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This study explores the reconstruction of Iranian national identity during the Mohammad Reza Shah era (1953 to 1979). Drawing on materials collected from the memoirs and statements of the Shah and the key actors of the era and using Historical Sociology in International Relations as its theoretical backbone, it aims to unravel the constitutive role of the international on the formation of Iranian state nationalism. It argues that in order to understand the meaning attached to being Iranian, we should look into the specifics of international- domestic interaction, as Iranian national identity has been framed and re-framed by the Shah alongside the changing dynamics born out of specific interaction between the domestic and international dynamics. The Shah's interpretation of Iranian identity emerged and evolved at the intersection of his endeavours for gaining legitimacy against the legacy of Mosaddeq and his popular nationalism at the domestic level and for reclaiming the actorness of Iran during the Cold War at the international level. Playing inwards and outwards, the Shah sought to deconstruct the content of Iranian nationalism articulated by Mosaddeq and to give a new meaning to Iranian nationalism. Serving as the ideological glue of his state building, it was characterized by a strong belief in the rapid industrialization, emphasis on unity rather than diversity, uniqueness of Iranian identity vis-à-vis the East and the West, and presentation of the Shah as the real and moral representative of the Iranian people.

Can international judges be relied upon to resolve disputes impartially? If not, what are the sources of their biases? Answers to these questions are critically important for the functioning of an emerging international judiciary, yet we know remarkably little about international judicial behavior. An analysis of a new dataset of dissents in the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) yields a mixed set of answers. On the bright side, there is no evidence that judges systematically employ cultural or geopolitical biases in their rulings. There is some evidence that career insecurities make judges more likely to favor their national government when it is a party to a dispute. Most strongly, the evidence suggests that international judges are policy seekers. Judges vary in their inclination to defer to member states in the implementation of human rights. Moreover, judges from former socialist countries are more likely to find violations against their own government and against other former socialist governments, suggesting that they are motivated by rectifying a particular set of injustices. I conclude that the overall picture is mostly positive for the possibility of impartial review of government behavior by judges on an international court. Like judges on domestic review courts, ECtHR judges are politically motivated actors in the sense that they have policy preferences on how to best apply abstract human rights in concrete cases, not in the sense that they are using their judicial power to settle geopolitical scores.

The acceleration of globalization & international migration in recent years, & the potential impact on the course of human history, is accompanied by a surprising lacunae of exchanges among scholars working within the two fields. The few immigration scholars interested in understanding the effects of transnationalism a have called for a paradigm shift that recognizes the importance of globalization & a critical examination of traditional bipolar dichotomies utilizing a dialectical approach that entertains the possibility of contradictory processes occurring together. Analysis of the Guatemalan & Salvadoran migration to the US indicates how globalization stimulates international migration on one hand, & how migrants have shaped global processes on the other. The shaping of Central America by foreign countries throughout history is discussed in relation to resistance movements responding to oppression & exploitation throughout the region. The various scholarly debates on transnationalism & processes are examined in aspects of remittances, the creation & expansion of a supporting connected infrastructure, immigrant cross-border organizing, & immigrant related cross-border initiatives find non-immigrants. The author concludes that the relationship between globalization & international migration needs to be historically grounded to clarify the contest text of "transnational spaces", to question dichotomous & mutually exclusive categories, & to pay attention to the possibility of multiple, dialectical outcomes of international migration in relation to globalization. The attempt to understand the mutual impacts of globalization & international migration is a contestation of the notion of the hegemonic order to acknowledge that globalization is not neutral, but neither is it exclusively the domain of the powerful. References. J. Harwell

Environmental, health and sanitary requirements in developed countries are perceived in developing countries as non-tariff barriers to trade. This book shows that such restrictions are perceived to be more stringent during the domestic production season. It also argues that scientific data for specific thresholds appear to be questionable

The main purpose of this study is to discuss new and generally underutilized approaches to financing health programs in developing countries. After discussing three main problems in chapter 1, the authors describe four reforms of health financing that would help deal with these problems in chapter 2. Chapter 3 discusses the operational research needed to design programs appropriate to specific nations and to evaluate the effects of the World Bank's role in assisting countries with health finance policy

"The political aspect of this 'Global Rise of Indigenous Languages' has become more and more pronounced not the least because of a democratizing process of social relations through the emergence of interrelated phenomena of multicultural society and globalization. However, the analysis of the current world order transcends the national boundaries. As borders are crossed and countries reshaped, attention to differences calls for a re-formulation of identities in the context of power relations, histories, and shaped memories. Interestingly, this book investigates the very essence of the 'modern' identity, using Feminist, postcolonial, and multicultural criticism to analyze the resurgence of cultural ethnic specificities. The intersection among linguistics, history, and literature illustrates the ongoing negotiation between the Eurocentric tradition and multiculturalism. Each article provides an outlet for non-Westerns and marginalized cultures and peoples to question the hegemonic Eurocentrism and provides an alternative critical view" -- Back cover

Since 2015 there has been a surge of international agendas to address a range of global challenges: climate change (Paris Agreement), sustainable development (Agenda 2030), disaster risk reduction (Sendai Framework) and sustainable urban transformation (New Urban Agenda). Health is relevant to all of these agendas. Policymakers must now translate these global agendas into national level policies to implement the agreed goals in a coherent manner. However, approaches to synergise health activities within and across these agendas are needed, in order to achieve better coherence and maximise national level implementation. This research evaluated the framing of human health within these agendas. A content analysis of the agendas was conducted. Findings indicate (i) the importance of increased awareness of health systems strengthening as a helpful framework to guide the integration of health issues across the agendas, (ii) only two health themes had synergies across the agendas, (iii) the lack of a governance mechanism to support the integration of these four agendas to enable national (and sub-national) governments to more feasibly implement their ambitions, and (iv) the vital component of health leadership. Finally, planetary health is a relevant and timely concept that can support the urgent shift to a healthy planet and people.

Objective/context: This article introduces debates on Nancy Cartwright's concept of nomological machines applied to international relations theory. What the neo-neo synthesis claims as the essence of the international system is a set of conditions imposed upon international phenomena for the latter to fit into the theories themselves. It argues that the law-like explanations tailored by neorealism and neoliberalism are by no means a representation of the world as it is, but rather a predication of the world as these theories want it to be. Methodology: It critically reviews the foundations of neo-neo theories, suggesting a philosophical methodology by reframing the ontological terms of neorealism and neoliberalism based on the concept of nomological machines. Conclusions: This article contends that neo-neo theories could benefit from a capacities-oriented approach, which offers a less categorical understanding of how explanations of international phenomena are tailored, allowing alternative principles to provide invaluable insights about the international system. Originality: This paper innovates by intersecting the ideas of nomological machines with the metatheoretical debate on international relations, thus enabling theoretical improvement.