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We view political activity as an interaction between forces seeking to achieve a political agenda. The viability of a situation depends on the compatibility of such agendas. However even in a conflictual situation a compromise may be possible. Mathematically a political structure is modeled as a simplicial complex and a viable configuration as a simplex. A represented compromise is a viable configuration obtained by the withdrawal of some agents in favor of some friendly representatives. A delegated compromise is a sophisticated version of a compromise obtained by the iteration of the withdrawal process. Existence of such solutions depends on the discrete topology of the simplicial complex. In particular we prove that the existence of a delegated compromise is equivalent to the strong contractibility of the simplicial complex.

We view political activity as an interaction between forces seeking to achieve a political agenda. The viability of a situation depends on the compatibility of such agendas. However even in a conflictual situation a compromise may be possible. Mathematically a political structure is modeled as a simplicial complex and a viable configuration as a simplex. A represented compromise is a viable configuration obtained by the withdrawal of some agents in favor of some friendly representatives. A delegated compromise is a sophisticated version of a compromise obtained by the iteration of the withdrawal process. Existence of such solutions depends on the discrete topology of the simplicial complex. In particular we prove that the existence of a delegated compromise is equivalent to the strong contractibility of the simplicial complex.

We view political activity as an interaction between forces seeking to achieve a political agenda. The viability of a situation depends on the compatibility of such agendas. However even in a conflictual situation a compromise may be possible. Mathematically a political structure is modeled as a simplicial complex and a viable configuration as a simplex. A represented compromise is a viable configuration obtained by the withdrawal of some agents in favor of some friendly representatives. A delegated compromise is a sophisticated version of a compromise obtained by the iteration of the withdrawal process. Existence of such solutions depends on the discrete topology of the simplicial complex. In particular we prove that the existence of a delegated compromise is equivalent to the strong contractibility of the simplicial complex.

The purpose of this study is to examine the processes of participation of migrant-led organisations and migrant communities in the Irish 'intercultural' sector, and also the broader third sector. The rational behind this research is to gain an understanding of the types and levels of participation in order to ascertain if inequities exist between the involvement of migrant communities and indigenous Irish people. Participation is assessed in relation to the emergence of barriers to participation, and how involvement is supported and facilitated by the organisations and the intercultural sector in general. This qualitative research utilises a critical ethnography, which integrates aspects of ethnography and critical enquiry in order to identify relationships between power and culture. The conclusions of this report have determined that inequalities exist for migrant-led organisations and communities in terms of their ability to participate in the sector and in the broader third sector. The issues that arose include; funding issues, disparate levels of influence between Irish NGOs and migrant-led organisations, formal participation in networks, a lack of informal connections with indigenous Irish people in government and civil society, and localised conceptions of community. Problems with perceptions and trust permeated these issues. This report recommends a recognition by Pobail of 'culture as community', the implementation of the funding recommendations made by the Fitzpatrick Report, the participation of intercultural organisations on funding advisory committees and greater support from funding bodies with application processes.

Front Cover -- Water, Land, and Forest Susceptibility and Sustainability -- Science of Sustainable Systems: Water, Land, and Forest Susceptibility and Sustainability: Geospatial Approaches and Modeling Volume I -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- I - Introduction: Theoretical framework and -- 1 - Theoretical framework and approaches of susceptibility and sustainability: issues and drivers -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Global perspective of sustainability and susceptibility -- 1.3 Theoretical framework of sustainability and ecosystem services -- 1.3.1 Water, land, and forest: integral component of ecosystem -- 1.3.2 Sustainability and ecosystem services -- 1.3.3 Degradation of ecosystem services -- 1.4 Drivers and issues of susceptibility and sustainability of ecosystems -- 1.4.1 Susceptibility and sustainability of water resources -- 1.4.2 Susceptibility and sustainability of land resources -- 1.4.3 Susceptibility and sustainability of forest resources -- 1.5 Approaches for susceptibility/degradation assessment of ecosystems -- 1.6 Conclusions -- References -- II - Water resource susceptibility and sustainability -- 2 - Trap efficiency of reservoirs: concept, review, and application -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Reservoir sedimentation -- 2.1.2 Reservoir storage capacity reduction -- 2.1.3 Determination of quantity of sediment deposited in reservoir -- 2.1.3.1 Quantity of incoming sediment load -- 2.1.3.2 Quantity of outgoing sediment load -- 2.1.4 Determination of trap efficiency -- 2.2 Limitations of the study -- 2.2.1 Empirical methods -- 2.2.2 Artificial neural networks -- 2.3 Literature review -- 2.4 Materials and methods -- 2.4.1 Empirical methods -- 2.4.1.1 Brown's method -- 2.4.1.2 Capacity-inflow method (Brune method) -- 2.4.1.3 Gills method -- 2.4.1.4 Sediment index method (Churchill method).

In the eighteenth century, it is the responsibility of the autorities to make sure that the inhabitants are provided with food, fuels and tallow candles. Strasbourg becoming part of the kingdom of Louis XIVth in 1681 means the end of the independance of the city, the royal preator being now the head of the magistracy. Which consequence does this institutional evolution have on the supplying policy of the city ? The latter remains regularly disrupted by weather setbacks, wars and the schemes of speculators. Besides, it must meet an ever increasing demand. The Alsace province still provides grain and wine, but the city resorts to importation for ist firewood, livestock and coffee too. The« tribes » (a grouping of guilds), as for instance the butchers', play an important part in supplying the town, a task jeopardized in 1788. ; Au XVIIIe siècle, il incombe aux autorités de veiller à l'approvisionnement des habitants en denrées alimentaires, en combustibles et en chandelles de suif. Le rattachement de Strasbourg au royaume de France de Louis XIV en 1681 signifie la fin de l'indépendance de la cité, le préteur royal étant à la tête du magistrat. Quelle conséquence cette évolution institutionnelle a-t-elle sur la politique d'approvisionnement de la ville ? Celle-ci demeure régulièrement perturbée par les accidents météorologiques, les guerres et les agissements des spéculateurs. Elle doit par ailleurs répondre à une demande croissante. La cité continue de se ravitailler en grain et en vin dans la province d'Alsace, mais elle recourt à l'importation pour le bois de chauffage, les bestiaux ou encore le café. Les tribus, à l'instar de celle des bouchers, jouent un rôle important dans l'approvisionnement de la ville qui se trouve compromis en 1788.

Luxemburg ist ein multikultureller und mehrsprachiger Kleinstaat. Dort wirksame Werbung zu entwickeln, ist ein komplexer Vorgang. Zum ersten Mal werden in diesem Buch Rahmenbedingungen und Gestaltungselemente des Luxemburger Werbediskurses umfassend diskutiert und analysiert. Ausgehend von Jürgen Links Interdiskurs- und Normalismustheorie gibt die Untersuchung wichtige Hinweise auf die grundsätzliche Beziehung zwischen Werbung, Multikulturalität und kollektiven Identitäten und bietet so eine innovative Form der Anwendung literaturwissenschaftlicher Theorien auf kommunikationswissenschaftliche Kontexte.

This article argues for a reassessment of the history of the Singhasari period based on disambiguating diverse historical sources that have often been combined to produce a seamless narrative, when in fact the textual record is marked by conflict, contradiction and ambiguity. The author proposes a basic division between the perspective of kakawin literature, which represents the interests of royal and priestly actors with a large stake in maintaining a fixed symbolic order, and literature in Middle Javanese, which reflects the more personal values that arose among young royals competing for favourable position in the core-line status hierarchy. The author further claims that symbolic initiatives of Krtanagara (1265-92 CE) that led to his identification as 'the god Shiva-Buddha' were not aimed at producing a syncretic religious system, but rather a politico-religious hegemony that had profound effects on the shape of statecraft during the Majapahit era. (J Southeast Asian Stud/GIGA)

Abstract Whilst Costa v. ENEL is the starting point for most accounts of the primacy of EU law, the story of that lawsuit is still relatively unknown. What drove Flaminio Costa to sue his electricity provider over a bill of as little as £1,925 (about €22 in 2019)? Why did the small-claims court of Milan decide to involve both the Italian Constitutional Court and the European Court of Justice in such a 'petty' lawsuit? Why did those two courts hand down rulings going in opposite directions? How did the lawsuit end when it came back to the Milan small-claims court? Relying upon previously undisclosed court documents and interviews with some of the actors involved, this article seeks to shed some light on the less-known aspects of the Costa v. ENEL lawsuit, against the background of electricity nationalization in Italy at the height of the Cold War, and to assess the contribution of that lawsuit and of its 'architect', Gian Galeazzo Stendardi, to the development of the doctrine of primacy of European Union law.

Tables. ; Cover title. ; "Polling day, June 29, 1914" ; Includes index. ; Electronic reproduction. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 44

International audience ; This article starts out from the observation that national Rural Territorial Development policies in Latin America have recently seen noteworthy and almost simultaneous expansion with the rapid dissemination of common models and references. The paper therefore puts forward three main hypotheses: The first is that of the existence of Latin American macro-regional models for these public policies. The second is that of the overlapping of three internationalization processes for these policies: inter/transnational circulation of norms, especially via international organizations and arenas; policy transfers; a bottom up regionalization process. The third hypothesis considers an atypical regionalization of this continent which is undergoing a process of internationalized sectoral public policy dissemination. The general purpose of the paper is therefore to understand the types of overlapping existing between these internationalization processes and the ways Rural Territorial Development policies are nationally, regionally and territorially adapted in Latin America. ; Cet article part du constat que les politiques nationales de développement territorial rural en Amérique latine ont récemment connu une expansion notable et presque simultanée avec la diffusion rapide de modèles et de références communs. Le document propose donc trois hypothèses principales: La première est celle de l'existence de modèles macro-régionaux latino-américains pour ces politiques publiques. Le second est celui du chevauchement de trois processus d'internationalisation de ces politiques: circulation inter / transnationale des normes, notamment via les organisations et les arènes internationales; transferts de politiques; un processus de régionalisation ascendant. La troisième hypothèse considère une régionalisation atypique de ce continent qui connaît un processus de diffusion des politiques publiques sectorielles internationalisées. L'objectif général de l'article est donc de comprendre les types de chevauchement existant entre ces processus d'internationalisation et les façons dont les politiques de développement territorial rural sont adaptées aux niveaux national, régional et territorial en Amérique latine.

International audience ; This article starts out from the observation that national Rural Territorial Development policies in Latin America have recently seen noteworthy and almost simultaneous expansion with the rapid dissemination of common models and references. The paper therefore puts forward three main hypotheses: The first is that of the existence of Latin American macro-regional models for these public policies. The second is that of the overlapping of three internationalization processes for these policies: inter/transnational circulation of norms, especially via international organizations and arenas; policy transfers; a bottom up regionalization process. The third hypothesis considers an atypical regionalization of this continent which is undergoing a process of internationalized sectoral public policy dissemination. The general purpose of the paper is therefore to understand the types of overlapping existing between these internationalization processes and the ways Rural Territorial Development policies are nationally, regionally and territorially adapted in Latin America. ; Cet article part du constat que les politiques nationales de développement territorial rural en Amérique latine ont récemment connu une expansion notable et presque simultanée avec la diffusion rapide de modèles et de références communs. Le document propose donc trois hypothèses principales: La première est celle de l'existence de modèles macro-régionaux latino-américains pour ces politiques publiques. Le second est celui du chevauchement de trois processus d'internationalisation de ces politiques: circulation inter / transnationale des normes, notamment via les organisations et les arènes internationales; transferts de politiques; un processus de régionalisation ascendant. La troisième hypothèse considère une régionalisation atypique de ce continent qui connaît un processus de diffusion des politiques publiques sectorielles internationalisées. L'objectif général de l'article est donc de comprendre les types de chevauchement existant entre ces processus d'internationalisation et les façons dont les politiques de développement territorial rural sont adaptées aux niveaux national, régional et territorial en Amérique latine.