Suchergebnisse

In das Thema der "kollektiven Gewalt gegen Leib, Leben und Eigentum ethnischer Gruppen" einführend leistet der Autor zunächst eine fundierte Begriffsbestimmung von Pogrom, verweist auf die unterschiedliche Verwendung des Begriffes in der Sowjetunion und im Westen und präsentiert als Ergebnis eines Streifzuges durch die internationale Literatur verschiedene Typenbildungen bzw. eine Typologie. Im Anschluss werden die theoretischen Erklärungsansätze vorgestellt, mit denen die Entstehung und der Verlauf von Pogromen bisher analysiert worden sind: Die Theorie kollektiven Verhaltens liefert eine Analyse von 'feindseligen Ausbrüchen', die mit dem Ausgangspunkt einer strukturellen Spannung ihren Verlauf nehmen. Ein weiterer Erklärungsansatz für kollektive Gewalt versteht Gewaltformen als soziale Kontrolle. Demnach "setzt die gewaltsame Selbsthilfe einer Gruppe ein, wenn sie ein Verhalten als deviant definiert und darauf reagiert". Die Kollektivtheorie wiederum versteht Unruhen als eine extreme Form, ethnische Konflikte auszutragen. Die kollektive 'Selbsthilfe' nimmt dann die Form eines Pogroms an, "wenn der Organisationsgrad der Akteure gering ist und die angegriffene Gruppe als Kollektiv beschuldigt wird". Ein kulturalistischer Ansatz hebt unter Rückgriff auf ethnologische Theorien des symbolischen Handelns die kulturelle und symbolische Logik des kollektiven Handelns in Pogromen hervor. Auf das Gewalthandeln eingehend, folgt eine Erläuterung sowohl der Handlungsziele (Verbesserung und Sicherung der Gruppenposition, Abwehr einer wahrgenommenen Bedrohung) als auch der Wirkung auf die Minderheit (Verunsicherung, Angst, Verschlechterung der sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Lage). Abschließend beleuchtet der Autor kritisch den Forschungsstand zu Pogromen und mahnt an, "dass bisher getrennte Disziplinen wie kollektive politische Gewalt und Ethnizität/ethnische Konflikte enger aufeinander bezogen werden müssen". (ICG)

This paperexamines procedures and findings in estimation of the 'visual disamenity cost' associated with installation of high-voltage overhead power lines in the Wet Tropics of Queensland. The study was performed within a short timeframe and small budget, hence the need to design a relatively simple and cost-effective approach, yet one which would yield acceptable information on environmental values. An extensive literature review and advice from a number of resource economists indicated that there was little information from previous studies to support benefit transfer methodology. It was found possible to estimate disamenity costs to ecotourism operation (using a simplified travel cost approach), agricultural operations (based on compensation payments) and residential property values (through a simplified hedonic price approach). A planned contingent valuation of the intrusive effect of the transmission lines through rainforest areas did not proceed, due at least in part to the political sensitivity of this issue. © 2002 Economic Society of Australia (Queensland) Inc.

This study explores variations in macroeconomic policy and performance in contemporary Latin America on the basis of a theoretical model that emphasizes the complex interplay of partisan control of the government, labor strength, and electoral competition. The plausibility of the model is assessed on the basis of a cross-national time series analysis of economic policy choice and performance in nineteen nations. Contrary to the view that internationalization of the world economy leaves limited room for domestic actors and institutions to influence public policy, the findings suggest that macroeconomic performance in contemporary Latin America reflects eminently political processes of policy formation shaped by partisanship, electoral competition, and union strength. The study thereby points to the broader relevance of the literature on the political economy of the advanced industrial democracies, which has emphasized the impact of domestic political institutions, particularly political parties and trade unions, on policy choice and performance.

In this paper, the concept of sovereignty and other related important problematic concepts such as nation, people and self-determination, that are closely, in fact organically, related to the concept of a nation state, and the problems associated with them will be analyzed in different 'waves' (historical processes) of the emergence of nation states. It is argued that the concept of sovereignty and other related concepts were in each 'wave' abused first by the monarchist leaders and later by the nation states, great powers and the international community. The author makes some modest recommendations for the international relations and international law literatures about how to establish and maintain peace in the new world order in the twenty-first century, given the current context consisting of a fragmented international society and that of several ethnic conflicts, such as the ethnic violence in Kosovo, Northern Ireland, and Chechnya. ; The file in this item is the publisher version (published version) of the article.

Titelblatt und Inhaltsverzeichnis I. Einführung 1\. Der Gegenstand 2\. Neoliberaler Institutionalismus und die Stabilisierung von Regimen 3\. Vorgehensweise II. Fallstudien 1\. Ukraine 2\. Nordkorea 3\. Iran III. Zusammenfassung und Schlussfolgerungen 1\. Gegenüberstellung der Ergebnisse 2\. Ausblick IV. Verwendete Quellen und Literatur ; Gegenstand der Arbeit ist die Stabilisierung des nuklearen Nichtverbreitungsregimes durch sein einflussreichstes Mitglied, die USA, in den neunziger Jahren. Untersucht werden drei Kampagnen, um Staaten wieder in das Regime zurückzuführen. Die Fallstudien behandeln den Nuklearwaffenverzicht der Ukraine, die Nuklearkrise in Nordkorea und die US-Kampagne gegen die nukleare Proliferation im Iran. Theoretischer Grundlage ist der neoliberale Institutionalismus, der die Entstehung und den Bestand von Institutionen anhand ihrer kooperationserleichternden Funktionen untersucht. Regime helfen staatlichen Akteuren dabei, miteinander zu kooperieren, indem sie Konsultationsverfahren, Informationen und Reziprozität bereitstellen. Dieser funktionale Kontext wird auch als Rahmenbedingung für die einzelstaatlichen Stabilisierungsmaßnahmen verstanden. Von besonderem Interesse war die Situation, dass die USA, um einen Regelbruch zu verhindern, sich auch genötigt sehen konnten, selbst Regeln des Regimes zu brechen. Regimeregeln werden hier differenziert in Verhaltens- und Verfahrensregeln. Erstere betreffen den Zweck der Kooperation, letztere die Implementierungs-, Verifikations- und Entscheidungsprozeduren. Drei Fragestellungen leiten die Arbeit: 1) Warum verletzten die USA bei ihren Kampagnen die Verhaltens- oder Verfahrensregeln des Nichtverbreitungsregimes? 2) Welche Möglichkeiten und Grenzen setzte das Nichtverbreitungsregime der einseitigen Politik der Amerikaner? War die Befolgung der Regimeregeln ein Faktor für den Erfolg der Nichtverbreitungskampagnen? Wenn ja, auf welche Weise beeinflusste die Verletzung der Regeln die amerikanische Stabilisierungspolitik? 3) Wie wurde die Wirksamkeit ...

ESPAÑOL: Este trabajo trata de acercarnos al momento político real que se vivió en la ciudad de Zamora en 1158. En esta fecha se produjo lo que se ha denominado como Motín de la Trucha, una revuelta popular que dio lugar a un relato legendario que no se ajusta del todo a la realidad histórica. Se analizará el papel del rey de León en este suceso y la respuesta que dio al brote de violencia antinobiliar en la ciudad. / ENGLISH: We are trying to see the real political situation in Zamora in 1158. By this time, we know that an event known as the Revolt of the Trout took place in that city. This revolt produced a legendary literature which is not the accurate reality. We are going to analyze the figure of the king of León in this event, and the way that he gave response to the antinobiliar revolt in the city.

Why did Western Europe create uniquely strong international institutions in the 1950s, setting the foundations for today's quasi-federal European Union? This article contests explanations of the European Economic Community (EEC) as a straightforward response to structural interdependence, or as an institutionally "path-dependent" variation on such a response. Only leadership based on certain ideas explains why Europeans created the EEC rather than pursuing cooperation within weaker institutions or standard diplomatic instruments. In France—the only major state that insisted on the "community" framework—divided preferences and issue-linkages created "multiple equilibria" that allowed leaders to mobilize support for several European strategies. The EEC strategy was selected over viable alternatives by leaders who stood out from their party, bureaucratic, sectoral, and regional allies in holding certain ideas about Europe. This demonstration of the major, distinct impact of ideas offers concrete support to the growing theoretical literature on ideas and norms.

The article proposes a model for evaluating budget reforms that combines insights from budgeting, policy implementation, and system‐dynamics literatures. System‐dynamics modeling combines both quantitative and qualitative research techniques to provide a new framework for applied research; its use is illustrated using performance budgeting as an example. Applied to the implementation of Florida's performance‐based program budget, the model identifies actions in the short run that will increase the reform's likelihood of success: providing clear communications; facilitative budget and accounting routines; reliable performance information. The model also identifies critical legislative behaviors that influence executive implementation: how the legislature in the long‐run uses performance information to inform resource allocation and how it applies incentives or sanctions to programs that achieve or fail to achieve their performance standards. The legislature has the opportunity to use program reviews prepared by legislative staff to invigorate the executive branch's resolve to continue implementing the reform.

Although academic and professional publications give the impression that performance measurement is a growing government practice, in actuality the use of this technology is not as deep or as widespread as it may appear. Even when performance measures are used, governments rarely integrate them into planning, budget, personnel, and other management processes. Most professional researchers located primarily in academic institutions, but also in research and government organizations, approach performance measurement as though governmental officials, elected or otherwise, are already sold on its usefulness. Instead, they need to function as "change agents," using a variety of strategies to gain acceptance and understanding of the strengths and limitations of performance measurement. This article draws on the authors' experiences with the Community Benchmarks Program of the Maxwell School in Onondaga County and a review of the current literature. It suggests guidelines for professional researchers who want to increase the use of performance measures by governments at all levels.

It is a requirement of the EU that member states undertake the development of urban transport in a sustainable manner. According to the EU the key elements in a sustainable strategy are: -- reduction of the adverse impact of traffic congestion on a city?s efficiency, -- increased provision of attractive public transport services. This thesis examines urban development policy throughout Europe and identifies the necessary components for a more sustainable urban area. From literature it was found that urban density was considered to be the most important factor for reducing car use and increasing the use of environmentally friendly modes of transport - public transport, cycling and walking. It was found that population densities should be above 50 persons per hectare (pph) to begin to impact on the mode choice. ; TARA (Trinity?s Access to Research Archive) has a robust takedown policy. Please contact us if you have any concerns: rssadmin@tcd.ie

The international financial architecture literature is concerned with a set of best principles & practices that may lower the risk of financial crises & spillover effects. The financial world has grown enormously more complicated since the end of Bretton Woods. The valuable work of several standard-setting institutions must be judged as minimum requirements for good practice, which are below the perceived needs of the leading financial centers. The paper proposes a "portal" solution, in which the two most important financial centers, the United States & the United Kingdom, set best practices on international financial standards. Since these two centers control access to international markets, & thus, are the conduit of systemic risk, they can establish both the rules for market access & the core regulatory & supervisory framework to deal with international systemic issues. The regulators of the two portals therefore play the fundamental international regulatory role. 37 References. [Copyright 2002 Sage Publications, Inc.]

In this research note, we report the results of a fully randomized telephone experiment designed to test the effectiveness & consequences of advance letters as applied to registered voters. We extend the literature on advance letters for telephone surveys by assessing the impact of such letters in a political survey, & by using ancillary information not usually available in other experiments. The study, conducted in AZ, in the period preceding the state's 2000 presidential primaries demonstrated that notification letters can significantly increase response rates. By using a listed sample that contained key demographic & political characteristics of all sample units, we were able to compare the effect that the notification letter had on the cooperation rates of different types of respondents. Based on our results, it appears that men, younger people, non-partisans, & "non-locals" need different kinds of incentives than do women, older people, partisans, & "locals.". 3 Tables, 1 Appendix, 15 References. Adapted from the source document.

This study explores variations in macroeconomic policy & performance in contemporary Latin America on the basis of a theoretical model that emphasizes the complex interplay of partisan control of the government, labor strength, & electoral competition. The plausibility of the model is assessed on the basis of a cross-national time-series analysis of economic policy choice & performance in 19 nations. Contrary to the view that internationalization of the world economy leaves limited room for domestic actors & institutions to influence public policy, the findings suggest that macroeconomic performance in contemporary Latin America reflects eminently political processes of policy formation shaped by partisanship, electoral competition, & union strength. The study thereby points to the broader relevance of the literature on the political economy of the advanced industrial democracies that has emphasized the impact of domestic political institutions, particularly political parties & trade unions, on policy choice & performance. 7 Tables, 4 Figures, 68 References. Adapted from the source document.