peacekeep ers-killed-20130713,0,733351.storyhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-07/14/content_16772433.htmhttp://www.eluniversal.com.co/cartagena/internacional/ban-ki-moon-indigna do-por-la-muerte-de-siete-cascos-azules-en-sudan-126577http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/13/world/africa/sudan-violence/index.html?h pt=iaf_c2http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/13/19456391-seven-un-peace keepers-killed-in-darfur?lite OTRAS NOTICIAS Fin de pobreza extrema debe ser nuevo objetivo mundial para 2030: ONU. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/la-onu-dice-que-el-fin-de-l a-pobreza-extrema-debe-ser-nuevo-objetivo-mundial-para-2030_12845943-4 "Los Angeles Times" presenta portal sobre el crecimiento de la población mundial. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/population/ "The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week". Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/world-week/21580206-business-week
AMÉRICA LATINABocinazos y caceroladas en Buenos Aires contra las políticas del Gobierno.Para más información:http://america-latina.blog.lemonde.fr/2012/06/05/argentine-touche-pas-a-mes-dollars/http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/02/actualidad/1338602007_400009.htmlPara Argentina operaciones de petroleras cerca de Malvinas es ilegal.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/argentina-dice-que-operacin-de-petroleras-en-malvinas-es-ilegal_11922839-4El kirchnerismo vive una guerra interna por el dólar entre "duros" y "moderados".Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/06/04/internacional/internacional/noticias/EC071580-1A8B-4413-B58E-EE45E108CE5F.htm?id={EC071580-1A8B-4413-B58E-EE45E108CE5F}Vicepresidente argentino investigado por corrupción.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/03/actualidad/1338751931_510460.htmlEn Asamblea General de la OEA en Cochabamba: OEA cada vez más dividida por las demandas de reformas.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1479216-la-oea-cada-vez-mas-dividida-por-las-demandas-de-reformas#comentarhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/03/actualidad/1338747475_797065.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/proponen-cambios-en-la-oea-y-en-la-cidh_11922391-4 OEA debe ayudar a Bolivia a volver al mar con soberanía: Evo Morales.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/oea-debe-ayudar-a-bolivia-a-volver-al-mar-con-soberania-evo-morales_11924167-4 OEA: cruce de acusaciones entre Morales y Estados Unidos.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1479587-oea-cruce-de-acusaciones-entre-morales-y-eeuu#comentarVenezuela embiste contra los medios en la OEA.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1478938-venezuela-embiste-contra-los-medios-en-la-oea#comentar"El Mercurio" de Chile publica: "Derechos Humanos, Insulza, Brasil y el ALBA".Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/06/04/internacional/internacional/noticias/56F86158-C519-4FCF-A042-914BADAA6052.htm?id={56F86158-C519-4FCF-A042-914BADAA6052}Bolivia y Ecuador hacen votos para que la OEA 'se reinvente o muera'.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/proponen-que-la-oea-se-reinvente-o-muera_11920363-4La industria del narcotráfico se expande en Ecuador.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/05/31/actualidad/1338450249_507702.htmlTras meses en caída libre, se recupera la imagen de Piñera en Chile.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1479215-tras-meses-en-caida-libre-se-recupera-la-imagen-de-pinera#comentarhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/01/actualidad/1338567868_309299.htmlLos socios chilenos de Endesa ponen freno al gigante eléctrico de la Patagonia.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/05/31/actualidad/1338493727_790432.htmlSismo de 6,6 grados sacude costa del Pacífico de Panamá. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/sismo-de-66-sacude-costa-del-pacfico-de-panam_11919659-4La policía de Arizona encuentra cinco cadáveres en un coche en el desierto.Para más información:http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/cinco-corpos-carbonizados-sao-encontrados-no-arizona-5121958http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/03/actualidad/1338734273_478238.htmlhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/silencio-prova-de-balas-no-mexico-5121219Hugo Chávez reaparece un mes y medio después de su último acto público.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/03/actualidad/1338691356_597685.htmlRio clausura basurero de Jardim Gramacho.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/47658387/ns/world_news-world_environment/#.T83m8FLMqw4Guerra contra el narcotráfico desplaza miles de familias en México.Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexico-drug-displaced-20120601,0,5267030.storyCartel mexicano ataca cadena de comidas.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/29/world/americas/mexico-sabritas-attacks/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8El movimiento estudiantil mexicano se define contra el candidato Peña Nieto.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/05/31/actualidad/1338431760_932522.htmlAtaque de sicarios a centro para adictos en México deja 11 muertos.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/ataque-a-centro-para-adictos-en-mxico_11921342-4Tras los pasos de Cristina, la primera dama de Perú gana poder.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1478705-tras-los-pasos-de-cristina-la-primera-dama-de-peru-gana-poder"El País" de Madrid publica: "Brasil sufre un aumento de inversiones especulativas".Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/05/31/actualidad/1338480976_395743.htmlOposición ecuatoriana se reúne con Uribe de cara a elecciones.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/rafael-correa-dice-que-la-oposicin-ecuatoriana-se-rene-con-lvaro-uribe_11918223-4La ciudadana francesa condenada en México a 60 años de cárcel por secuestro confía en que la Corte Suprema la libere y la exculpe.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/02/actualidad/1338673484_589017.htmlVenezuela prohíbe la venta de armas a la población civil.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/01/actualidad/1338542574_088241.html http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/hugo-chavez-estaria-tomando-remedio-cem-vezes-mais-forte-que-morfina-5104632#ixzz1wus6oN84Ataque de las FARC deja tres muertos y cuatro heridos.Para más información: http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/ataque-das-farc-mata-tres-pessoas-deixa-quatro-feridas-5115995#ixzz1wusRF4P7'Volveremos cuando Venezuela supere esta pesadilla': presidente RCTV.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/presidente-de-rctv_11922398-4Adolfo Calero, el hombre de la CIA en Nicaragua.Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/03/actualidad/1338753965_775580.html ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁDiversos medios hacen referencia a la campaña electoral en Estados Unidos.Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-romney-foreign-policy-20120531,0,3404456.storyhttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/851518.htmlhttp://elpais.com/tag/elecciones_eeuu_2012/a/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-18326705http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-obama-clinton-20120605,0,3202181.storyhttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/851729.htmlhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/clinton-diz-que-eleicao-de-romney-seria-desastrosa-para-os-eua-5121567#ixzz1wurrhvZjhttp://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-06/05/content_15473541.htmUn muerto y varios heridos en tiroteo en centro comercial de Canadá.Para más información:http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/04/12048076-police-make-arrest-over-fatal-toronto-mall-shooting?litehttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/canada/un-muerto-y-varios-heridos-en-tiroteo-en-centro-comercial-de-canad_11918762-4http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/world/americas/gunman-kills-one-and-injures-seven-at-toronto-mall.html?ref=world&gwh=1ABC655F46012EAAA461268C33C8B42EEstados Unidos y China también se desaceleran. Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1478525-eeuu-y-china-tambien-se-desaceleranObama promulga ley que criminaliza túneles transfronterizos.Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/851696.htmlObama ordenó un ataque cibernético contra Irán del que perdió el control.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/01/actualidad/1338572841_317814.htmlObama y Cameron discuten sobre crisis en la Eurozona.Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-06/06/content_15477543.htmAsociación anti-gay ataca a JC Penney.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/asociacin-antigay-ataca-a-jc-penney_11920042-4EUROPADiversos medios hacen referencia a la crisis en la Eurozona.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18333240http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1479304-apoya-la-ue-el-rescate-directo-a-la-banca#comentarhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/02/actualidad/1338665588_479276.htmlLondres, refugio de los que escapan del euro.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1479554-londres-refugio-de-los-que-escapan-del-euro#comentarRescate económico, el gran dilema de España.Para más información:http://www.economist.com/node/21556238http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2012/06/05/l-espagne-trop-grande-pour-un-plan-de-sauvetage_1712936_3234.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/rescate-econmico-es-el-gran-dilema-de-espaa_11918920-4http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1479551-espana-admite-que-necesita-ayuda#comentarhttp://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/31/world/europe/spain-eurozone-threat/index.html?hpt=wo_t5Irlanda ratifica por abrumadora mayoría el corsé fiscal europeo.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/01/actualidad/1338550363_580320.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-irish-euro-referendum-http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-ireland-euro-vote-20120601,0,6247878.storyS&P evalúa probabilidades de Grecia de abandonar la zona euro.Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2012/06/05/pour-s-p-la-grece-a-au-moins-une-chance-sur-trois-de-sortir-de-l-euro_1712665_3234.html60 años cumple en el trono la reina Isabel II.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18333624http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/60-aos-cumple-en-el-trono-la-reina-isabel-ii_11920038-4http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/05/12062377-diamond-jubilee-celebrations-queen-cuts-a-lonely-figure-at-church-service?litehttp://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/06/04/internacional/_portada/noticias/8C868FCE-F0DA-4224-925A-761439C78AC3.htm?id={8C868FCE-F0DA-4224-925A-761439C78AC3}http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-06/06/content_15476827.htmhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/elizabeth-ii-comemora-jubileu-em-desfile-de-barcos-no-rio-tamisa-5107612#ixzz1wut7OCAN http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/04/world/europe/thames-flotilla-diamond-jubilee-queen-elizabeth-ii.html?ref=worldUn nuevo terremoto sacudió la región italiana de Emilia-Romaña.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1479031-un-nuevo-terremoto-sacude-la-region-italiana-de-emilia-romana#comentarReunión de los Ministros de Finanzas del G7 por crisis en la Eurozona.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18328774Los seísmos causan daños económicos por 5.000 millones de euros en Italia.Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/02/actualidad/1338659514_253658.htmlFiscalía vaticana interroga a mayordomo del Papa.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/fiscala-vaticana-interroga-a-mayordomo-del-papa_11923641-4http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/03/actualidad/1338752818_650373.htmlPresidente francés Francois Hollande visita Afganistán.Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghan-hollande-20120526,0,4231202.story"El País" de Madrid analiza: "El Parlamento francés: otra vez blanco y lleno de hombres".Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/03/actualidad/1338734115_594048.htmlMás de 20 manifestantes detenidos en Moscú.Para más información:http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/mais-de-20-manifestantes-sao-detidos-em-moscou-5122101#ixzz1wutBfVajFuerzas armenias matan a cinco soldados en la frontera con Azerbaiyán.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18328690Putin en Beijing intenta encontrar con China postura respecto a Siria.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-18327632Rupert Murdoch ejerce presión sobre reputación de Tony Blair.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/28/world/europe/uk-phone-hacking/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9Putin lucha en Berlín para frenar una crisis que también amenaza a Rusia.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/01/actualidad/1338566570_075972.html ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTEDistintos medios internacionales hacen referencia a la dramática situación de Siria. Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-06/06/content_15476891.htm http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg-syria-rebels-rearm-20120531,0,4611470.story http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2012/06/04/l-alliance-avec-les-djihadistes-divise-les-touareg-maliens_1712281_3212.html http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2012/06/05/l-armee-syrienne-a-l-offensive-a-proximite-de-hama_1712670_3218.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/el-ejrcito-sirio-asalta-bastiones-rebeldes-antes-de-la-reunin-rabe_11917841-4http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/03/actualidad/1338713721_231166.htmlhttp://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/30/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=wo_bn11 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/06/04/internacional/_portada/noticias/D895BA81-1CC9-4CEF-B155-EC6486109502.htm?id={D895BA81-1CC9-4CEF-B155-EC6486109502}http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/04/world/middleeast/assad-condemns-houla-massacre-blaming-outside-terrorists.html?ref=worldhttp://www.economist.com/node/21556241 http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/04/12053816-un-struggles-for-answers-as-syrian-truce-falls-apart?liteSiria expulsa a diplomáticos de Estados Unidos y Europa.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/851507.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/siria-declar-personas-no-gratas-a-embajadores-europeos-y-de-ee-uu_11923442-4 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-syria-aid-20120606,0,6946872.story http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18330403China y Rusia cierran filas contra una intervención militar en Siria.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/china-y-rusia-cierran-filas-contra-una-intervencion-en-siria_11924218-4Otro golpe a Al-Qaeda: Estados unidos mata a su nuevo "número dos".Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18334377 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/851598.html http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-06/06/content_15476893.htm http://openchannel.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/04/12054560-senior-al-qaida-leader-targeted-in-us-drone-strike-that-killed-15-in-pakistan?lite http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/numero-2-da-al-qaeda-teria-sido-morto-no-paquistao-5121969#ixzz1wuv20Pcuhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/world/asia/in-pakistan-4-acquitted-in-new-york-bomb-plot.html?ref=world&gwh=8937E9CA55E69D8BD372FDC3B639D51Fhttp://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/02/world/asia/pakistan-drone-strike/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1479501-otro-golpe-a-al-qaeda-eeuu-mata-a-su-nuevo-numero-dos#comentar http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/eeuu-confirma-muerte-de-abu-yahya-al-libi-nmero-dos-de-al-qaeda_11924125-4IAEA analiza enriquecimiento de uranio por parte de Irán y busca acuerdo.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-iran-nuclear-20120526,0,418614.story http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-06/05/content_15473375.htmSuu Kyi pidió respaldo internacional para mejorar vida de los birmanos.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2012/06/05/la-presse-officielle-birmane-dresse-l-eloge-d-aung-san-suu-kyi_1712651_3216.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/world/asia/burmese-opposition-leader-visits-thailand.html?ref=worldhttp://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/28/world/meast/bahrain-rights-activist/index.html?hpt=wo_bn11http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/01/world/asia/thailand-suu-kyi-myanmar/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/suu-kyi-pidi-respaldo-internacional-para-mejorar-vida-de-los-birmanos_11916334-4Kim Phuc, un símbolo de la guerra de Vietnam, 40 años después.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1479341-kim-phuc-40-anos-despues-un-simbolo-de-la-guerra-de-vietnam#comentarLa represión en China continúa a 23 años de la masacre en Tiananmen,Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1479213-por-tiananmen-la-censura-en-china-llego-hasta-la-bolsa#comentar http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/04/12043853-us-urges-china-to-free-prisoners-on-tiananmen-square-anniversary?liteAl menos 26 muertos y 190 heridos deja ataque suicida en Bagdad .Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/atentado-contra-oficina-chita-en-bagdad-irak_11920810-4China intenta impulsar su crecimiento.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-china-no-stimulus-20120531,0,2010993.storyChina insta a embajada de Estados Unidos que deje de reportar datos sobre la contaminación en Beijing.Para más información: http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/05/12061702-china-tells-us-embassy-to-stop-reporting-beijing-pollution?lite http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/china-pede-aos-eua-que-nao-informe-sobre-contaminacao-do-ar-em-pequim-5122015#ixzz1wuv5P0qHChina detiene a un alto funcionario al que acusa de espiar para Estados Unidos.Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/01/actualidad/1338557807_763349.htmlCuatro trabajadores son liberados por la OTAN en Afganistán.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/02/world/asia/afghanistan-kidnapping/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/02/12020753-nato-rescues-doctors-kidnapped-by-taliban-in-extraordinarily-brave-operation?lite ÁFRICALa condena de Mubarak irrumpe en la carrera presidencial egipcia.Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-06/05/content_15476779.htmhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/protestas-en-egipto-para-protestar-contra-sentencia-a-hosni-mubarak_11919442-4http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg-egypt-mubarak-sentence-20120603,0,7651344.storyhttp://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/04/12050299-mubarak-trial-dismay-in-egypt-over-those-left-off-the-hook?litehttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/world/middleeast/egypt-hosni-mubarak-life-sentence-prison.html?_r=1&ref=world http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/03/world/meast/egypt-mubarak-trial/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/31/world/africa/egypt-emergency-law/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10 Miles de personas en El Cairo piden que se anule candidatura de Shafiq.Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-egypt-elections-20120527,0,3534501.storyhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/miles-de-personas-en-tahrir-piden-que-se-anule-candidatura-de-shafiq_11924190-4http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/03/actualidad/1338688238_501173.html"El País" de Madrid analiza: "La suerte de los dictadores de la 'primavera árabe'".Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/02/actualidad/1338641961_271002.htmlEn torno a 150 personas fallecen en un accidente aéreo en Nigeria.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18330586http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-06/05/content_15473344.htmhttp://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-nepal-constitution-20120530,0,569224.storyhttp://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/04/12042049-engine-problems-eyed-after-passenger-jet-crashes-in-nigeria-suburb?litehttp://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2012/06/05/a-lagos-le-crash-d-un-boeing-ajoute-au-chaos-ambiant_1712085_3212.htmlhttp://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/06/04/internacional/internacional/noticias/628BFEC1-9EFE-47E0-8BA4-7A6D33BF3CF1.htm?id={628BFEC1-9EFE-47E0-8BA4-7A6D33BF3CF1}http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/aviao-de-passageiros-se-choca-contra-predio-na-nigeria-5108205#ixzz1wuvPCzuV http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2012/06/03/world/africa/03reuters-nigeria-crash.html?ref=worldMilicia libia toma a la fuerza aeropuerto de Trípoli.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18335015http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/04/12048635-total-confusion-libyan-militia-surrounds-cuts-off-tripoli-airport?lite http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/world/middleeast/in-tripoli-lebanon-a-deadly-battle-over-syrian-conflict.html?ref=worldhttp://www.lemonde.fr/libye/article/2012/06/04/libye-l-aeroport-de-tripoli-encercle-les-vols-deroutes_1712467_1496980.htmlhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/aeroporto-de-tripoli-tomado-por-milicia-5115567Según Naciones Unidas, Sudán desplazó tropas a la región de Abyei.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/30/world/africa/sudans-conflict/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10 OTRASSegún reporte de ONG existen 21 millones de personas en situación de trabajo forzado.Para más información: http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/01/rights-group-21-million-now-in-forced-labor/?hpt=wo_c2"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21556305
Die Inhalte der verlinkten Blogs und Blog Beiträge unterliegen in vielen Fällen keiner redaktionellen Kontrolle.
Warnung zur Verfügbarkeit
Eine dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit ist nicht garantiert und liegt vollumfänglich in den Händen der Blogbetreiber:innen. Bitte erstellen Sie sich selbständig eine Kopie falls Sie einen Blog Beitrag zitieren möchten.
The Iraqi army captain who assassinated King Faisal II and his family in 1958 claimed, "All I did was remember Palestine, and the trigger on the machine-gun just set itself off." Although Iraqi historians refute this assertion and maintain the officer was a delusional madman, in the days leading up to the massacre of the royal family, the Iraqi opposition had been emboldened by growing anti-Israel sentiment and a perception that the Iraqi monarchy leaned too heavily toward Western nations which enabled Israeli aggression toward Arab states. Six decades later, the Palestinian question still enrages the "Arab Street." The war in Gaza raises concerns of violent regional spillover and Iraq would not be not immune from the consequences. Unlike the Houthis in Yemen and Hezbollah in Lebanon, however, it is unlikely that armed conflict will come to Iraq as sympathy for the Palestinians will not trump war fatigue. Yet, there are reasons to fear the indirect costs of war. Chief among those concerns revolve around neighboring Iran being involved in a wider conflict, but no less significant could be the effects on the internal politics of Iraq, its economy, and its international relations. Much will depend on the skills of Prime Minister Mohammed Shia Al-Sudani to balance the pressure from his political opponents and the armed militias.Internal politicsAll politics are local, and in Iraq they are often armed. Unlike the dictatorships, dynasties, and monarchies surrounding it, Iraq remains a parliamentary democracy, generally responsive to public sentiment but also coercion from armed militias outside of government control.Iraq's recent history shows the best and worst of democracy, free speech, and the right to assemble. In October 2019, widespread street protests over corruption, unemployment, inadequate services, and poor living conditions brought down the government of Prime Minister Adil Abdul-Mahdi. The Tishreen ("October") protesters demanded the resignation of Abdul-Mahdi, commitments to reform, and early elections. While authorities responded with a relatively heavy hand, the government fell within two months. Abdul-Mahdi's replacement, Mustafa al Kadhimi, enjoyed a full term in office but the process of replacing him with the current prime minister, Mohammed Shia Al-Sudani came after Iraq went through the longest period without a formal government in its modern history. Among other factors, his appointment was fiercely opposed by the powerful rabble-rousing Shia leader Muqtada al-Sadr when Sadr was unable to form a government. Sadr's party resigned en masse from Parliament but not before his followers stormed the Council of Representatives in July 2022 twice, and occupied the Presidential Palace the following month. The departure of the Sadrists from the palace led to a deadly firefight in the Green Zone which soon spread to Iraq's southern provinces. Against this backdrop of violence and turmoil, the Sudani government came to power in October 2022 fully understanding the need to remain sensitive to public opinion and well armed political opponents. The Sudani government also remains under pressure from militias, a delicate balancing act for a country beholden to the accomplishments of these groups in the fight against Daesh, or ISIS. These militias enjoy quasi-political influence on the Iraqi body politic and are closely tied to Iran. Sudani's political opponents have been closely watching for a misstep (common to all opposition parties worldwide), not least Sadr, who has already called on his supporters to join "peaceful" demonstrations in protest of Israel's war on Gaza. Rarely are Sadrist demonstrations peaceful as shown by the sit-ins in 2021 and the violent attacks into the protected Green Zone in 2022.Against this backdrop, Sudani maintains a careful reading of internal politics. While he may not be ousted by demonstrations like Abdul-Mahdi or fend off assassination attempts as did Khadimi, participating in internal politics remains a risky business in Iraq; so is international diplomacy.External relations While Prime Minister Sudani has demonstrated strong skills in managing Iraq's internal politics, external relations with Iran and the United States could provide the missteps his opponents seek. Despite strong condemnation of the attacks into Gaza, Iran-backed militias have significantly ramped up their drone and rocket attacks on U.S. military bases in Iraq and Syria.In response, a parade of U.S. officials from CIA Director William Burns to Secretary of State Antony Blinken (adorned in body armor) have visited Iraq since October 7 persuading, cajoling, and warning Sudani of the consequences of continued attacks on U.S. personnel. Sudani issued stern warnings that Iraqi territory should not be used as a proxy battlefield, and that continued attacks by these groups may provoke U.S. action against Iran even in the absence of proof that these attacks were "explicitly ordered" by Tehran. Arresting a small number of suspects in the attacks has, for the moment, kept the diplomatic situation somewhat calm. Sudani seems to have found a way to acquiesce to Washington's demands while placating Iran and the militias. Keen on maintaining positive relations with both Iran and the U.S., while remaining attentive and in tune to sentiments on the street, Sudani cannot risk being perceived as cowering to Western pressures at a time when public opinion is overwhelmingly in support of Gaza. But that balancing act will require continued statesmanship to uphold Iraq's sovereignty without being labeled by detractors as a puppet of any hegemon, whether Iran or the U.S. A tipping point, however, may be if the war in Gaza continues. The recent outcry against the December 25 airstrikes by the U.S. military in response to a rocket attack which seriously injured an American soldier is the most recent example. Not only did Sudani call the rocket attack an act of terrorism, but also condemned the American strike as a serious violation of Iraqi sovereignty and announced that "the Iraqi government is heading towards ending the presence of international coalition forces."Economic effectsWhile Iraq's economy has shown some signs of recovery in recent months — 25 percent of Iraqis reportedly live below the poverty line — unemployment is forecasted to reach 40 percent, and climate change has contributed to water scarcity. There is little appetite for yet another war in Iraq when average Iraqis are battling to get by.In the event the Gaza conflict expands, Iraqis could be affected by events such as the Houthi attacks in the Red Sea. Blocking maritime traffic through the Suez Canal and rerouting traffic around the Cape of Good Hope in Africa could affect the relatively modest inflation rate in Iraq at a time when the Iraqi dinar has also gone through a significant depreciation. While the economic situation in Iraq is far better than regional neighbors such as Iran, Turkey, and Egypt, expectations from consumers used to relatively stable prices are high and even a small amount of economic turbulence on top of anger at the situation in Gaza could challenge the Sudani government. As former Iraqi Energy Minister Luay Al Khateeb puts it, "If the Gaza war engulfs Iran, this will lead to major consequences on Iraq's political and economic stability. The ramifications will force Iran to prioritize its needs to meet local demand on power sector and gas supplies and cut natural gas electricity exports to Iraq."Iraq currently imports electricity and gas from Iran that total close to 40 percent of its power supply. "Iran's force majeure cuts will compromise Iraq's national grid to disable 50 percent of Iraq's service sectors and investment projects, affecting the country's revenue; [it will have a] negative impact on GDP and will most certainly ignite unprecedented populous protests against the government and the political system at large," says Al Khateeb. "For Iraq to avoid such a situation, a quick short term resolution will come at a major cost to compensate for the losses by importing expensive diesel and securing more financial allocation for power generation maintenance that will eventually increase the budget deficit beyond control."Iraq's former Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Dr Ali Allawi concurs."A war certainly would lead to Iranian cutbacks of gas supplied to Iraq," he says, adding, "It would also be used to pressure Iraq to drop its public neutrality between the U.S. and Iran. The Iraqi public is decidedly in favor of Palestine, and the Gaza war has made the Iranian connection less contentious than before."While international actors seek to contain the violence inside of Israel and Gaza, regional actors seem intent on expanding the war well beyond those borders. Hezbollah in Lebanon, the Houthis in Yemen and Iran-backed militias seem hell-bent on spreading the flames. The United States blames Iran as the source of regional provocations and even if inaccurate, the U.S. has put its forces on war footing, sending aircraft carriers and increased intelligence and other combat capabilities into the region, ostensibly to deter and contain the conflict — moves that inadvertently increase the dangers.of that very conflagration either by mistake, miscalculation, or misstep. The recent American-led maritime mission, Operation Prosperity Guardian, will increase the number of international warships in the Red Sea and should a Houthi missile sink a commercial tanker or a U.S. warship, the responses and counter-responses may make the war in Gaza seem minor.The Middle East has not seen this level of instability in decades and Iraq is not immune from that instability. Even if, to date, it has not been directly affected by the Gaza war or a wider regional conflict, Iraq it is already feeling its indirect effects through increased tensions between the U.S. and Iran, large scale street protests in support of Palestine, Iranian -backed militias attacking U.S. personnel, domestic political opponents, and impacts on the Iraqi economy. While Prime Minister Sudani has deftly managed those challenges to date, it remains problematic whether he, or Iraq, can weather the storms blowing in from Gaza for much longer.
