Suchergebnisse

Na temelju Sabranih djela I–III (1997) Bonifaca Badrova (Livno, 1896. – Sarajevo, 1974), franjevca i profesora filozofije na Franjevačkoj teologiji u Sarajevu, u radu se obrađuje njegov pristup renesansnoj filozofiji i hrvatskim renesansnim misliocima. Badrov je u trećem dijelu svoje Povijesti filozofije (Sarajevo, 1959), koju je namijenio studentima za internu uporabu, uključio i neveliko poglavlje o renesansnoj filozofiji (1450–1600). On nalazi da su specifična filozofska i društvena strujanja na početku Novog vijeka iznjedrila nove, međusobno sasvim disparatne, renesansne filozofske sustave sa samo jednim zajedničkim obilježjem: odbacivanje tomističke filozofije. Prema Badrovu renesansna filozofija ima četiri glavne sastavnice: 1. obnova starih sustava: neoplatonizam, neostoicizam i hedonizam, 2. filozofija prirode, 3. politička filozofija i 4. skepticizam. Badrov hrvatske renesansne mislioce ubraja isključivo u prvu skupinu, dakle među pojedince koji su nastojali obnoviti stare filozofske sustave, i opet – isključivo među one mislioce koji se oslanjanju na Platonovu filozofiju. On smatra da je renesansni platonizam u svojoj bîti zapravo »eklektički neoplatonizam«. Na tragu spoznaje da je antički novoplatonizam eklektički zato što iz Platonovih, ali i drugih teorija probire, prihvaća i primjenjuje ono što mu se čini najprikladnije, gornju Badrovljevu tvrdnju treba razumjeti u smislu da se renesansni platonizam eklektički odnosi prema Platonovim djelima, ali i misaonim dostignućima antičkog novoplatonizma. Ipak, čini se da Badrov ne propituje detaljno izvore i izvornost renesansnog platonizma. Badrov se pojedinačno bavi trima hrvatskim filozofima: Jurjem Dragišićem, Benediktom Benkovićem i Franom Petrićem. Dodatno, o Dragišiću ističe da se bavio logičkim problemima, a da se Benković u pristupu Škotovim djelima koristio Aristotelovim logičkim aparatom. Pišući o Petriću Badrov citira Filipovića koji, pozivajući se na Überwegov Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie, tvrdi da je Petrić preteča i učitelj Giordana Bruna te da je utjecao na Bernardina Telesija. U kasnijim izdanjima Überwega naprotiv nalazimo da Brunov odnos prema suvremenicima nije dovoljno jasan i da se Petrić naslanja na Telesija u nekim svojim stavovima. Nadalje, Badrov o Petriću tvrdi da pobija Aristotelovu filozofiju i drži platonizam bližim kršćanskoj misli te u osnovnim potezima iznosi Petrićev nauk o svjetlu: ono je nematerijalna supstancija, samoegzistentno i sveprisutno, prvotni uzrok i princip svih stvari. Dalje, zbog stava o prostoru kao onom koji je postojao prije svijeta, neovisno o stvarima, Badrov Petrića smješta među mislioce koji imaju ultrarealističko mišljenje o prostoru. Načelno, takvi mislioci prostor poimaju kao neku apsolutnu i beskonačnu realnost, različitu od svih drugih tjelesnih realnosti, a za Petrića on je čak počelo, prvo od njegovih četiriju počela tvarnoga svijeta. Pri izradi svojih najopsežnijih skripata Povijest filozofije Badrov se, kako dokumentira njegov popis literature, oslonio na 17 djela iz povijesti filozofije tiskanih u 20. stoljeću, a u prikazu o hrvatskim renesansnim misliocima u mnogome na Filipovićevu Filozofiju Renesanse (1956). S obzirom na kratko izvješće o Petriću, nije utvrđen utjecaj Bazaline Povijesti filozofije, a Šanc u drugom dijelu svoje Povijesti filozofije hrvatske renesansne filozofe ionako ne spominje. ; Based on Sabrana djela [Collected Works] I–III (1997) of Franciscan Bonifac Badrov (Livno, 1896 – Sarajevo, 1974), professor of philosophy at Franciscan Theology in Sarajevo, the paper examines his approach to Renaissance philosophy and Croatian thinkers of this period. In the third part of Badrov's Povijest filozofije [History of Philosophy] (1959), which he wrote for the students' internal use, he also included a small chapter on Renaissance philosophy (1450–1600). He finds that specific philosophical and social mainstreams of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries gave way to new, mutually disparate Renaissance philosophical systems sharing a single common feature: rejection of Thomistic philosophy. According to Badrov, Renaissance philosophy has four main components: 1. revival of old systems: Neoplatonism, Neostoicism and hedonism; 2. natural philosophy; 3. political philosophy; 4. Renaissance scepticism. Croatian thinkers of the Renaissance, Badrov holds, fall exclusively within the first group, that is, among those who worked on the revival of old philosophical systems, or more precisely, among the philosophers who leaned on Plato's philosophy only. In its essence, he views Renaissance Platonism as eclectic Neoplatonism. Grounded on the understanding that Neoplatonism of the Antiquity was eclectic because from the theories of Plato and others it selected, accepted and applied what it considered to be most appropriate, Badrov's statement should be understood in the sense that Renaissance Platonism had an eclectic approach to Plato's works, but also to philosophical achievements of the classical Neoplatonism. However, it seems that Badrov's analysis of the sources and originality of the Renaissance Platonism lacks depth. The philosophers that Badrov treats individually are Juraj Dragišić, Benedikt Benković and Frane Petrić. In addition, he emphasizes that Dragišić devoted himself to logical problems, and that Benković in his approach to Duns Scotus' works used Aristotle's logical apparatus. While writing on Petrić, Badrov paraphrases Filipović's Filozofija Renesanse [Renaissance Philosophy] (1956): »Überweg considers Petrić to be the forerunner and teacher of Giordano Bruno. He also influenced another Renaissance philosopher, Bernardino Telesio.« In the later editions of Überweg's Geschichte der Philosophy, by contrast, we find that Bruno's relationship to Petrić lacks clarity and that Petrić leans on Telesio in some of his views. Badrov states that Petrić refutes Aristotle's philosophy and holds Platonism to be closer to Christian thought. The Sarajevo professor outlines Petrić's doctrine on light. Further, on account of Petrić's view of space as that which exists before the world, regardless of all things, Badrov places the philosopher of Cres among the thinkers who share an ultrarealistic view of space. Mainly, these philosophers understand space as some kind of an absolute and infinite reality, different from all other bodily realities, while for Petrić it is even a principle, the first of his four principles of the material world. While preparing his most extensive manual Povijest filozofije, Badrov, as documented in his bibliography, drew from 17 works of the history of philosophy: three Zagreb editions (Albert Bazala, Franjo Šanc and Vladimir Dvorniković), five Belgrade editions (Borislav Lorenc, Branislav Petronijević, Dragan Jeremić and Bertrand Russell), six German and three French. All these books were published in the course of the twentieth century. Being too short and general, Badrov's outline of Petrić offers sparse information for the establishment of any connection with Bazala's statements on Petrić published in the second volume of Bazala's Povjest filozofije [History of Philosophy] (1909). Šanc, however, in the second part of his Povijest filozofije [History of Philosophy] makes no reference to Croatian philosophers of the Renaissance.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the use of persuasion techniques in corporate sales and measure their effectiveness. Corporate sales representatives deal with fewer potential customers and the potential profit per customer is much higher when compared to sales representatives that deal with other customers. Therefore, it is worthwhile to investigate and analyse their communication and relationship building with the corporate customers in greater depth. Theories from previous research and recent publications are reviewed in this study. The research ideas tested: I1: Is being persuaded about the brand quality is important for decision makers in corporate purchase? I2: Will a previous purchase from the same supplier make the decision maker feel more likely to buy, demonstrating the benefit of reminding buyers of previous purchases. I3: Will sharing a common interest or hobby with the salesperson will make the buyer more likely to purchase from the supplier. I4:Does sharing a political viewpoint with the salesperson will make the buyer more likely to purchase from that supplier. So learning about the political view of the decision maker in the buyer side and informing if there any common ones with the salesperson will make the decision maker will increase the success chance in the corporate sale. I5: Does being informed about the corporation's competitors' purchases from the supplier will make the decision maker in the target corporation more likely to purchase. So finding out purchases that competitors of the corporation made from the supplier if exists and informing the decision maker about this will make the decision maker more likely to purchase. I6: Will being informed about that the price offered is the lowest among competitors will make the buyer more likely to purchase. I7:Does informing the buyer about the customised products and services and the benefits of customisation will make the buyer more likely to purchase. I8: Does focusing on the purchaser's familiarity with the brand of product or service and putting an emphasis on this familiarity during the sales meeting make him or her maker more likely to purchase. I9:Does informing the decision maker about the service or product support that will be provided after the purchase make him or her more likely to purchase. I10:Would sending ethical gifts to buyer will make the buyer make him or her more likely to purchase. The study subjects were conveniently sampled from a total of 95 decision makers in corporate purchasing from different companies in different sectors of business and surveyed. Participants varied in terms of gender, age, education and seniority. The survey consisted of 14 questions and was divided into two parts. The first part analysed the respondents characteristics and the second part analysed the effectiveness of the persuasion techniques under study. The main findings show that most of the ideas in question are effective except for the sharing a common interest with the provider and using the familiarity of the decision maker with the brand name. Detailed analyses are carried out by grouping companies according to their sectors and annual revenues. Results from the Information Technologies and Telecommunications sectors showed similarities and differences between the results for other sectors. The importance of familiarity with the product's brand for these sectors was noticeably less than for other sectors. Similarly, results from these two sectors reflect that the importance that they put on after-sale support quality is higher than that of other sectors do. Results were analysed in more detail with the ANOVA test in order to compare the mean preferences of the companies when grouped according to the annual revenues, and then interpreted. Keywords : Corporate sale, marketing, persuasion, methods, efficient ; ÖZ Bu çalışmanın amacı kurumsal satış alanında ikna edicilik tekniklerinin kullanılmasını analiz etmek veverimliliklerini ölçmektir. Kurumsal satış temsilcileri diğer satış kanallarına göre daha az sayıda karar verici ile görüşme yapmaktadır fakat karar verici başına kazanç oranı açısından değerlendirme yapıldığında diğer satış kanallarından çok daha büyük rakamlarda kazanç sağlayan çalışmalar yürütmektedirler. Bu durum müşteri ile kurumsal satış temsilcisinin arasındaki iletişim ve ilişki kurma yöntemlerini derinlemesine araştırmaya değer kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada konu ile ilgili eski araştırma ve yayınlar incelenmiştir. Araştırılan fikirler: F1: Ürün veya hizmet kalitesi hakkında ikna olmak önemlidir. F2: Ürün veya hizmet sağlayıcıdan yapılan önceki alımlar karar verme sürecinde fikri olumlu yönde etkiler. F3: Karar vericinin kurumsal satış temsilcisi ile ortak ilgi alanı ve hobilere sahip olması satın alma kararını olumlu yönde etkiler. F4: Karar vericinin kurumsal satış temsilcisi ile ortak politik görüşe sahip olması satın alma kararını olumlu yönde etkiler. F5: Kurumsal satış temsilcisinin rakip firmaların kendi firmalarından yaptığı satın alımlar hakkında bilgilendirme yapması karar vericinin satın alma kararını olumlu yönde etkiler. F6: Kurumsal satış temsilcisinin sunduğu teklifin alternatifler arasında en düşük fiyatlı olan olması karar vericinin satın alma kararını olumlu yönde etkiler. F7: Kurumsal satış temsilcisinin özelleştirilebilirliği yüksek hizmet veya servisler sunup bu özelleştirme olanaklarının sağlayacağı faydalardan bahsetmesi karar vericinin satın alma kararını olumlu yönde etkiler. F8: Kurumsal satış temsilcisinin satış görüşmesinde ürün veya hizmetin marka bilinirliğini vurgulaması satın alma kararını olumlu yönde etkiler. F9: Kurumsal satış temsilcisinin ürün veya hizmetle beraber sağlanacak satış sonrası desteğinin kalitesine vurgu yapması satın alma kararını olumlu yönde etkiler. F10: Kurumsal satış temsilcisinin özel günlerde karar vericiye etik hediyeler göndermesi karar vericinin satın alma kararını olumlu yönde etkiler. Farklı sektörlerden firmalarda çalışan kurumsal satın alım kararı veren farklı cinsiyet yaş eğitim ve kademelerde çalışan 95 karar vericiden anket yolu ile alınan cevaplar değerlendirilmiştir. Anket iki bölüme ayrılmış on dört sorudan oluşmaktadır. İlk bölüm karar vericilerin karakteristiklerini ölçmek, ikinci bölüm ise kurumsal satışta ikna edicilik metodlarının verimliliğini analiz etmek için hazırlanmıştır. Ana bulgular göstermektedir ki verimliliği araştırılan fikirlerden marka bilinirliğine vurgu yapmak ve karar verici ile ortak ilgi alanı veya hobi paylaşıyor olmak dışındaki tüm yöntemler verimli ve etkilidir. Karar vericilerin çalıştıkları firmalar yıllık gelirlerine ve sektörlering göre gruplandıktan sonra yapılan analizler sonucunda Bilgi Teknolojileri ve Telekomünikasyon sektörlerindeki firmaların oluşturduğu gruplara ait sonuçlar diğer gruplarla ait sonuçlara göre farklılıklar gösterip kendi içlerinde benzerlikler göstermektedir. Bu benzerliklerden öne çıkanlar marka bilinirliğine verilen önemin az ve satış sonrası servis ve deteğe verilen önemin yüksek olmasıdır. Sonuçların gruplar bazında farklı metodlardaki ortalamalarını karşılaştırmak için ANOVA testi kullanılmış ve sonuçlar yorumlanmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler : Kurumsal satış, pazarlama, ikna edicilik, yöntem, etkin ; Master of Science in Developmental Psychology. Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology, 2015. Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Fatih Bayraktar.

Ein rechter Zoo muss das Theater des 18. Jahrhunderts gewesen sein. Von "gähnen, brüllen, miauen und bellen" (I, S. 87) im Zuschauerraum ist die Rede, vom Klopfen und Pfeifen, und – schlimmer noch – von Studenten, die sich auf den oberen Rängen in einer Weise physisch erleichtern, dass "der Kopfputz unserer Damen in den unteren Logen leiden [würde], wenn sie sich nicht beschirmten" (I, S. 88). Wie passt solch viehisches Benehmen mit dem tradierten Bild der Schaubühne als 'moralische Anstalt' zusammen? Um Fragen wie diese zu klären, eröffneten Herrmann Korte und Hans-Joachim Jakob 2012 mit dem Sammelband Das Theater glich einem Irrenhause die Reihe "Proszenium. Beiträge zur historischen Theaterpublikumsforschung" im Heidelberger Winter Verlag. Zwei Jahre später folgte der Quellenband Das böse Tier Theaterpublikum, dessen Titel dem Tagebuch Ludwig Devrients (1843) entnommen wurde. Auffallend an den hier versammelten Quellen ist, dass sie insonderheit den Unmut bündeln – der Kritiker ist einer, der es besser weiß. Und sein Frust ist ihm Ansporn zum Schreiben. Beim Nachbarschaftsstreit im Zuschauerraum geht es vorrangig um Besitzverhältnisse. Denn immer wieder wird die Debatte um gebührliches Betragen auf die Frage des Monetären zurückgeführt. Während die einen vermeinen, mit dem Einlassbillett ihren persönlichen Raum im öffentlichen ausdehnen zu können, pochen die anderen auf ihr Recht, "eine ruhige Stille […] für Geld zu verlangen" (II, S. 41). Ganz offenbar treffen im öffentlichen Raum des Theaters unterschiedliche Konzepte von Privatsphäre aufeinander. Der Hang zu gesellschaftlicher Selbstinszenierung steht dem Wunsch nach kontemplativem Kunstgenuss entgegen: "Die schöngeputzten jungen Herren mochten immer ihre Süßigkeiten und Albernheiten an die Toiletten ihrer Dulcineen versparen, in der Komödie sie vorzuplaudern, schickt sich nicht, weil aufmerksame Zuschauer gestört werden" (I, S. 80). Indem Korte & Co den Zuschauerraum 'in Szene' setzen, statt sich auf das Bühnengeschehen zu konzentrieren, zeigen sie die 'andere Seite' der legendären vierten Wand und belegen, dass diese beidseitig bedingt ist. Gleichzeitig handelt es sich bei Bühne und Auditorium in mehrerlei Hinsicht um kommunizierende Gefäße. Im idealen Modell des bürgerlichen Theaters, das sich edukative Absichten auf die Fahnen schreibt, entspricht "dem idealen Schauspielertypus […] ein idealer Zuschauertypus" (II, S. 48). Mäßigung bzw. Angemessenheit gilt für beide Seiten als verbindliches Kriterium, und so wird an die Besserung der Sitten wechselweise auf der einen wie auf der anderen Seite appelliert. Wenn das, was auf der Bühne gezeigt wird, (freye) Kunst werden soll, muss es auch vom Publikum als solche behandelt werden. Daher gilt es zunächst das Urteilsvermögen und den 'Geschmack' des Zuschauers zu bilden, der schließlich "das unerklärlichste Räthsel auf dieser Erde" (I, S. 244) ist. In seinen Regeln gemahnt Goethe den Schauspieler, stets zu "bedenken, daß er um des Publicums willen da ist" (I, S. 151). Auf der anderen Seite dieses bürgerlichen Schuldprinzips steht der Zuschauer, der dem Schauspieler gegenüber zu Aufmerksamkeit und sachverständiger Beurteilung verpflichtet ist. Entsprechend könnte der 1775 anonym erschienene "Versuch über das Parterre" ebenso gut "Über die Urteilskraft" heißen. Mit der verfeinerten Wahrnehmung einhergehen soll ein sensiblerer Gebrauch der Kritikinstrumente: Die Praktiken des Ausrufens, der Beifallsbekundungen und Da-Capo-Schreie werden scharf zensuriert. Beispielsweise sei die aus der Musik stammende Forderung nach Wiederholungen in Tragödien (die einen bemerkenswert kleinen Teil des Spielplans bestritten) absolut unangebracht. Nicht auszudenken, wenn es "so weit kommen sollte, daß […] Medea, noch einmal ihre Kinder ermorden – […] der alte Galotti, noch einmal seine geliebte Rose entblättern" (I, S. 92) müsste. Derweil Lachen und Gähnen dem gemeinen Zuschauer als profunder Ausdruck der Kritik zupass kommen – "ein ausgegähnter Schauspieler wäre dann eine ganz neue Terminologie, von welcher unsre ältern Dramaturgen gar nichts gewußt haben" (II, S. 135) – lassen kritische Geister selbst den Beifall nicht als Qualitätskriterium gelten. Gerade an einem Ort der Schau gilt die körperliche Entäußerung als eine einzuschränkende. Die sich im Laufe der Verbürgerlichung wandelnde Beziehung des Menschen zu seinen Affekten (und denen der anderen!) wird mehreren Ortes beschrieben. Jene Publikumsschelte, die in den Theaterzeitschriften und Kulturjournalen der Zeit laut wird, ist "Teil des Disziplinierungsdiskurses, an dessen Ende der still sitzende, sich nicht rührende Zuschauer steht" (I, S. 250). Die Überwältigung durch das Gefühl, die als höchstes Ziel des Theaters gehandelt wird, hat entsprechend verinnerlicht im Stillen stattzufinden, um den "Funke[n] des Ueberspannungsgeistes" (I, S. 27) nicht ungebührlich herauszufordern. Statt Auskünfte über die Wirkungsdramaturgie zu geben, sprechen viele der hier versammelten Quellen daher wortreich den Wunsch nach einer "Domestizierung der Körper" (I, S. 50) aus. Selten finden sich Schilderungen euphorischer, emotionaler oder gar körperlicher Zuschauererfahrung, wie sie von der verlegendisierten Mannheimer Uraufführung der Räuber überliefert sind (vgl. Bodo Plachta); immer spricht in der urteilenden Beobachtung ein Zensor mit. Zuweilen hat man den Eindruck, dass man anhand der Theaterjournale konkretere Auskünfte über Gesellschaft und Sitten, als über das Theater erhalten kann. Und tatsächlich reicht der Informationsgehalt der beiden Bände weit über die Ereignisse im Zuschauerraum hinaus. Beispielsweise wird in Korrespondenz zum sich gerade entwickelnden öffentlichen Rechtswesen der Disziplinierungsvorschlag "konsequenterweise zugespitzt auf die Forderung nach strafrechtlichen und polizeilichen Maßnahmen" (II, S. 45, vgl. auch den Beitrag zum "Polizeygesetz" von Peter Heßelmann). Insgesamt bleibt das Quellenstudium mehr aufs Publikum als auf die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Bühne und Auditorium fokussiert. Das mag an der Programmatik der Reihe liegen (Stichwort "Publikumsforschung"), kann aber auch dem Stil der Zeit geschuldet sein: Beobachtungsschwerpunkt bleibt das Niedrige, weil vom intellektuell erhabenen Standpunkt aus geurteilt wird. In seinem Selbstadelungsbestreben unterteilt der Kritiker das Publikum sogar in drei Klassen: "Der rohe Mensch ist zufrieden, wenn er nur etwas vorgehen sieht, der gebildete will empfinden, und Nachdenken ist nur dem ganz ausgebildeten angenehm" (I, S. 175f.). Dennoch lassen die Forderungen nach kontemplativer Andacht und adäquatem Benehmen Rückschlüsse auf das Dargebotene zu. Die Interaktion von Zuschauern und insbesondere Aktricen, der private Austausch von Blicken oder gar Dialogen wird von den Theaterreformern entschieden verurteilt und allenfalls in den Garderoben toleriert. Was hierdurch vor Übergriffen aus dem Auditorium geschützt wird, ist ein Bühnengeschehen, das ganz im Zeichen des Illusionstheaters steht. Und bereits die Störung dieser illusionären Welt der Szene durch den Lichtputzer wird stark missbilligt. Andererseits sind Aussagen über "eine auf Identifikation abzielende Wirkungsdramaturgie" (I, S. 242) beispielsweise im Tagebuch Joseph von Eichendorffs, mit dem sich Hermann Korte näher befasst, nicht zu finden. Nicht alle Beiträge tragen den Stempel des Disziplinierungsdiskurses: Dass man trotz des bürgerlichen Aufklärungsparadigmas publikumsorientierte Dramatische Spiele zur geselligen Unterhaltung auf dem Lande schreiben konnte, zeigt Johannes Birgfeld anhand von August von Kotzebues "radikaler Demokratisierung des Theaterspiels" (I, S. 200). Als um Kommunikation bemühter Dramatiker will Kotzebue das Publikum durch den gezielten Einsatz szenischer Mittel spielerisch "besser, verträglicher, duldsamer machen" (I, S.210). Die Debatte mit seinen Kritikern, die ihm zu gefälliges Theater unterstellen, pflegt er mitunter in seinen Stücken auszutragen. So macht er die Selbstüberschätzung so manches Kollegen in der 'Narrenrevue' Die Glücklichen anschaulich: Der Dichter "muß höher stehen als sie alle; er muß ein Jahrhundert vorausschreiben; er muß den Lichtpunkt am Firmament bezeichnen, zu welchem nach und nach die Staubmenschen sich emporwinden müssen" (I, S. 209). Alexander Košenina untersucht das diffizile Verhältnis des Theaterdirektors August Klingemann zum Braunschweiger Publikum, der sich den Bedürfnissen desselben – die naturgemäß nicht immer dem aufklärerischen Wertekanon konform sind – durchaus bewusst ist und daraus u.a. den Schluss zieht, eine "Balance zwischen 'Kunstrichter' und 'Gallerie' herstellen zu müssen" (I, S.261). Überhaupt verdienen die räumlichen Verhältnisse innerhalb des Theaters eingehendere Analyse, zumal ihnen auch eine Zuschauertypologie entspricht (vgl. auch die historische Gebäudeuntersuchung von Martin Rector). Die architektonischen Gegebenheiten boten hinlänglich Gelegenheit, sich im voll beleuchteten Zuschauerraum Aufmerksamkeit zu verschaffen – oder sich hinter dem Logenvorhang ins Private zurückzuziehen. Von Interesse ist auch die soziale Zusammensetzung des Parterres, dem im Aufführungsgefüge aufgrund der Nähe zur Bühne die sprichwörtlich lauteste Stimme zukommt. Vor allem seine Eignung als meinungsbildende Instanz rückt es ins Zentrum von Schilderungen und Studien. "Was müssen manche Personen für eine Absicht haben, wenn sie ins Schauspiel gehen?" (II, S. 77). Angesichts all der schlechten Manieren, die in den Quellentexten des 18. und 19.Jahrhunderts mit wonnigem Ekel ausgebreitet werden, möchte man allzu gerne die Grundsatzfrage stellen: Warum aber nun eigentlich Kunst? Interessanterweise arbeiten Quellen wie Analysen sich gleichermaßen an diesem Rätsel ab. Mode, Galanterie, "feine Prostitution" und "lange Weile" (II, S.99) vermögen schließlich ebenso wenig wie die aristotelische Katharsis-Theorie eine zureichende Begründung angesichts der hamletschen Hekuba-Frage zu liefern. Klar hervor geht aus den Zeitdokumenten allenfalls, dass der Legitimationszwang des Theaters nicht erst die Erfindung heutiger Kulturpolitik ist. Beide Bände sind reich an detailkundigen Beobachtungen, Auskünften über Manieren und Bühnengepflogenheiten, – und in der Fülle des Materials kann man als Leser überraschende Entdeckungen machen. Was den theoretischen Zugang zum Bühnenereignis betrifft, so ist dieser durchaus konventionell. Im Sinne der Berliner Schule machen die Beitragenden den Zuschauer zum Akteur und zitieren wiederholt die 'Minimaldefinition' des Theaters, bei der A eine Person B verkörpert, wobei C zuschaut – mal nach Eric Bentley, dann nach Christel Weiler und natürlich auch nach der Erfinderin des Zuschauers als Studienobjekt für die Theaterwissenschaft des 20. Jahrhunderts: Erika Fischer-Lichte. Nicht genug, dass die Publikumsforschung erhellende Details über die genauen Umstände des Theaterwesens und seinen gesellschaftlichen Kontext zutage fördert, es scheint, als müsse sie sich auch beständig der Bedeutung ihres Gegenstandes versichern. Mit der Zusammenstellung von Analysen und überlieferten Stimmen wird das tradierte Narrativ von Bildung und Sitte um eine komplementäre Perspektive ergänzt, denn so manche zeitgenössische Schilderung entlarvt die idealischen (Reform-)Schriften der Aufklärer als Wunschphantasien. Just auf diese aber greift die Theaterwissenschaft gerne zurück und nimmt die Idealvorstellung als authentisches Zeugnis an. So weist Korte – in der Fußnote, denn so offensiv ist der Grundton des Bandes nun doch nicht – darauf hin, "wie obsolet eine ausschließlich an Theoriefixierungen klebende Forschung ist, die immer und immer wieder längst bekannte Dramenpoetologie-Passagen interpretiert" (I, S. 251). Stattdessen setzt er auf die unmittelbare Erfahrung der Theatergänger und bisweilen auch auf Aussagen der Schauspieler über ihr Publikum. Es lohnt, beide Bände parallel zu lesen, zumal einige der 15 Beiträge aus Band I mit dem in Band II publizierten Material hantieren. Und auch mit letzterem steht der Leser nicht allein auf weiter Flur, denn Korte und Jakob stellen den transkribierten Dokumenten zwei kenntnisreiche Artikel zur Quellenlage voran. Jüngst ist der dritte Band der Reihe erschienen: Medien der Theatergeschichte des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts – ein Titel, der auf die Ausweitung des Gegenstandsbereiches hoffen lässt. Dass die Herausgeber die Stimmen der Zeit wieder hörbar machen, ist ein durch und durch rühmliches Unterfangen. Die große Qualität der Analysen liegt im genauen Blick, der nicht nur historische Umstände rekonstruiert, sondern wie beiläufig etwas über das große Mantra der Aufklärung erfahren lässt: 'the proper study of mankind is man'. Denn die schriftlichen Erzeugnisse des 'tintenklecksenden Säkulums' erlauben – eingefasst in eine kulturelle Rahmung – mitunter erstaunliche Einsichten in das zwischenmenschliche Miteinander. Und – Wissenschaft beiseite – nicht zuletzt ist es der Wahrheitsgehalt des Anekdotischen, der die Lektüre so wunderbar erbaulich macht: "Aber mein Gott, sagte mir mein Nachbar, ich möchte nur wissen, warum die Leute in die Komödie gehn, wenn sie nur plaudern wollen. Ich knirschte mit den Zähnen, und sprach nichts" (S. 80).

Diese Arbeit untersucht, was passiert, wenn in Non-Profit-Organisation (NPO) der Anspruch des Bürgerschaftlichen Engagements auf Praktiken des Freiwilligenmanagements trifft. Ausgangspunkt dieser Fragestellung ist eine doppelte Diagnose: Zum einen setzen NPOs aufgrund mehrerer Faktoren - u.a. Ressourcenknappheit, Wettbewerb und Nachahmungseffekten – vermehrt auf Freiwilligenmanagement. Mit dieser von der BWL inspirierten, aber für NPO entwickelten Personalführungsmethode wollen sie mehr und bessere Freiwillige gewinnen und deren Einsatz effizienter strukturieren. Zum anderen haben sich gleichzeitig viele NPO dem Ziel des bürgerschaftlichen Engagements verschrieben. Damit reagieren sie auf den aus Politik und Wissenschaft zu vernehmenden Anspruch, die Zivilgesellschaft möge die knappen Kassen der öffentlichen Hand kompensieren und das wachsende Partizipationsbedürfnis weiter Teile der Bevölkerung durch eine neue Kultur der Teilhabe der Bürgerinnen und Bürger befriedigen. Bei näherer Betrachtung zeigt sich jedoch: Während Freiwilligenmanagement einer ökonomischen Handlungslogik folgt, ist bürgerschaftliches Engagement Ausdruck einer Handlungslogik der Zivilgesellschaft. Beide sind unter gegenwärtigen Bedingungen weder theoretisch noch praktisch miteinander vereinbar. Um beide Entwicklungen miteinander zu versöhnen, muss Freiwilligenmanagement unter dem Banner des Bürgerschaftlichen neu gedacht werden. Dieses Argument unterfüttert die Arbeit sowohl theoretisch und empirisch. Der Theorieteil gliedert sich in drei Teile. Zunächst wird der Begriff der NPO näher eingegrenzt. Dazu wird die bestehende Literatur zum Dritten Sektor und Non-Profit-Organisationen zu einem operationalisierbaren Begriff von NPO kondensiert. Daran anschließend werden aktuelle Trends im Feld der NPO identifiziert, die zeigen, dass NPO tatsächlich oft von widerstreitenden Handlungslogiken gekennzeichnet sind, darunter eine ökonomische und eine bürgerschaftliche. Die beiden folgenden Kapitel untersuchen dann jeweils eine der beiden Logiken. Zunächst wird das Leitbild des bürgerschaftlichen Engagements als Ausdruck einer zivilgesellschaftlichen Handlungslogik näher definiert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass dieser Begriff oft sehr unscharf verwendet wird. Daher greift die Arbeit auf die politiktheoretische Diskussion um Zivil- und Bürgergesellschaft auf und schmiedet daraus eine qualifizierte Definition von bürgerschaftlichem Engagement, die sich maßgeblich am Ideal von gesellschaftlich-politischer Partizipation und bürgerschaftlicher Kompetenz orientiert. Dem wird im dritten und letzten Kapitel des Theorieteils die ökonomische Handlungslogik in Form der Theorie des Freiwilligenmanagements gegenübergestellt. Bei der Darstellung zeigt sich schnell, dass dessen Grundprinzipien – anders als oft vorgebracht – mit den qualifizierten Idealen von Partizipation und Konkurrenz im Konflikt stehen. In der empirischen Analyse wird dann in den 8 Interviews den Widersprüchen zwischen bürgerschaftlichem Engagement und Freiwilligenmanagement in der Praxis nachgegangen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung lassen sich in 5 Punkten zusammenfassen: 1. Freiwilligenmanagement orientiert sich erstens im wesentlichen an einer Zahl: Dem Zugewinn oder Verlust von freiwilliger Arbeit. 2. Freiwilligenmanagement installiert ein umfassendes System der Selektion von "passenden" Freiwilligen. 3. Positiv hervorzuheben ist die institutionalisierte Ansprechbarkeit, die im Rahmen von Freiwilligenmanagement in NPO Einzug erhält. 4. Freiwilligenmanagement ist eng mit dem Anspruch verbunden, die Arbeit der Freiwilligen zu kontrollieren. Der Eigensinn des Engagements, die Notwendigkeit von Spielräumen, die Möglichkeit des Ausprobierens oder der Anspruch der Freiwilligen, an Entscheidungen zu partizipieren bzw. gar selbstorganisiert und -verantwortlich zu handeln, rückt dabei in den Hintergrund. 5. In den Interviews wird eine starke Ökonomisierung des Engagements sichtbar. Freiwillige werden als Ressource betrachtet, ihr Engagement als "Zeitspende" statistisch erfasst, ihre (Dienst-)Leistung monetär bewertet. Im Zuge dessen erhält auch der Managerialism verstärkt Einfluss auf die Arbeit in NPO und begründet ein stark hierarchisches Verhältnis: Während die Freiwilligenmangerin aktiv handelt, wird die freiwillig Engagierte zum Objekt von Management-Techniken. Dass dies dem Anspruch der Partizipation entgegenläuft, ergibt sich dabei von selbst. Angesichts dieser Diagnose, dass real-existierendes Freiwilligenmanagement nicht mit dem Ideal des bürgerschaftlichen Engagement im engeren Sinne zusammenpasst, formuliert das Fazit Vorschläge für ein bürgerschaftlich orientiertes, engagement-sensibles Freiwilligenmanagement. ; This thesis examines what happens when the claim of civic engagement meets the practice of volunteer management. The starting point for this analysis is a dual diagnosis in non-profit organizations (NPO): First, due to several factors (resource scarcity, competition and imitation effects and others) NPOs increasingly employ techniques of volunteer management. Inspired by business administration, but adapted to NPO, this personnel management method promises to acquire more and better volunteers and restructure their work more efficiently. At the same time, many NPOs subscribe to the goal of civic engagement. They respond to the public claim that civil society should compensate for the tight budgets of the public sector and to the idea that there is a demand for increasing participation within the civil society that needs to be satisfied. The in-depth analysis of both concepts reveals: While volunteer management follows an economic logic of action, civic engagement reflects a logic of action that has its origins in the ideals of the civil society. Both are neither theoretically nor practically compatible with one another under present conditions in nonprofit organizations. In order to reconcile both developments, volunteer management needs to be rethought under the banner of the Civic (Civic Culture). The thesis underpins this argument both theoretically and empirically. The theoretical part is divided into three parts. First, the concept of NPO is explored. For this purpose, the existing literature on the third sector and non-profit organizations is condensed into an operationalized concept of NPO. Subsequently, current trends in the field of NPOs are identified, showing that NPO are actually often characterized by conflicting logics of action, including an economic and a civic. The following two chapters then examine each of these two logics. First, the model of civic engagement is further defined as an expression of the civic action logic. It turns out that this term is often used in a very blurred way. Therefore, the work draws on the theoretical discussion of civil politics and civil society, merging it into a qualified definition of civic engagement, focusing on the ideal of social and political participation and civic competence. The third chapter contrasts this civic logic with the economic logic of action in the form of volunteer management. It is shown that its basic principles - other than often argued - conflict with the ideal of participation. The empirical analysis then draws on 8 interviews to elucidate the contradictions between civic engagement and volunteer management in practice. The results of this study can be summarized in five points: 1. Volunteer management focus mostly on the gain or loss of voluntary work. 2. Volunteer management installs a comprehensive system of selection which seeks to match vorlunteers with the goals of the organization. Among other "interviews" and training are used to screen out those volunteers that do not fit into the organization. Notwithstanding, though, these decisions are not based on professional criteria, but on an elaborate set of criteria for "feeling cosy". 3. On the positive side stands institutionalized responsiveness, which surfaces as an effect of volunteer management in NPOs. 4. Volunteer management is closely connected to the aim of controlling the work of volunteers. This is also reflected in the practice of NPO. Volunteers are committed in contracts to show binding and predictable behavior. And they are administered as part of a personnel management. This hinders the obstinacy of commitment, the necessity of leeway, the possibility of trying out, or the volunteers' demand to participate in decisions and to act even self-organized and self-responsible. 5. The interviews show a strong economization of commitment. Volunteers are viewed as a resource. Their commitment is statistically recorded as "time donation", their (business) performance is measured in monetary terms. NPOs that use volunteer management are also often marked by a growing managerialism which establishes a strong hierarchical relationship: While the volunteer manager is active, the volunteer is the object of management techniques. This is the opposite of the idea of participation. Given this diagnosis, it becomes apparent that existing volunteer management does not match the ideal of civic engagement in the narrower sense. The conclusion formulated proposals for a citizen-oriented, engagement-sensitive volunteer management.

Vor dem Hintergrund der Erfolge und Niederlagen der Tea Party-Bewegung in der amerikanischen Politik während der letzten Jahre stellt sich die Frage, welcher Voraussetzungen es bedarf, in den USA konservative Politik auf nationaler Ebene durchzusetzen. Um dies zu beantworten, wird in der Dissertation Präsident George W. Bushs Versuch analysiert, Social Security durch eine (Teil-)Privatisierung der in dem Programm beinhalteten staatlichen Rentenversicherung zu reformieren. Bush kündigte den Reformplan direkt nach seiner Wiederwahl 2004 an, die Umsetzung scheiterte jedoch im 109. U.S. Kongress. Anlass für die Reformpläne waren Prognosen, nach denen aufgrund des demografischen Wandels Social Security ohne Anpassungen ab dem Jahr 2018 mehr an Bezügen auszahlen müsste, als es an Beiträgen durch Steuern einnehmen würde. Eine (Teil-)Privatisierung des Programms wäre eine weitreichende und symbolträchtige Reform zugunsten konservativer Politikziele gewesen. Social Security ist nicht nur ein fundamentaler Bestandteil der amerikanischen Sozialpolitik, es hat zudem als staatliches Programm eine Sonderstellung in dem zu großen Teilen auf Privatvorsorge ausgerichteten System sozialer Sicherungen inne. Für viele Konservative steht es seit seiner Einführung während der New DealÄra für staatliche Bevormundung und gehört zugunsten individueller Privatvorsorge abgeschafft. Social Security ist trotz derartiger Kritik nicht nur über die Jahrzehnte gewachsen, sondern verfügt neben der entschiedenen Unterstützung durch Liberale auch über eine mehrheitliche Zustimmung in der Bevölkerung. Von zentraler Bedeutung für die Bewertung der Chancen konservativer Politikumsetzung ist die Tatsache, dass der moderne amerikanische Konservatismus eine Koalition verschiedener Gruppierungen darstellt. Innenpolitisch wird er vor allem durch libertäre und sozialkonservative Ideale geprägt. Geeint werden die verschiedenen konservativen Ansätze unter anderem durch die Ablehnung des modernen amerikanischen Liberalismus. Neben vielen Gemeinsamkeiten besteht jedoch auch Konfliktpotenzial zwischen den jeweiligen Hauptanliegen der unterschiedlichen konservativen Fraktionen. Für die Analyse der Reformdebatte greift die Dissertation auf John W. Kingdons Multiple Streams- Theorie zurück. Nach dieser müssen die Entwicklungen in drei verschiedenen streams günstig sein, damit sich ein Zeitfenster für eine mögliche Reform öffnet (opportunity window). Dazu zählen der problem-, der policy- und der politics stream. Die Analyse zeigt, dass zum Zeitpunkt der Reformdebatte die Voraussetzungen für ein opportunity window in keinem der drei streams eindeutig gegeben waren. Ein Problembewusstsein in Hinblick auf die Zukunft von Social Security war zwar in weiten Teilen der Öffentlichkeit vorhanden, es gab aber Uneinigkeit über Gewichtung und Dringlichkeit des Problems. Große ideologische Differenzen zwischen amerikanischen Liberalen und Konservativen bestanden sowohl bei der Bewertung des Problemgrades als auch bei der Frage der grundsätzlichen Aufgaben und Gestaltung von Sozialpolitik. Zudem gab es ganz konkret Zweifel, ob die Reformvorschläge die Probleme überhaupt lösen könnten. Experten übten unter anderem Kritik an den Umstellungskosten und äußerten Skepsis gegenüber der seitens des Weißen Hauses angenommenen Höhe der Rendite von Privatkonten. Auch in der Gesamtbevölkerung existierten große Bedenken gegenüber den Reformplänen. Innerhalb der republikanischen Wählerschaft fehlte zudem eine eindeutige Mehrheit für die Reformen - gerade die für die Republikaner wichtige Wählergruppe der Rentner stand einer Teilprivatisierung in weiten Teilen ablehnend gegenüber und für sozialkonservative Wähler standen eher Wertefragen im Mittelpunkt. Die Unterstützung durch konservative Interessengruppen fiel ebenfalls eher verhalten aus, wohingegen liberale Interessengruppen in entschiedene Opposition gingen. Angesichts einer fehlenden einheitlichen Position innerhalb der republikanischen Fraktionen im Abgeordnetenhaus und Senat sowie einer Sperrminorität der Demokraten im Senat reichten letztendlich auch die republikanischen Mehrheiten im Kongress nicht für eine Reform aus. Neben den schwierigen Bedingungen innerhalb der streams wurden seitens des Weißen Hauses außerdem Fehler beim Zusammenbringen der streams, dem coupling, begangen. Am schwersten wogen dabei die mangelnde Koordination der Reformpläne mit Interessengruppen und insbesondere dem Kongress. Die gescheiterte Social Security-Reform verdeutlicht, dass der Konservatismus in den USA eine Koalition verschiedener Interessen ist. Um diese intern auszugleichen und extern durchzusetzen, braucht es Debatten und Kompromisse, sowohl innerhalb der konservativen Koalition als auch außerhalb mit den nicht konservativen politischen Akteuren. ; The successes and setbacks of the Tea Party movement in American national politics over the last few years raise the question under which conditions it is possible to enact conservative policies on the national level in the United States. To answer that question, the thesis analyzes President George W. Bush's attempt to reform Social Security. Immediately after his reelection in 2004 he proposed partially privatizing the old-age insurance portion of the program, but the reform failed in the 109th U.S. Congress. The plans for reform were spurred by projections that starting in 2018 the Social Security program will have to payout more through benefits than it will earn through taxes, due to demographic change. A (partial) privatization of the Social Security program would have been a far reaching and symbolic reform, also advancing conservative policy goals. Not only is Social Security a fundamental part of American social policy, it also is special, given the fact that it is a government run program in a system based in huge parts on private insurance. Since its introduction during the New Deal era Social Security has been a prime example of paternalism for many conservatives. In their opinion the program should be abolished and replaced by private insurance. Despite conservative criticism Social Security has constantly grown over the decades, and not only do liberals vehemently defend it, it is also seen positively by a majority of the American people. Central to the question of whether conservative policies can be enacted is the fact that modern American conservatism is based on a coalition of different groups. Its domestic policy is shaped by libertarian and social conservative ideals. The conservative factions share, among other things, a rejection of modern American liberalism. But while they have a lot of things in common, there is room for conflict between the primary concerns of the different conservative groups. The thesis utilizes John W. Kingdon's multiple streams theory for the analysis of the reform debate. According to the model, a successful reform would have needed positive developments in three different streams – the problem stream, the policy stream and the politics stream – at the same time. Only in that case an opportunity window for a reform would have existed. The analysis shows, that at the time of the push for Social Security reform in none of the streams the conditions were entirely positive for reform, which means an opportunity window was not open. While there was an awareness in the general public of the problems Social Security faces, there was disagreement about their severity and the urgency needed to find a solution for them. Huge ideological differences existed between American conservatives and liberals about the size of the problems and about the function and form of social policy in general. With regard to the reform itself, there was skepticism that the proposed introduction of private accounts would solve the problem. For example, experts criticized the transition costs and were questioning whether the private accounts could provide the returns projected by the White House. The general public was also skeptical of the reform proposal. Even within the Republican constituency there was no clear majority for the reform, especially retirees – an important bloc of voters for Republicans – opposed a partial privatization and social conservative voters were driven more by social issues. Without a unified position on the reform within the Republican caucuses in the House of Representatives and in the Senate and with the threat of a filibuster by the Democratic minority in the Senate, the Republican majorities in both houses of the 109th U.S. Congress were not large enough to pass the reform. Apart from the difficult conditions within the streams, the White House also made errors while trying to couple them. The biggest mistake was the lack of coordination with interest groups and especially with the Congress. The failed Social Security reform shows that conservatism in the United States is a coalition of different interests. To bring those together and to make sure they prevail, there have to be debates and compromises, both within the conservative coalition and with the non-conservative political actors outside of it.

*This series is the result of an adaptation of a paper presented as part of a seminar on "Theories and Research in International Relations" at Hebrew University, July 2012. Commentaries are welcome to daniel.wajner@mail.huji.ac.il Controversial discussions about the nature of Power have characterized the study of Social Sciences, in general, and International Relations (IR) in particular. This seems logic - if we consider politics as a "game", their "participants" tend to develop a range of "skills", which allow them to assume different "roles", influencing thus in the "results". Thus, understanding the mechanisms by which this whole process ("the game") operates is intrinsic to the analysis of the outcomes, what explains why the revision of the concept of power has always been especially popular, including in recent times.Throughout this series we will review some academic approaches to the concept of power and its implementation in international politics. We will present in this first article the debates on the ontology of power (generally referred as "the faces of power"), and the ways in which this influenced the theoretical divisions in IR.In a second article we will introduce epistemological approaches, leading to controversies on the mechanisms involved in the activation of power and its dimensions (such as today's mantra "hard vs. soft power"). Finally, we will deal in a third article with some methodological schemes for Power Analysis in IR, while indicating areas for possible innovation using cases of the "Arab Spring" as illustrations.Power, Powerful, Powerless: The Ontological DebateThe first ontological debate around the concept of power could be placed in the dispute between those who address it as an interaction and those who understand it as a resource.To this end, Weber constitutes our first station. He identifies power in a relationship as the ability to control the behavior of others, even against its will. Weber is focused on the context of that relationship (one's position vis-à-vis others), which determines the capacity of empowerment.1That led him to approach the topic of legitimacy by dividing between power (Macht) and authority (herrschaft, i.e. legitimate power), issue that will be reminded in next articles.Against Weber's integral approach came out Dahl with his renowned definition: "A has power over B, if A gets B do something that B would not otherwise do", which installed "officially" the controversy in political sciences on how power is operated. According to Dahl, that "something" must be based in a change of behavior produced by an observable act - possible to analyze and be measured. His attention was centered on the characteristics of the material resources (their Base, Means, Amount and Scope) and how they are utilized to get certain effects; however, power is still conceptualized as a relationship, since what needs to be clearly discernible is the conflict, the interaction. Non-observable acts, according to Dahl, should be included in a different concept, such as Influence.2The Realist tradition in IR, as well as many scholars in the Liberal tradition, adopted Dahl's definition as a starting point for their analysis on Power Relationships, and even went one step forward. They saw the context as secondary, since certain power bases are so critical that do not really depend on circumstances or specific nature of interaction. Consequently, for classical realists as Carr, Morgenthau and Aron, the military force is "that" observable act which represents the power of the actors (albeit in most of the cases the economic resources were a prerequisite, as explain Berenskoetter and Williams).3Against that mainstream idea, some scholars battled in the sixties and seventies by presenting two approaches which became popularly known as The Second Face of Power and The Third Face of Power. It is important to note that both approaches emerge from this ontological debate on "what is power?", but their main implications would be on the epistemological discussion on "how do we study power relations?", which helped to the development of Critical and Constructivist research programs, as we will see in the next article.In the first approach, Bachrach and Baratz argue that not always a concrete change in behavior needs to be detected to confirm the existence of a conflict in Power Relationships; it could be expressed through the "mobilization of bias", an "unmeasurable element".4 In the second approach, Lukes went beyond that idea and expressed that the mere existence of conflict is not a condition; in other words, the absence of conflict do not necessarily indicate the absence of Power Relationships.5 Lukes, as a neo-marxist building on Gramsci, introduced the structural sphere of the concept of Power. Powerful and powerless agents are characterized in function of their ability to shape the system through culture and education, which will determine the interests of the actors. Foucalt and Bourdieu, with their vision of Knowledge-as-Power6 and Symbolic Power7 , respectively, went in the same direction.More recently, a similar ontological debate could be found in terms of Power Over-Power To, presented by Barnett and Duvall. In the first one, they define power as "the capacity of the actor to determine his own actions", so the perspective is based on the actor itself; by contrast, in the second one a Power Relationship is needed.8 In that sense, the famous article of Nye about Soft Power, which would be broadly approached in the following articles, builds also on this issue - power could be understood as "the ability to get the outcomes one wants" (in the form of Power-To), but also as "the ability to influence the behaviors of others to get the outcomes one wants." (in the form of Power-Over)9.1 Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. (California: University of Berkeley, 1978. Edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich).2Robert A. Dahl, "The concept of Power", Behavioral Science 2(3), July 1957, 201-2153Felix Berenskoetter and Michael .J. Williams. Power in World Politics. (NYC: Routledge, 2007), p.64Peter Bachrach and Morton S. Baratz. "Two Faces of Power". The American Political Science Review 56 No4 (December 1962), 947-9525Stephen Lukes, "Power and the Battle for Hearts and Minds", Millennium, 33, No3 (2005), 477-4936Michael Foucalt, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-77 (Brighton: Havester, 1980)7Pierre Bourdieu, Language & Symbolic Power (NYC : Polity Press, 2001)8Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall, "Power in International Politics," International Organization 59, No1, (Winter 2005), p. 469Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power- The Means to Success in World Politics (NYC: PublicAffairs, 2004), p.2 Fabian Daniel Wajner is a Research and Teaching Assistant at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Department of International Relations) and a Fellow of the Liweranth Center for Latin America Studies.

This dissertation examines, through literary and testimonial texts, the transmission and dissemination of narratives about torture that took place during the Algerian War of Independence. Fictional depictions of limit experiences such as torture are deeply rooted in discourses about remembering and forgetting. I argue that the frequently used term "open secret" is a misnomer which is taken up in literature in order to be critiqued through narrative fragmentation and shifting generic frames. My project is interdisciplinary, and studies literary and anthropological discussions of torture as both a politicized and sexualized system. I address the problem of representing torture and raise questions about the status of historiography and its place within French, Algerian, and trans-Mediterranean discourses. My first chapter, "Histories repeating," examines how and why fictional accounts of torture and its aftermath tend to deliberately conflate and intertwine various historical periods. Making individual memories of physical violence the subject of fiction, the authors I discuss narrativize the historical reality of torture in order to illustrate the longue durée and endless repeatability of violence. Being tortured and witnessing torture affects how one is able to transmit the memory of that act, as illustrated by the use of imbricated and hallucinatory narratives in generically diverse texts. Novels by Leïla Marouane and Antonin Varenne, and a short story by Assia Djebar, reveal the persistence of the Algerian War of Independence in contemporary fiction, and oblige readers to adopt a multidirectional approach to reading, as the text employs the same strategy to remember (and forget) extreme violence. In Chapter One, I also argue that texts employing a multidirectional approach to memories of the Algerian War and its aftermaths often work to de-inscribe the law that is written onto bodies. By creating characters that are, in one way or another, survivors and narrators of torture, the texts reject the hegemonic markers of torture, and criticize the systems that uphold victime/bourreau identitarianism. In Chapter Two, "The Tortured Body and the Narrativization of the Impossible," I turn to the oeuvre of Assia Djebar, whose career-long engagement with questions of history and individual and collective memory is evident in all of her texts, to discuss how the transmission of the story of torture is inscribed on the body. I refer to the mise en récit of these stories as a narrativization of the impossible, an impossibility that is predicated on the female body as a concrete trace of an act that is often denied or repressed by the individual. In the collection Femmes d'Alger dans leur appartement (1980) and novel La Femme sans sépulture (2002), Djebar rejects memory as a process at the service of the post-Independence State, and the various forms of transmission of violent narratives in her texts are a movement against monolithic forms of history-making. Rather than taking up positions as lieux de mémoire, static sites that work towards a national conception of memory and history, the narratives I examine refuse memorialization and allow instead an open-ended narrative that must be physically passed down in order to circulate in the face of renewed violence in Algeria.In my final chapter, "Testimonial texts: writing the obscene," I move away from fictional accounts of the aftermath of torture to explore the testimonial genre. Looking to first-person texts by Henri Alleg, Djamila Boupacha and Louisette Ighilarhiz, I argue that metropolitan French intellectuals had to intervene in their circulation and reception in order to mitigate the social and political unacceptability of these texts that are figured as "obscene." Ross Chambers' analysis of testimonial writing as both "untimely" and "obscene" acts in Untimely Interventions: AIDS Writing, Testimonial and the Rhetoric of Haunting underpins my argument that the description of torture in testimonial narratives is an exploration of the obscene; a state of affairs that allows for continual personal and systematic denial of the existence of torture and torture victims. The prevalence of sexual violence and rape and its place in French and Algerian cultural and social memory is also central to Chapter Three and my discussion of the textually obscene: torture is both hors scène, out of sight of the public, and obscene in the kind of limit experience it means for the victim and the torturer. The contrast between private and public discourses and the dissonance that can occur when narratives try to cross the public/private divide complicate how stories of torture are made available and received by readers. Reading testimonial accounts as textual incursions that embody the obscenity of torture and its physical effects, I argue that the paratextual support of French intellectuals was a necessary aspect of the transmission of primary torture narratives during the war. This mediation simultaneously shielded readers from the shock of events that were purposely kept "off-stage," and, paradoxically, highlighted the details of testimony that were the most contentious: descriptions of sexual violence, protracted legal struggles, and the blurred border between the French "us" and the Algerian "them." Multidirectional memory, another form of mediation that transmits narratives of torture, describes a shuttling between separate traumatic memories that are ultimately told together. I use Michael Rothberg's theory to explain and analyze the hinging effect often present more recent fictional texts on the Algerian War that are preoccupied with both the legacy of the War of Independence and the more immediate violence of Algeria's décennie noire. Using these narrative theories, I argue that the transmission of narratives of torture, be they fictional or testimonial, relies on a certain degree of mediation or deferral. I posit the transmission, or making public, of these stories as both individual and collective, and marked by a necessarily complex relationship to history, memory, and the physical traces of violence.By analyzing both Algerian and hexagonal French literature that addresses torture during the Algerian War, my dissertation frames the "Question" of state-sponsored violence as an enduring transnational topos that creates a proliferation of ghosts, unanswerable questions, and unsolvable crimes. As a project that engages with both hexagonal French and Francophone texts, my dissertation offers a new theory of how literature can engage with and defy taboos on memorial transmission and publically-recognizable grievances, and how the memory of torture is narrativized and circulated.

La presente tesis aborda el análisis del modelo de atribución de responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídica en el ordenamiento jurídico español, establecido mediante LO 5/2010 de Reforma del Código Penal. Además de unas breves notas sobre la evolución legislativa, histórica y de derecho comparado, se estudian los problemas mas relevantes de la responsabilidad penal corporativa, como la incapacidad de acción y culpabilidad de la persona jurídica, aspectos diferenciadores entre el derecho administrativo sancionador y el derecho penal, sistemas de prevención a través de compliance program, la cuestiones de orden procesal y la jurisprudencia más relevante en la materia. De manera independiente, se entra en el debate sobre si esta responsabilidad penal, como sostienen algunos autores, implica no solo el nacimiento de un nuevo sujeto para esta rama del derecho, sino si éste sujeto, en la era postindustrial, ha desplazado a la persona física como verdadero protagonista de las relaciones sociales y jurídicas (teoría deshumanizante). PALABRAS CLAVE: Responsabilidad penal, persona jurídica, empresa, antijuridicidad, culpabilidad, compliance program, administrativo sancionador, acción comunicativa, proceso penal. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio de bibliografía jurídica, revistas especializadas y base jurisprudencial, nacional y extranjera. Asistencia y participación en cursos y proyectos de investigación sobre la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas. CONCLUSIONES: 1.- La instauración de la responsabilidad penal de la persona jurídica se debe solo a razones de política criminal. No existe fundamento jurídico, ni filosófico, que sustente la pretendida capacidad de la persona jurídica para ser sujeto activo en derecho penal. 2.- Los diversos modelos de responsabilidad de las personas jurídicas se han visto multiplicados en derecho comparado, si bien su incremento no lo es uniformemente en cuanto a su naturaleza penal. En la historia más reciente fue precisamente el derecho administrativo sancionador el que incluyó (creándola) la responsabilidad de la persona jurídica. 3.- La responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas desnaturaliza el derecho penal. La persona jurídica no tiene capacidad de acción ni capacidad de culpabilidad. Es solo un fin patrimonial. 4.-. Ninguna de las teorías construidas por la doctrina para justificar la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas (espíritu normativo, funcional, carácter de la empresa, defecto de organización, cultura empresarial constructivista, etc.) se ajustan al principio de legalidad a la hora de conectar hecho y culpabilidad. 5- La ambigüedad conceptual del artículo 31 bis va a permitir a la jurisprudencia perfilar y definir con absoluta libertad el modelo de responsabilidad penal de la persona jurídica, vulnerándose principios como el de legalidad y taxatividad Penal, seguridad jurídica, o el de prohibición de interpretación extensiva de la norma penal. 6.- Artículo 31 bis. Establece un modelo de responsabilidad por transferencia, combinando un sistema de identificación y un sistema vicarial. No cabe individualizar en ningún caso responsabilidad por hecho propio. todo queda circunscrito a un hecho objetivo del que solo puede derivar una responsabilidad objetiva. Aceptar una idea de culpabilidad corporativa entraña admitir una pura visión teórica y extremadamente especulativa. 7.- Se acepta, como no puede ser de otro modo, que las personas jurídicas intervienen en el tráfico jurídico-económico, llegando a participar en acciones delictivas. Sin embargo, esta participación, que es puramente instrumental, no puede ser objeto directo, sino indirecto, del Derecho Penal. 8.- Desde perspectivas procesales entiendo que el legislador ha improvisado el estatuto procesal de la persona jurídica. ABSTRACT: This dissertation approaches the analysis of legal persons' appointment of criminal responsibility model in the Spanish legal system, established by the organic law LO 5/2010 from the Criminal Code Reform. As well as some brief review about the legislative, historic and comparative law evolution, the most important problems of corporate criminal responsibility are studied. Some of the latter are incapacity of action and legal person's guilt, some distinguishing aspects between disciplinary administrative law and criminal law, prevention systems through a compliance program, procedural matters and the case-law more relevant on the subject. In an independent way, it is brought up for discussion if criminal responsibility, as maintained by some authors, implies not only the birth of a new subject for this branch of law, but also if this subject, in the post-industrial age, has replaced the natural person as the real main character of social and legal relationships (dehumanized theory). KEY WORDS: Criminal responsibility, legal person, company, anti-juridicity, guilt, compliance program, disciplinary administrative, communicative action, criminal proceeding. METHODOLOGY: Domestic and foreign study of legal bibliography, technical journals and jurisprudence basis; Attendance and participation in courses and research projects on the criminal liability of legal persons. CONCLUSIONS: 1. - Criminal responsibility establishment of legal person is only due to criminal policy reasons. There is no legal or philosophical fundamental which maintains the supposed legal person's ability to be an active subject in criminal law. 2. - Legal persons' responsibility different models have been increased in comparative law, although this growth is not uniform in terms of its criminal nature. In the most recent history it was precisely the disciplinary administrative law the one which contained (by creating it) the liability of the legal person. 3. - Criminal responsibility of legal person distorts the criminal law. The legal person has not the ability of action or guilt. It is only an assets purpose. 4. - None of the theories built by the doctrine in order to justify the criminal responsibility of legal persons (normative spirit, practical, company personality, organization defect, constructivist corporate culture, etc. . .) is adjusted to the principle of legality when connecting fact and guilt. 5 - The conceptual ambiguity of Article 31 bis allows the case-law to shape and define with absolute freedom the legal person's criminal liability model. That fact infringes principles such as legality and taxativity of criminal law, legal certainty or prohibition of an over interpretation of criminal rule. 6. - Article 31a sets a responsibility model by transfer, combining identification and a vicarious liability system. It is not possible to pick out liability from the fact itself. So that, everything is confined to an objective fact which can only cause an objective liability. Accepting the idea of corporate guilt involves also the acceptance of a simple theoretical and extremely speculative point of view. 7. - It has been accepted , as it could not be any other way, that legal persons take part in the legal –economic traffic, and they even get to participate in criminal activities . However, that involvement, which is purely instrumental, cannot be a direct but indirect object of Criminal Law. 8. - From procedural perspectives I understand that legislator improvises the legal person procedural statute.

Tesis para obtener el grado de Magíster Scientiae en Procesos Locales de Innovación y Desarrollo Rural (PLIDER), de la Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, en mayo de 2013 ; Las tres cuartas partes del territorio argentino tienen condiciones de sequedad. A través de la historia, una burguesía criolla inspirada en los paradigmas de la revolución industrial forjó un modelo de país exportador de productos agrícola-ganaderos que no se corresponde con el árido y semi-árido de Argentina. En La Rioja, el agua es un recurso escaso, el más escaso en relación a las demás provincias del territorio nacional. En la cuenca de Anzulón, situada en los Llanos riojanos, existe déficit hídrico durante todo el año, esto conforma un verdadero techo a las condiciones de hábitat y de las producciones que sustentan al sistema. El Estado no ha podido promover el uso eficiente y equitativo de los recursos naturales ni el cuidado del medio ambiente; la debilidad de las organizaciones de base imposibilita una activa participación en la gestión social del agua. En este contexto, acaparar la mayor cuota de agua significa prevalecer y detentar el poder en el territorio. La investigación trata de abordar el conflicto por el uso del recurso hídrico, analizando la intrincada trama social que se teje alrededor del agua. Se pretende interpretar y entender cómo se producen y se resuelven los conflictos en el Distrito Anzulón. Analizar los factores que condicionan y facilitan el acceso al recurso por parte de los usuarios, la dinámica en la competencia por el mismo, la superposición de intervenciones y la escasa aplicación de instrumentos normativos. El presente análisis pretende dar un giro a las tradicionales líneas de trabajo que limitan el conflicto del agua a una visión lineal. Como recorte espacio-temporal se eligió la Cuenca de Anzulón y las transformaciones sufridas desde la llegada del ferrocarril, las políticas extractivas de la generación del 80 y la profundización de la degradación ambiental, social y cultural con el modelo neoliberal de la década del 90 y sus posteriores consecuencias hasta nuestros días. El itinerario de trabajo metodológico se organizó en base a recopilación bibliográfica de los hechos históricos que determinaron el desarrollo del departamento, con énfasis en el uso del recurso hídrico. La revisión bibliográfica sobre la gestión social del recurso y sobre los conflictos ocasionados por el manejo del agua. La Interpretación de la sucesión de paraguas institucionales que rigieron en La Rioja. Y entrevistas videograbadas, semi-estructuradas y en profundidad. La investigación moviliza concepto de la teoría del actor, teorías de conflictos y de comunicación a partir de un escenario estático (cuadro) y luego dinámico (película) de los conflictos generados por la gestión social del recurso. Se podrá observar a través del presente trabajo, como la baja institucionalidad reinante en el territorio produjo cambios en las normas de la administración del agua que en muchas ocasiones perjudicaron a los usuarios que no interpretaron al territorio como un todo sino como sectores en pugna, con escasa participación en las decisiones, sin poder apropiarse con la debida equidad de los recursos y favoreciendo las intervenciones extractivas y concentradoras de los modelos liberales. La falta de consenso entre el gobierno (con sus paraguas institucionales de los distintos períodos) y la sociedad civil para establecer medidas y leyes que generen gobernanza en el territorio han ido provocando conflictos en el territorio se agudicen con peligrosa velocidad. ; Three quarters of the Argentine territory have dry conditions. Throughout history, a local bourgeoisie inspired paradigms of the Industrial Revolution forged a model exporter of agricultural and livestock that does not correspond to the arid and semi-arid Argentina products. In La Rioja, the water is the scarcer relative to the other provinces of the country scarce resource. In Anzulón basin, located in the Llanos riojanos, water deficit exists throughout the year, this makes a real roof habitat conditions and productions that support the system. The state has failed to promote the efficient and equitable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment; weak grassroots precludes active participation in the social management of water. In this context, account for a major share of water means prevail and hold power in the territory. The research seeks to address the conflict over the use of water resources, analyzing the intricate social fabric that is woven around water. Is to interpret and understand how they occur and conflicts are resolved in Distrito de Anzulón. Analyze the factors that influence and facilitate access to the resource by users, the dynamics of competition for the same, overlapping interventions and poor implementation of policy instruments. This analysis aims to turn traditional lines of conflict that limit water to a linear view. As cut spatio-temporal La Cuenca de Anzulón and the transformations from the arrival of the railroad, mining policies of the generation of 80 and the deepening of the environmental, social and cultural degradation was elected to the neoliberal model and the 90 subsequent consequences to this day. The itinerary was organized methodological work based bibliography of historical events that shaped the development of the department, with emphasis on the use of water resources. The literature review on the social resource management and conflicts caused by water management. Interpretation of the succession of institutional umbrella that governed in La Rioja. And videotaped interviews, semi-structured and indepth. Research mobilizes concept of the theory of the actor, theories of conflict and communication from a static scenario (table) and then dynamic (film) of the conflicts generated by the corporate management of the resource. It will be seen through this work, as the low prevailing institutions in the territory led to changes in the rules of water management which often detracted from users who did not interpret the territory as a whole but as sectors in conflict with low participation in decisions, without appropriating with due fairness and promoting resource extractive and concentrating interventions liberal models. The lack of consensus between the government (with its institutional umbrella of different periods) and civil society to establish measures and laws that create governance in the territory have been causing conflicts in the territory are heightened with dangerous speed. ; EEA La Rioja ; Fil: Bosetti, Alejandro Marcelo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Rioja. Agencia de Extensión Rural Milagro; Argentina

Le biblioteche pubbliche, i cui clienti sono l'intera società, hanno percepito più di altre le possibili modificazioni derivanti dal mercato emergente della cosiddetta "informazione globale" e hanno iniziato un percorso di ridefinizione del loro posizionamento. Si capisce che le biblioteche pubbliche avranno nuovi concorrenti, ma non è facile trovare una strategia. Infatti, sono ancora molte le variabili interdipendenti, e molteplici i possibili scenari derivabili non solo dall'innovazione tecnologica, ma anche dai processi di mutamento economico, politico, sociale e culturale che si produrranno in conseguenza alla concorrenza fra i mercati, alle politiche dei governi, alle nuove legislazioni nel settore. È quanto mai evidente, quindi, che non c'è un solo futuro che dobbiamo sforzarci di prevedere. Del resto, se il cambiamento è posto al centro della riflessione sulla qualità dalle più aggiornate teorie di management, è importante pensare che non mancheranno certamente opportunità per il cambiamento. Questo sembra essere il dibattito attuale a livello internazionale, seguendo un processo che deve essere proseguito, un processo che, aldilà dell'irruenza con la quale Internet, ma non solo Internet, ha sconvolto il settore dell'informazione e della comunicazione, è molto più lento nel manifestare le sue conseguenze nei più vari aspetti dell'organizzazione sociale e quindi anche nell'organizzazione delle biblioteche.Forti della certezza che lungo sarà il tempo durante il quale le risorse cartacee dovranno convivere con quelle elettroniche, i bibliotecari non hanno cessato di formulare ipotesi anche molto dirompenti sul futuro, e vi è chi pensa che la biblioteca virtuale annullerà le differenze fra diversi tipi di biblioteche.Attraverso i contributi dei bibliotecari sulla realtà e le esperienze delle biblioteche danesi, inglesi, scozzesi, statunitensi, vengono mostrati i cambiamenti nell'organizzazione e nei servizi. Biblioteche digitali, reference a distanza, catalogo universale, prestito interbibliotecario su scala mondiale sono così le innovazioni, o le ipotesi di innovazione che impegnano i bibliotecari nel loro dibattito professionale. Emerge infine sopra ogni altro argomento il tema del management, la capacità sempre più necessaria di saper prevedere le aspettative degli utenti e corrispondervi velocemente, capire costi, fissare prezzi, recuperare risorse, gestire personale, dimostrare il valore di ciò che si vende. E poiché appunto le biblioteche sono espressione della società che devono servire, anche su questo occorre capire quali sono le aspettative che si stanno manifestando. È possibile allora immaginare le biblioteche pubbliche del futuro come luoghi di divertimento e di esperienze virtuali, ma anche come elementi fondamentali nella società della conoscenza, in cui diventerà diffusa l'applicazione delle tecnologie intelligenti.Nel panorama internazionale la situazione italiana si colloca con difficoltà, per il fatto che è assente una programmazione politica nazionale per le biblioteche, mentre quella sull'informazione non assegna ad esse alcun ruolo. La Dichiarazione di Copenaghen richiama i governi a definire una politica nazionale dell'informazione, che riconosca il ruolo unico e vitale delle biblioteche pubbliche e le sostenga con un'adeguata legislazione, ma in Italia si sente fortemente la carenza di un coordinamento nazionale che definisca i diversi compiti e le forme di cooperazione tra i vari livelli istituzionali. ; Public libraries, whose customers are the whole of society, have felt, more than any others, the possible modifications deriving from the emerging market of so-called "global information" and have begun a path of redefinition of their function. It is clear that public libraries will have new competitors, but it is not so easy to find a strategy. In fact, there are still many interdependent variables, and many are the possible scenarios that can be derived not only from technological innovation, but also from the processes of economic, political, social and cultural change which will come about as a result of competition between markets, government policies and new legislation in the sector. It is quite clear therefore that there is not just one future which we must try to foresee. After all, if change is placed at the centre of the reflection on quality by the most up to date management theories, it is important to think there will certainly be no lack of opportunities for that change. This seems to be the current debate at international level, following a process which must be continued, a process that, over and above the vehemence with which Internet, but not just Internet, has disturbed the sector of information and communication, is much slower in manifesting its consequences in the most varied aspects of social organization and therefore in the organization of libraries.Knowing that the period during which the paper resources will have to cohabitate with electronic ones will be a long one, librarians continue to formulate some very even sensational hypotheses on the future, and there are those who think that the virtual library will annul the differences between the different types of library. Changes in organization and services are demonstrated through contributions from librarians on the situations and experiences of Danish, English, Scotch, and United States libraries. Digital libraries, distance reference services, universal catalogues, interlibrary loans on a world scale are thus the innovations, or the hypotheses of innovations that keep librarians busy in their professional discussions. Finally, above every other subject the theme of management emerges, the increasingly more necessary ability to foresee the expectations of the public and rapidly respond to them, understand costs, fix prices, recover resources, manage personnel, demonstrate the value of what is being sold. And because libraries are in fact an expression of the society that they must serve, we must try to understand the expectations that are becoming apparent. It is therefore possible to imagine the public libraries of the future as places of entertainment and virtual experiences, but also as fundamental elements in the society of knowledge, in which the application of intelligent technology will become widespread.In the international panorama it is hard to find a place for the Italian situation, due to the fact that there is no national policy for libraries, while information policies assign no role to them. The Copenhagen Declaration calls on governments to define a national policy on information that acknowledges the unique and vital role of public libraries and sustains them with a specific legislation, but in Italy the lack of a national coordination that defines the different tasks and forms of cooperation between the various institutional levels is strongly felt.

La metodología circunstanciada de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura desarrollada y argumentada a lo largo de esta investigación se presenta como un modo de renegociar los encastres de perspectivas de las didácticas de la lengua o la literatura que hoy muestran en la Argentina su historia de entramados y superposiciones de diversos estatutos de saberes. Estas reconfiguraciones, estudiadas en las últimas cuatro décadas, no son ajenas a las coyunturas políticas, ni a los mecanismos de reproducción y producción de la cultura escolar y del sistema educativo, expresados en las particularidades de la disciplina escolar. Por ello, esta metodología se articula en tres fundamentos que no sobreimprimen nuevas prerrogativas didácticas a las reconfiguraciones de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura que actualmente encarnan la disciplina escolar y el sistema educativo en tres de sus niveles [primario, pero con especial atención al secundario e ingresos a la educación superior]. Básicamente, y más allá de sus matices, se trata de reconfiguraciones que develan la reificación de la lectura y la escritura como contenidos de enseñanza en nombre de criterios de utilidad y realidad para los docentes y alumnos. Así, se explica que los efectos de este estado de situación van consolidando un vacío metodológico revelado a través de relatos que permiten recuperar una historia reciente de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura en la Argentina, de los devenires de cada una de sus perspectivas, que, en apariencia, no se cruzarían. Sin embargo, puestos en relación, muestran los hechos en los que esas perspectivas se conjugaron, acaso conjuraron, e iniciaron sus complejas, y, a veces, no tan nítidas, alianzas. No obstante, ninguna perspectiva se impone por completo. Mirados sus efectos desde el trabajo docente, se encuentra un encastre entre el textualismo cognitivista, la psicogénesis y la más reciente perspectiva sociocultural e histórica, que abonan a una argamasa de saberes desestabilizadores de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura como rito de institución. Por el contrario, con sus prerrogativas siempre articuladas en retóricas de "cómo debe ser la mejor enseñanza" de la lengua y la literatura, de la lectura y la escritura, suman categorías, conceptos, recortes de líneas teóricas, investigaciones, por lo general, todos disímiles, para remodelarlos en orientaciones por demás distantes y ajenas a las realizaciones cotidianas del trabajo docente.Los fundamentos aquí planteados, entonces, se circunstancian en los modos en que docentes y alumnos dicen que se realiza la enseña de la lengua y la literatura. Asimismo, se expone que una idea de cambio radical no es pertinente para la comprensión de prácticas/acciones sociales como las educativas institucionales, y que, en realidad, es necesario recuperar en sentido estricto, y de las teorías sociales, la noción de cambio como variación de la reproducción y producción social. Por lo tanto, los postulados desarrollados para una metodología circunstanciada de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura están pensados en ese orden de la variación y no del aplastamiento de los sentidos que, histórica y culturalmente, la constituyen e instituyen ; The detailed methodology of the education of the Language and the Literature, developed and argued throughout this investigation, appear like a way to renegotiate the sockets of perspective of didactic of the Language or the Literature that today show in Argentina their history of half-framed and superpositions of diverse statutes of knowledge. These reconfigurations, studied in last the four decades, are not other people's to the political conjunctures, nor to the mechanisms of reproduction and production of the scholastic culture and the educative system, expressed in the particularitities of the scholastic discipline. For that reason, this methodology articulates in three foundations that new didactic prerogatives to the reconfigurations of the education of the Language do not print and the Literature that at the moment the scholastic discipline and the educative system in three of their levels incarnate (primary, but with special attention to secondary and the income to the superior education). Basically, and beyond its shades, one is reconfigurations that reveal the reading and the writing like contents of education in name of criteria of utility and reality for the teachers, professors and students. Thus, it is explained that the effects of this state of situation are consolidating a revealed methodologic emptiness through stories that allow, to recovers a recent history of the education of the Language and Literature in Argentina, of ways of each one of their perspective, that, in appearance, would not be crossed. Nevertheless, put in relation, they show the facts in which those perspectives were conjugated, perhaps they swore in, and they initiated its complex, and, sometimes, not so clear ones, alliances. However, no perspective prevails completely. Watched its effects from the educational work, is a socket between the textualismo cognitivista, the psicogénesis and the most recent sociocultural and historical perspective, that pay to a destabilizing the knowledge of the education of the Language and Literature like institution rite. On the contrary, with its always articulated prerogatives in rhetorics of "how it must be the best education" of the Language and the Literature, the reading and the writing, they add categories, concepts, cuts of theoretical lines, investigations, generally, all dissimilar ones, to model them in directions distant and beside the point other people's to the daily accomplishments of the educational work. The foundations raised here, then, are locates in the ways in which educational and students they say that it is made the standard of the Language and Literature. Also, it is exposed that an idea of radical change is not pertinent for the understanding of practices/educative social actions like the institutional ones, and that, in fact, is necessary to recover in strict sense, and of the social theories, the notion of change like variation of the reproduction and social production. Therefore, the postulates developed for a detailed methodology of the education of the Language and Literature, are thought about that order of the variation and not of the crushing of the senses that, historically and culturally, constitute it and institute ; Fil: Cuesta, Carolina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

La metodología circunstanciada de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura desarrollada y argumentada a lo largo de esta investigación se presenta como un modo de renegociar los encastres de perspectivas de las didácticas de la lengua o la literatura que hoy muestran en la Argentina su historia de entramados y superposiciones de diversos estatutos de saberes. Estas reconfiguraciones, estudiadas en las últimas cuatro décadas, no son ajenas a las coyunturas políticas, ni a los mecanismos de reproducción y producción de la cultura escolar y del sistema educativo, expresados en las particularidades de la disciplina escolar. Por ello, esta metodología se articula en tres fundamentos que no sobreimprimen nuevas prerrogativas didácticas a las reconfiguraciones de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura que actualmente encarnan la disciplina escolar y el sistema educativo en tres de sus niveles [primario, pero con especial atención al secundario e ingresos a la educación superior]. Básicamente, y más allá de sus matices, se trata de reconfiguraciones que develan la reificación de la lectura y la escritura como contenidos de enseñanza en nombre de criterios de utilidad y realidad para los docentes y alumnos. Así, se explica que los efectos de este estado de situación van consolidando un vacío metodológico revelado a través de relatos que permiten recuperar una historia reciente de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura en la Argentina, de los devenires de cada una de sus perspectivas, que, en apariencia, no se cruzarían. Sin embargo, puestos en relación, muestran los hechos en los que esas perspectivas se conjugaron, acaso conjuraron, e iniciaron sus complejas, y, a veces, no tan nítidas, alianzas. No obstante, ninguna perspectiva se impone por completo. Mirados sus efectos desde el trabajo docente, se encuentra un encastre entre el textualismo cognitivista, la psicogénesis y la más reciente perspectiva sociocultural e histórica, que abonan a una argamasa de saberes desestabilizadores de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura como rito de institución. Por el contrario, con sus prerrogativas siempre articuladas en retóricas de "cómo debe ser la mejor enseñanza" de la lengua y la literatura, de la lectura y la escritura, suman categorías, conceptos, recortes de líneas teóricas, investigaciones, por lo general, todos disímiles, para remodelarlos en orientaciones por demás distantes y ajenas a las realizaciones cotidianas del trabajo docente.Los fundamentos aquí planteados, entonces, se circunstancian en los modos en que docentes y alumnos dicen que se realiza la enseña de la lengua y la literatura. Asimismo, se expone que una idea de cambio radical no es pertinente para la comprensión de prácticas/acciones sociales como las educativas institucionales, y que, en realidad, es necesario recuperar en sentido estricto, y de las teorías sociales, la noción de cambio como variación de la reproducción y producción social. Por lo tanto, los postulados desarrollados para una metodología circunstanciada de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura están pensados en ese orden de la variación y no del aplastamiento de los sentidos que, histórica y culturalmente, la constituyen e instituyen ; The detailed methodology of the education of the Language and the Literature, developed and argued throughout this investigation, appear like a way to renegotiate the sockets of perspective of didactic of the Language or the Literature that today show in Argentina their history of half-framed and superpositions of diverse statutes of knowledge. These reconfigurations, studied in last the four decades, are not other people's to the political conjunctures, nor to the mechanisms of reproduction and production of the scholastic culture and the educative system, expressed in the particularitities of the scholastic discipline. For that reason, this methodology articulates in three foundations that new didactic prerogatives to the reconfigurations of the education of the Language do not print and the Literature that at the moment the scholastic discipline and the educative system in three of their levels incarnate (primary, but with special attention to secondary and the income to the superior education). Basically, and beyond its shades, one is reconfigurations that reveal the reading and the writing like contents of education in name of criteria of utility and reality for the teachers, professors and students. Thus, it is explained that the effects of this state of situation are consolidating a revealed methodologic emptiness through stories that allow, to recovers a recent history of the education of the Language and Literature in Argentina, of ways of each one of their perspective, that, in appearance, would not be crossed. Nevertheless, put in relation, they show the facts in which those perspectives were conjugated, perhaps they swore in, and they initiated its complex, and, sometimes, not so clear ones, alliances. However, no perspective prevails completely. Watched its effects from the educational work, is a socket between the textualismo cognitivista, the psicogénesis and the most recent sociocultural and historical perspective, that pay to a destabilizing the knowledge of the education of the Language and Literature like institution rite. On the contrary, with its always articulated prerogatives in rhetorics of "how it must be the best education" of the Language and the Literature, the reading and the writing, they add categories, concepts, cuts of theoretical lines, investigations, generally, all dissimilar ones, to model them in directions distant and beside the point other people's to the daily accomplishments of the educational work. The foundations raised here, then, are locates in the ways in which educational and students they say that it is made the standard of the Language and Literature. Also, it is exposed that an idea of radical change is not pertinent for the understanding of practices/educative social actions like the institutional ones, and that, in fact, is necessary to recover in strict sense, and of the social theories, the notion of change like variation of the reproduction and social production. Therefore, the postulates developed for a detailed methodology of the education of the Language and Literature, are thought about that order of the variation and not of the crushing of the senses that, historically and culturally, constitute it and institute ; Fil: Cuesta, Carolina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

La metodología circunstanciada de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura desarrollada y argumentada a lo largo de esta investigación se presenta como un modo de renegociar los encastres de perspectivas de las didácticas de la lengua o la literatura que hoy muestran en la Argentina su historia de entramados y superposiciones de diversos estatutos de saberes. Estas reconfiguraciones, estudiadas en las últimas cuatro décadas, no son ajenas a las coyunturas políticas, ni a los mecanismos de reproducción y producción de la cultura escolar y del sistema educativo, expresados en las particularidades de la disciplina escolar. Por ello, esta metodología se articula en tres fundamentos que no sobreimprimen nuevas prerrogativas didácticas a las reconfiguraciones de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura que actualmente encarnan la disciplina escolar y el sistema educativo en tres de sus niveles [primario, pero con especial atención al secundario e ingresos a la educación superior]. Básicamente, y más allá de sus matices, se trata de reconfiguraciones que develan la reificación de la lectura y la escritura como contenidos de enseñanza en nombre de criterios de utilidad y realidad para los docentes y alumnos. Así, se explica que los efectos de este estado de situación van consolidando un vacío metodológico revelado a través de relatos que permiten recuperar una historia reciente de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura en la Argentina, de los devenires de cada una de sus perspectivas, que, en apariencia, no se cruzarían. Sin embargo, puestos en relación, muestran los hechos en los que esas perspectivas se conjugaron, acaso conjuraron, e iniciaron sus complejas, y, a veces, no tan nítidas, alianzas. No obstante, ninguna perspectiva se impone por completo. Mirados sus efectos desde el trabajo docente, se encuentra un encastre entre el textualismo cognitivista, la psicogénesis y la más reciente perspectiva sociocultural e histórica, que abonan a una argamasa de saberes desestabilizadores de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura como rito de institución. Por el contrario, con sus prerrogativas siempre articuladas en retóricas de "cómo debe ser la mejor enseñanza" de la lengua y la literatura, de la lectura y la escritura, suman categorías, conceptos, recortes de líneas teóricas, investigaciones, por lo general, todos disímiles, para remodelarlos en orientaciones por demás distantes y ajenas a las realizaciones cotidianas del trabajo docente.Los fundamentos aquí planteados, entonces, se circunstancian en los modos en que docentes y alumnos dicen que se realiza la enseña de la lengua y la literatura. Asimismo, se expone que una idea de cambio radical no es pertinente para la comprensión de prácticas/acciones sociales como las educativas institucionales, y que, en realidad, es necesario recuperar en sentido estricto, y de las teorías sociales, la noción de cambio como variación de la reproducción y producción social. Por lo tanto, los postulados desarrollados para una metodología circunstanciada de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura están pensados en ese orden de la variación y no del aplastamiento de los sentidos que, histórica y culturalmente, la constituyen e instituyen ; The detailed methodology of the education of the Language and the Literature, developed and argued throughout this investigation, appear like a way to renegotiate the sockets of perspective of didactic of the Language or the Literature that today show in Argentina their history of half-framed and superpositions of diverse statutes of knowledge. These reconfigurations, studied in last the four decades, are not other people's to the political conjunctures, nor to the mechanisms of reproduction and production of the scholastic culture and the educative system, expressed in the particularitities of the scholastic discipline. For that reason, this methodology articulates in three foundations that new didactic prerogatives to the reconfigurations of the education of the Language do not print and the Literature that at the moment the scholastic discipline and the educative system in three of their levels incarnate (primary, but with special attention to secondary and the income to the superior education). Basically, and beyond its shades, one is reconfigurations that reveal the reading and the writing like contents of education in name of criteria of utility and reality for the teachers, professors and students. Thus, it is explained that the effects of this state of situation are consolidating a revealed methodologic emptiness through stories that allow, to recovers a recent history of the education of the Language and Literature in Argentina, of ways of each one of their perspective, that, in appearance, would not be crossed. Nevertheless, put in relation, they show the facts in which those perspectives were conjugated, perhaps they swore in, and they initiated its complex, and, sometimes, not so clear ones, alliances. However, no perspective prevails completely. Watched its effects from the educational work, is a socket between the textualismo cognitivista, the psicogénesis and the most recent sociocultural and historical perspective, that pay to a destabilizing the knowledge of the education of the Language and Literature like institution rite. On the contrary, with its always articulated prerogatives in rhetorics of "how it must be the best education" of the Language and the Literature, the reading and the writing, they add categories, concepts, cuts of theoretical lines, investigations, generally, all dissimilar ones, to model them in directions distant and beside the point other people's to the daily accomplishments of the educational work. The foundations raised here, then, are locates in the ways in which educational and students they say that it is made the standard of the Language and Literature. Also, it is exposed that an idea of radical change is not pertinent for the understanding of practices/educative social actions like the institutional ones, and that, in fact, is necessary to recover in strict sense, and of the social theories, the notion of change like variation of the reproduction and social production. Therefore, the postulates developed for a detailed methodology of the education of the Language and Literature, are thought about that order of the variation and not of the crushing of the senses that, historically and culturally, constitute it and institute ; Fil: Cuesta, Carolina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

I de seneste årtier er forekomsten af overvægt og fedme steget på verdensplan. Mange faktorer har haft betydning for denne udvikling, en af disse er ernæring. Med det formål at forbedre det ernæringsmæssige indtag har interventioner været forsøgt i forskellige typer af settings. Disse interventioner har vist at arbejdspladsen kan være en effektiv setting i forhold til at påvirke kosten. Samtidig har studier vist at manglende tid kan være en barriere for at tilberede sund mad i husholdningen. Med baggrund i arbejdspladsen som en effektiv setting, samt at det kan være svært at finde tid til at tilberede sund mad, er Kantine TakeAway (KTA) konceptet udviklet som et tilbud fra arbejdspladsen til deres medarbejdere om at købe mad med hjem. Formålet med denne afhandling har været at opnå viden om udformningen af KTA-ordninger, samt at forstå de processer og resultater som er relateret til formningen. Afhandlingen er baseret på casestudier på to hospitaler, en finansiel arbejdsplads og en industriarbejdsplads. Teoretisk tager afhandlingen afsæt i teorier om design som samspil mellem udvikleres forestillinger om potentielle brugere og brugernes afvisning eller tilpasning af løsninger (inskription og domesticering) samt teori om politiske processer i organisationer for at kunne analysere såvel brugerperspektiver som produktionsperspektiver af KTA. Resultaterne viser, at KTA i alle fire cases bliver etableret som et forsøg på at skabe bedre balance mellem arbejdsliv og privatliv for de ansatte. I to cases udvikles KTA også til at være en løsning, som tilbyder mad til de ansatte på aftenhold. Udformningen af den enkelte ordning er således afgørende for hvem der kan integrere ordningen i deres hverdagsliv. Studiet viser at antallet af brugere af KTA er begrænset, hvilket kan skyldes manglende overensstemmelse mellem det problem som KTA antages at skulle løse og den KTA-løsning som bliver udviklet på de enkelte arbejdspladser. I særdeleshed synes bestillingsdeadline og pris at være væsentlige for om ansatte benytter sig af ordningen. Derudover vægter brugerne af KTA også sundhed og kulinariske aspekter højt. I tre cases har dette primært betydning når medarbejdere er blevet brugere af ordningen, mens ønsket om store portioner og højt kødindhold var afgørende for accepten af ordningen på industriarbejdspladsen. Produktionen af KTA integreres i den eksisterende køkkenproduktion ved reduktion af andre services til medarbejderne, KTA-salg få gange om ugen eller salg af samme måltid som frokostmåltidet. Strategierne har indflydelse på hvor ofte KTA tilbydes til de ansatte samt hvilken type måltider der tilbydes. Afslutningsvist konkluderes at KTA-ordninger er formet af samspillet mellem KTA-konceptet, den lokale kontekst og dennes normer og værdier for sundhed, arbejdstagerrettigheder m.m. Ph.D-projektet kan anvendes til at sikre fokus på særlige lokale forhold ved design af lokale KTA-ordninger gennem et brugerorienteret designforløb, hvor potentielle brugere involveres i tilrettelæggelsen af en ordning samtidig med at driftserfaringer løbende drøftes med henblik på at tilpasse ordningen til potentielle og nuværende brugeres behov i relation til bestillingsmåde, portionsstørrelser, valgmuligheder m.m. ; During recent decades, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the world has been increasing. Many factors are influencing this development, one of which is nutrition. In order to improve dietary intake, interventions has been carried out in different settings. Such interventions have shown that the worksite can be an effective setting for influencing dietary intake. Lack of time is found to be perceived as a barrier for preparation of healthy meals in the households. Based on the findings that the worksite has been found to be an important setting for health-promoting initiatives, and that people find it difficult to find time to prepare healthy meals, the concept of Canteen TakeAway (CTA) was developed. CTA is offered by worksites to their employees as ready-to-heat meals they can take home. The aim of this thesis has been to gain knowledge of how such CTA schemes are shaped, and to understand the processes and results related to the shaping. The thesis is based on case studies at two hospitals, a financial company and an industrial worksite. Theoretically, the thesis draws on theories about design as the interaction between developers conceptions about potential users and the users' rejection or adjustments to solutions (inscription and domestication), together with theory about political processes, in order to capture both user perspectives and production perspectives of CTA. The results show that in all four cases CTA is established as an attempt to create aa better work-life balance for the employees. Furthermore, in two of the cases, CTA is also linked to providing employees working irregular hours with a meal solution. The shaping of the scheme is thus decisive for who that can integrate the scheme into their everyday life. It is found that number of users of CTA are limited, which could be a result of a discrepancy between the identified problem and the related solution. Particularly the ordering deadline and the price seem to be crucial for whether the employees choose to become CTA users. Users also consider healthiness of the meals and culinary aspects to be important. In three cases this has primarily importance after the employees have become users. The wish for big portions and a great amount of meat was important for the acceptance of the scheme at the industrial worksite. The production of CTA is integrated into the existing food production by a reduction in other services for the employees, sale of CTA few days a week or by using the lunch meal as CTA meal. The strategies influence how many times a week CTA should be offered and what type of meals should be prepared. Finally, it is concluded that the CTA schemes are co-shaped by the CTA-concept and the local context and its norms and values about health, employee rights etc. The Ph.D project can be used to assure that focus is kept on particular local conditions when local CTA schemes are designed. This can be done through a user oriented design course where potential users is involved in the planning of a scheme, and by continuously discussing the scheme's performance with the purpose of adjusting the scheme to meet the potential and present users needs in relation to ordering, portion size, different options and so on.

Die vorrangigen Anliegen meiner Arbeit sind es, gleichsam die wesentlichen Strukturen einer Sozialisation während der NS-Zeit deskriptiv zu beschreiben und systematisierend zu analysieren. Im Ergebnis sollen sich diese Darstellungen schließlich zur Gesamtpräsentation eines spezifischen NS-Sozialisationskontextes ergänzen. Dieses Vorhaben zieht seine Motivation aus dem bestehenden Desiderat systematisierender Analysen zum sozialen Alltag während der NS-Zeit. Die Arbeit stützt sich in ihren Aussagen auf die Analysen von insgesamt mehreren hundert Primärwerken aus der NS-Zeit, wissenschaftlichen Sekundäranalysen zu selbiger, biographischen und autobiographischen Quellen, theoretischen Konzepten, welche von mir auf die Belange einer Sozialisation während der NS-Zeit übertragen wurden (etwa der labeling approach Ansatz auf die Analyse abweichenden Verhaltens unter der NS-Herrschaft), sowie einigen, von mir geführten narrativen Interviews mit Zeitzeugen der NS-Herrschaft. Zunächst wird in der Arbeit der hier verwendete Sozialisationsbegriff eingeführt. Anschließend werden einige Sozialisationstheorien, welche auch im späteren Analyseverlauf erneut auftauchen, bezüglich ihrer Anwendbarkeit auf die Belange eines Aufwachsens während der NS-Zeit befragt. Danach erfolgt eine hinführende Analyse der Sozialisationsbedingungen in der späten Weimarer Republik. An dies schließt dann der Hauptteil der Arbeit an, die ausführliche Analyse des NS-Sozialisationskontextes. Dessen Darstellung wurde, im Anschluss an eine Argumentation von M. Rainer Lepsius, bewusst als Präsentation spezifischer Sozialisationspotentiale vorgenommen. Sie zieht daher keine Verengung auf vermeintlich repräsentative idealtypische Sozialisationsverläufe nach sich. Zur differenzierenden Untergliederung des NS-Sozialisationskontextes wurde die Erstellung von insgesamt sieben Strukturthesen gewählt, welche diesen zugleich systematisierend erfassen. Die ausgiebigen Erläuterungen zu diesen Thesen beschreiben die besonderen Bedingungen, sowie vielfach auch die biographische Bedeutung der einzelnen Elemente einer Sozialisation unter der NS-Herrschaft. Die Thesen erheben bezüglich des NS-Sozialisationskontextes einen universalen Gültigkeitsanspruch. Aus Platzgründen können sie im Verlauf der Arbeit jedoch nur exemplarisch belegt werden. Für diese Belege wurden solche Phänomene gewählt, die entweder bislang noch zu wenig Aufmerksamkeit durch die historische Bildungsforschung erfahren haben, oder aber von mir als besonders relevant für eine damals ablaufende Sozialisation angesehen wurden (etwa die Erfahrungen im Zweiten Weltkrieg). Die einzelnen Strukturthesen lauten wie folgt: 1. Zum Verhältnis von Regime und Bevölkerung I: Das nationalsozialistische Regime versuchte, die Menschen nach Maßgabe seiner ideologischen Überzeugungen "von oben" zu lenken. 2. Zum Verhältnis von Regime und Bevölkerung II: Die Beeinflussung der Bevölkerung durch das Regime erfolgte durch eine ineinander greifende Anwendung von Verführung und Führung. 3. Zum Verhältnis von Bevölkerung und Regime I: Während die NS-Ideologie bei der Bevölkerung nur begrenzten Anklang fand und die "NSDAP" durchaus auch auf Ablehnung stieß, war die Zustimmung zur Person Hitlers und den um ihn entfachten "Führermythos" ein wesentlich integrierendes Moment zwischen Bevölkerung und Nationalsozialismus. 4. Zum Verhältnis von Bevölkerung und Regime II: Über die gesamte NS-Zeit lässt sich auch eine Einflussnahme "von unten", durch Teile der Bevölkerung, nachweisen, welche die Politik des "Dritten Reiches" deutlich mitgeprägt hat. 5. Leben im "Dritten Reich" I: Sowohl das alltägliche Leben als auch der Verlauf nahezu jeder politischen Maßnahme - wenn sie lang genug bestand - lässt sich während der NS-Zeit in drei Entwicklungsschritte einteilen, welche jeweils eine spezifische Sozialisationsrelevanz erlangten. 6. Leben im "Dritten Reich" II: Die NS-Führung bedachte unterschiedliche Bevölkerungsgruppen mit differenzierenden Kategorisierungen und damit verbundenen Charakterisierungen, zu welchen sowohl die Politik des Regimes als auch die Alltagserfahrungen und –handlungen der Betroffenen in mitunter deutlichen Widerspruch treten konnten. 7. Leben im "Dritten Reich" III: Im Alltag des NS-Sozialisationskontextes generierte sich individuell wie kollektiv abweichendes Verhalten zumeist als Resultat komplexer Motivlagen, welche allerdings selten eine vollständige Ablehnung des Regimes oder dessen Politik zum Ergebnis hatten, sowie in Form eines Prozesses, an dessen Ende nur in Einzelfällen ein offener Widerstand gegen das NS-System stand, in dessen Verlauf jedoch die massiv repressiven negativen Rückkopplungen (Zuschreibungen und daraus resultierende gewaltsame Zumutungen) durch die nationalsozialistischen Kontrollorgane häufig eine weitere Verschärfung des Konflikts bedingten. ; The primary objectives of this work shall be to descriptively specify substantial patterns of socialization during the period of National Socialism as well as to systematisingly analyse them. In consequence, they aim to add to the overall presentation of a specific National Socialist socialization context. The intention of this dissertation arises from a desideratum in systematizing analyses of the social everyday life during the Nazi era. The work is founded on the analysis of a total of several hundred publications, corresponding scientific literature, biographical and autobiographical sources, and theoretical concepts applied to the issues of socialization during the period of National Socialism (i.e. the so called labelling approach on the analysis of deviant behaviour). Also, a number of narrative interviews have been conducted with contemporaries of the National Socialist period. At first, the concept of socialization used in this work will be introduced. After that, a number of socialization theories, which will be referred to in the further course of analysis, will be put into question according to their applicability with regard to growing up during the Nazi era. An introductory analysis of the conditions of socialization during the late Weimar Republic will follow right before the in-depth analysis of the socialization context during the Nazi era in the main part of the work. The interpretation of the context, following the argumentation of M. Rainer Lepsius, is purposely regarded as the presentation of socialization potentials, meaning it will not be limited to supposedly representative ideal types of courses of socialization. Seven structural theses have been chosen to allow for differentiating structures and systematic coverage of the National Socialist context of socialization. Extensive elucidations point out the particular conditions, and very often the biographical significance of individual elements of socialization in the National Socialist regime. With regard to the latter, these theses have a general claim to validity; however, due to space reasons, only exemplary evidence can be given. For said evidence, phenomena have been chosen that either had received too little attention in historical educational research or which I considered as particularly relevant for socialization then – such as the experiences made in World War II. The structural theses are as follows: 1. The relationship of regime and population I: According to their ideological ideas, the National Socialist regime tried to direct the German people top-down. 2. The relationship of regime and population II: The influence on the population by the regime happened by intertwining temptation and command. 3. The relationship of population and regime I: While the appeal of National Socialist ideology to the population was somewhat limited and the NSDAP was not well accepted, the man, Adolf Hitler, was met with general approval. Furthermore, the starting of the "Führermythos" was an essential element working towards the integration of the population and National Socialism. 4. The relationship of population and regime II: During the era of National Socialism a bottom-up exertion of influence from parts of the population can be proved, which left its imprint on the politics of the Third Reich. 5. Life in the Third Reich I: Both everyday life and progress of political measures of a certain duration can be divided into developmental stages, each gaining a specific relevance socialization-wise. 6. Life in the Third Reich II: The differentiating categorizations and subsequent characterizations undertaken by National Socialist leaders caused considerable discrepancies between said categorizations and the regime's politics as well as between the former and day-to-day experiences and actions of those affected by the aforementioned measures. 7. Life in the Third Reich III: Deviant behaviour on an individual and collective level in the social context of National Socialism was often due to complex motivations, which seldom resulted in a total rejection of the regime or its politics. Also, deviant behaviour occurred in a process whose end results only occasionally turned into open opposition against the National Socialist system; however, in its course massively repressive negative feedback (attributions and violent impositions resulting from them) originating from National Socialist controlling bodies caused an exacerbation of the conflict.