Suchergebnisse

Confine o frontiera? I due termini sono sinonimi, oppure indicano due modalità persino opposte di stabilire una linea divisoria? E quale rapporto esiste tra la valenza metaforica, spesso legata al mito e all'avventura, del concetto di «confine», e la sua materializzazione concreta come frontiere, poliziesca o militare? L'autore sviluppa questi interrogativi a partire dalla propria esperienza biografica e familiare; estendendo poi la perlustrazione a un altro tipo di confine: quello linguistico e culturale. La traduzione letteraria come possibilità di superare questo confine, e di riflettere su alcuni elementi basilari della scrittura stessa. ; Border or frontier? Are the two terms synonymous or do they perhaps indicate opposing modes of establishing a dividing line? And what is the relationship between the metaphorical content of the concept of «border», often tied to myth and adventure, and its concrete materialization in frontier, police and military? The author develops these questions from her own particular experience and then extends the survey to another type of border, the cultural and linguistic, and considers literary translation as a form of crossing it and transmitting the basic elements of writing.

El autor plantea cuáles son los retos que el Ecuador debe afrontar para ratificar firmemente su participación política y económica en la Comunidad Andina. Se pregunta para ello ¿qué clase de integración queremos yen qué contexto international puede insertarse dicha integración? El artículo se concentra en nueve aspectos comerciales y económicos que deberán ser abordados por el nuevo gobierno. Finalmente, elabora una reflexión sobre las posibilidades de constituir un Mercado Común Andino, tarea que supone grandes desafíos en materia de libre circulación de servicios y capitales. ; By tackling such questions as ""what kind of integration we desire"" and ""what international environment could allow the integration we seek'; the author inquires into the main challenges that Ecuador must meet so as to firmly ratify its political and economic participation in the Andean Community. This article focuses on nine economic and trade subjects which the new administration will Have to deal with. Finally, there is a discussion about the possibilities of constructing an Andean Common Market, a task which implies huge challenges with regards to the free movement of services and capital.

El autor explica la evolución de los acontecimientos en ese país desde 1973 y considera que el régimen de los Talibán y el apoyo y hospitalidad que le han dado a la organización Al Qaeda de Osama Bin Laden constituyen, en esencia, un rezago, o epílogo, de la Guerra Fría. El autor también explica los esfuerzos en curso para establecer en Afganistán un gobierno que garantice estabilidad y paz a un pueblo que ya ha sufrido demasiado durante casi tres décadas y examina algunas de las posibles motivaciones de los actos terroristas contra los Estados Unidos. ; The author explains the evolution of events in Afghanistan since 1973 and considers that the Taliban regime and the support and hospitality that it has given to the Al Qaeda organization of Osama Bin Laden constitute, in essence, a left-over, or an epilogue, of the cold war. AIso discussed are current efforts to establish a government in Afghanistan that would ensure stability and peace to a people that has suffered too much over almost three decades as well as some of the possible motives for the terrorist attack against the United States.

The argument in this article is that Horace's treatment of death, in literary terms, can be divided into three distinct phases: the first (41 to 30 years), in which he alludes to it in a distant, jocular and humorous way; the second (30 to 20), during which he feels overcome by an intense melancholy; and the third (20 to 8 years), in which, except for Ode IV 7, he almost forgets death altogether. The author sees the reasons for these three phases in the genre and in political and personal motives. ; El asunto de este artículo es que el tratamiento por Horacio del tema de la muerte puede, en términos literarios, ser repartido en tres períodos distintos: en el primero (años 41 a 30), se refiere a la muerte de manera distante, humorística y hasta jocosa; en el segundo (30 a 20), se siente derrotado por una intensa melancolía; en el tercero (años 8 a 20), excepto en Odas IV 7, casi no toca el tema. El autor justifica esos tres períodos por el género literario y por motivos personales y políticos.

After the first elections for the federal parliament (Bundestag) of unified Germany in Dec 1990, one new party gained entrance into the Bundestag: the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS). This party is the successor party of the United Socialist Party of Germany (SED), the ruling communist party in East Germany. The PDS is still represented in the Bundestag; it also has representatives in all lander parliaments of the eastern German regions, & is the third strongest party overall, & in some eastern German towns, the strongest party. To explain the PDS's excellent electoral results & its political clout, the author analyzes the party's ideological/programmatic goals, as well as the social conflicts it articulates in the German party system. The PDS represents the anti-Western social milieu, which includes 20% of the population of eastern Germany. Although the PDS has been trying to shed its communist legacy, its attitude toward the elements of the liberal/democratic regime has remained ambivalent since its members & voters demonstrate a significant antidemocratic potential. 12 Tables, 23 References. Adapted from the source document.

"The Ethics of Self-Preservation and the Theory of Political Duties in Hobbes' Leviathan". In order to present the political argument in Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan, the author proposes an interpretation of his doctrine developed by Alfred Taylor, Howard Warrender and Michael Oakeshott. According to this interpretation, Hobbesian ethics, as developed in his theory of the laws of nature, once distinguished from his selfish psychology, shows itself as a strict deontological ethics, very close to Kant's. The second part of the paper attempts to show the problems with this interpretation of Leviathan. ; Para exponer el argumento político del Leviatán de Thomas Hobbes, se presenta una interpretación de su doctrina –desarrollada por Alfred Taylor, Howard Warrender y Michael Oakeshott. Según esta interpretación, la ética hobbesiana -desarrollada en la teoría de las leyes de naturaleza-, una vezseparada de su psicología egoísta, se manifiesta como una ética deontológica muy estricta, que se puede pensar muy cercana a la de Kant. En la segunda parte, se expone una interpretación de Hobbes con la que se busca señalar los problemas de esta lectura del Leviatán

This study compares transition processes in countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union (FSU) and sub-Saharan Africa.By widening the scope from most- to least-developed transition economies, the study establishes the importance of a strong state with evolved institutional capacity to protect citizens, enforce property rights and generate social capital.The evidence presented further argues that enforceable, credible property rights with associated market discipline are among the best antidotes to corruption, shadow economies, criminal injustice and poverty.The presence of accountable institutions also influences economic growth and the ability of a country to attract trade and foreign direct investment.Consequently, when institutions of FSU and sub-Saharan countries develop to the point they become attractive to traders and investors from rich countries, their governments need to focus on abolition of barriers to trade, investment and capital.The author commends the recent reorientation of the international donor community towards encouraging recipient governments to commit credibly to increasing capacities of their state institutions with a view to supporting property-based rule of law and social order.

This article's goals are twofold: to demonstrate the fallacy of Popper's depiction of the Athenian democracy in the 5th century BC, especially of its longtime leader Pericles; & to defend Thucydides from Popper's completely unfounded allegations of bias. In line with his vision of an eternal struggle against totalitarianism, Popper attempts to counterbalance totalitarian attitudes whose roots he finds in Plato by expressing the then positive values. He offsets Pericles to Plato, & the Athenian democracy to Plato's idea of the state inspired by Sparta. Popper first finds an enemy & only then constructs the "open society." Democracy in Athens, which Popper advances as a prototype of the open society, in practice, had very little in common with that concept. However, everything that cannot be incorporated into his concept, Popper simply ignores, distorts, & changes. The author dissects Popper's account of the Athenian democracy, & dwells on Pericles's famous funeral oration. He describes how Popper devised the term "open society" by taking Pericles's words out of context, not even shying from using an (altogether) faulty translation of Thucydides. 24 References. Adapted from the source document.

Examines possible causal mechanisms in the relationship between television and political behavior and attitudes; US. Time replacement, dimensions of watching TV, TV variables, effect on attitudes, political efficacy, and "mean world syndrome".

On demo-cracy in America.

This article presents the findings of a research program designed to develop a historical sociology of forms of demonstration. It is based on a study of the conditions in which, during the 1990s, the NASA developed a sophisticated software program for the preparation of missions into space. Analysis of the research conditions reveals the nature and the stakes of recourse to a specific form of demonstration, demos informatiques. These demos turned out to be one of the main sources of the form taken by the activity and the relations of the researchers in AI and in logic informatique, in San Francisco's Silicon Valley. The study of the conditions of possibility of the demos, and the constraints on their practice and uses leads the author to identify capitalist procedures in the production of demonstrations. The analysis further reveals the establishment of a demo-cratic regime in the US confirming the power in place — not that of the masses — by the right to oversee the closed world of laboratories, which is that of the demos and their privileged users, namely the capitalists of science.

AbstractThis paper deals with the history of the two lines of reincarnated lamas of the Baruun Heid monastery in Alasha and is written by the most senior representative of this tradition. According to The Biography of the Sixth Dalai Lama, sometimes called The Secret Biography, and according to the tradition of the Alasha Mongols, the Sixth Dalai Lama did not die in 1706 in the Khökhnuur area as described in standard histories. Instead he is said to have escaped while being taken to Beijing under custody and after various travels to have settled in Alasha, where he died in 1746. His disciples founded a monastery and two complementary reincarnation lines which combined the reincarnations of the de-throned Sixth Dalai Lama and those of Sangye Gyatso (1653–1705), the Tibetan regent or desi (sde srid) who had recognised him. The author, who is at the same time Professor of Linguistics at Inner Mongolia University and the current reincarnation of Sangye Gyatso, describes this widely discussed tradition and its re-emergence in Alasha after the Cultural Revolution

It is well known that China's corruption problem has become more and more serious during the period of economic reform. This paper examines China's corruption problem with the help of several simple economic models. The author proposes the concepts of implicit corruption and explicit corruption. We explain how the granting of privileges has directly created implicit corruption in China's socialist market economy. We argue that the long‐term existence of the same privileged group in Chinese society has led to widespread collusion among its members, and as a result, these privileged group members, by utilizing their monopoly power, are able to seize almost all the wealth created by the ordinary Chinese people. This seizure is accomplished by means of a two‐part tariff in pricing their administrative service, which is the essence of the explicit corruption. Finally, we point out that, because both implicit corruption and explicit corruption are generated by China's political system, which grants and protects privileges, unless a political reform is initiated and privileges are eliminated, China's problem of corruption will never be solved.

Die Universalität der Menschenrechte wird seit Jahren zwischen den verschiedenen Kulturkreisen kontrovers diskutiert. Die vorliegende Untersuchung geht der Frage nach, ob ethische Normen, wie z.B. die Menschenrechte, universal oder nur partikular (für eine bestimmte Wertgemeinschaft) begründbar sind. Zur Klärung werden Beiträge aus dem Protestantismus (u.a. W. Herrmann, E. Troeltsch, K. Barth und T. Rendtorff) und der Philosophie (Naturrechtstradition, R. Alexy, O. Höffe) analysiert. Der Verfasser kommt zu dem Ergebnis, daß ethische Normen immer in einem bestimmten, etwa dem christlichen, Menschenbild fundiert sind, aber zugleich auf universale, im Weltanschauungsdiskurs zu erweisende Plausibilität zielen. - For years now, the question of the universality of human rights has been the subject of controversial discussion between the various cultures. The present study examines whether ethical norms, for example human rights, can be jusified universally or only particulary (for the values of a particular community). To achieve clarification, contributions are analyzed from Protestantism (inter alia W. Herrmann, E. Troeltsch, K. Barth and T. Rendtorff) and from philosophy (the tradition of natural law, R. Alexy, O. Hoffe). The author concludes that ethical norms are always grounded in a particular view humanity - for instance the Christian view, but at the aim for universal plausibility which is to be established in the discourse of world views.

The widest framework available for the treatment of language problems is offered by sociolinguistics. The author of the article begins by introducing sociolinguistics, & claims that one of its four basic thematic clusters, which he calls 'Sociolinguistics IV,' is fully devoted to language problems. Mainstream Sociolinguistics, a US-based social network that has made a fundamental contribution to sociolinguistics since the 1960s, developed a version of 'Sociolinguistics IV' that is known as Language Planning. It is in confrontation with Language Planning that the theory of Language Management grew in the 1980s & 1990s. This paper briefly discusses the contribution & problems characteristic of Language Planning & outlines the main features of the Language Management theory. Among these, special attention is paid to the process of language management, which develops out of deviations from norms, whereby some of the deviations are noted, some of the noted deviations are evaluated, & certain adjustment plans are considered & implemented. Finally, the paper suggests that the Language Management theory could perhaps make a valid contribution to other social science disciplines, such as sociology or political science.

The main objective of the article is to present the development of social work in Lithuania. The conception of social work and the social work definition problems are discussed in the first part. The absence of general social work theory and multfifunctionality of social work practice are obstacles for the unified conception of social work. The development of social work profession is discussed in the second part of the article. The roots of social work are the pseudoaltruistic behavior of animals and the proper altruistic behavior of hominids. There are eight stages of social work development in Lithuania according to author: GDL and the Union with Poland, period of Tsarist occupation, interwar independence, Models of Soviet social security, Formal acceptance of the notion of social work, professionalisation of social work, professional social work, social euro-integration. The contextual factors of social work in Lithuania are discussed in the third part of the article. The main contextual factors of social work are: socio-economical situation, legislative basis, international context, social service givers. The research in social work and the future development of social work discipline in Lithuania is discussed in the last part.