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The article is devoted to the interaction of domestic and international legal norms on human rights and the application of the latter in national legislation. The author comes to the conclusion that there are a number of problems in the implementation of international legal norms on human rights in the Russian legal system.

Background: Patient-centred medicine improves psychological and physiological functioning in chronic illnesses. Aims: To determine to what extent the patient-centred ethos (as exemplified by research addressing subjective experiences) was incorporated into work presented at major international schizophrenia research forums between 1988 and 2004. Method: Whole population-based, retrospective cohort study using abstracts from the International Congress on Schizophrenia Research and the Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia ( n = 9,284). Comparative analysis using abstracts from the International Society for the Psychological Treatment of Schizophrenia ( n = 992). Patient-centredness was assessed by determining the number of abstracts that primarily addressed participants' subjective experiences. Results: Research was presented from 50 countries globally. European and North American countries produced 8,573 (92%) of the total. Biological research was the main theme of 6,960 (75%) of the abstracts, with psychosocial research constituting less than 5%. One hundred and eighty three (2%) abstracts from the two main conferences addressed subjective experiences, as did 333 (34%) from the comparative analysis. Conclusions: Between 1988 and 2004 research emanating from North American and European countries, together with biologically orientated research, were the most prevalent perspectives on schizophrenia. It appears that research into the subjective experiences of participants has not been as prevalent as more objective accounts of the disorder, suggesting that this research effort has not been patient-centred.

Objective. Know the process for Certification in Mexico Hospital. Results. Mexico has had institutional quality standards, however there was not an external evaluation to determine whether they were qualified or not, likewise influenced the lack of strict health legislation which was enacted successfully in 2009, which compel all health facility enter the era of certification. With the foregoing, the number of certified hospitals is rising and with it the active Pharmacist participation. Conclusion. The Hospital certification in Mexico is rising, with a commitment to standardize health services at international level. Pharmacist participation is essential since in most health facilities do not have a pharmaceutical professional in different areas where are required, that is the reason why the certification is a great opportunity for direct Pharmacist participation in the hospital field, complying with of quality international. ; Objetivo. Conocer el proceso de Certificación Hospitalaria en México. Resultados. México contaba con estándares de calidad institucionales, pero no había una evaluación externa que determinará si éstos estaban o no cualificados, de igual manera influía la falta de una legislación estricta en materia de salud la cual se promulgó de una manera eficaz en el 2009, ésta obliga a todos los establecimientos de salud entrar en la era de la certificación. Con lo anterior, el número de hospitales certificados va en aumento y con ello la participación activa del Farmacéutico o Químico Farmacéutico Biólogo (QFB). Conclusión. La certificación Hospitalaria en México va en aumento, con el compromiso de homologar los servicios de salud a nivel internacional. La participación del Farmacéutico o QFB es indispensable, ya que en la mayoría de los establecimientos de salud aún no se cuenta con un profesional farmacéutico en las distintas áreas que se requiere, por lo que la certificación, es una gran oportunidad para la participación directa del Farmacéutico o QFB en el ámbito hospitalario, cumpliendo los estándares de calidad y metas internacionales en materia de salud.

This study looks at international competitiveness of agriculture in the European Union and the United States. The most intuitive concept is that of price competitiveness.We calculate relative prices for 11 member states of the European Union and the United States for the period 1973–2002. We assume that markets are perfectly competitive and in long-run equilibrium, so that the observed price always equals average total cost, as measured by the cost dual to the production function. This assumption is used in our calculation of relative competitiveness and productivity gaps between the European Union and the United States and in our decomposition of relative price movements between changes in relative input prices and changes in relative productivity levels

Die Meinungsfreiheit wurde oft durch neue Technologien vor Herausforderungen gestellt. Im Jahr 2013 führte eine vorläufige Entscheidung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte bezüglich der Meinungsfreiheit, nämlich Delfi AS vs. Estonia, zu Kritik in der Wirtschaft, wie auch in der akademischen Welt. Genau diese Entscheidung dient als Basis dieser Diplomarbeit. Während internationale Internetunternehmen um ihr Geschäftsmodell fürchten, schlagen Menschenrechtsorganisationen Alarm. Der Autor erklärt aber, warum nicht alles so heiß gegessen, wie gekocht wird, beide Seiten aber trotzdem wachsam über die Entwicklungen in dem Rechtsgebiet sein sollten. Die folgenden Abhandlungen erklären grundsätzliche Definitionen, wie Internet Intermediaries, und bringen die verschiedenen Rechtsrahmen der USA und, im Speziellen, der EU näher, wobei auch andere Länder gestreift werden. Was haben diese Modelle gemeinsam und worin unterscheiden sie sich? Wie kann das Instrument des "hosten" in der E-Commerce Richtlinie interpretiert werden? Europäische Rechtsprechung und Fachartikel werden für einen generellen Überblick behandelt. Ebenso wird auf die Meinungsfreiheit als wichtigstes Menschenrecht in diesem Gebiet und auf deren Beschränkungen detailliert eingegangen. Danach werden der Delfi-Fall mit Hintergrundinformationen, der verpflichtende Drei-Stufen-Test bei Meinungsfreiheitsverletzungen, aufgezeigte Befürchtungen von Experten und vorgeschlagene Änderungen des nicht rechtskräftigen Urteils behandelt. Inwiefern sollte die E-Commerce-Richtlinie abgeändert werden, damit eine bessere Situation für User und Unternehmen geschaffen wird? Stellt das Notice-to-Notice-System eine geeignete Lösung für derzeitige Probleme dar? Diese Fragen werden in den letzten Kapiteln behandelt und Vorschläge, sowie Denkanstöße herausgearbeitet. ; Freedom of expression was often challenged by new technologies, such as the Internet. In 2013, a preliminary judgement of the European Court of Human Rights concerning freedom of expression and Internet Intermediaries, namely Delfi AS v Estonia, led to dissent in the economic and academic world. This controversial ruling will serve as the main focus of this thesis. While international Internet companies have begun to fear for their business model, human rights organizations have been assuming a dark future for freedom of expression. The author explains why things are never as bad as they seem, though both sides shall keep an eye on the developments in this field. The following elaborations explain the basic definition of an Internet Intermediary, which still causes problems, and shed light upon the different legal approaches in the United States and, especially, in the European Union, but also touches upon legal solutions in other countries. What are common features and what are the differences between the most important legal frameworks in the world? How can "hosting" in the E-Commerce Directive of the EU be interpreted? Case law and academic articles are examined in order to gain an overview of the issues at stake. After elaborating on the most important human right in this context, freedom of expression, and its limitations, the thesis extensively covers the Delfi-case with additional background details, the three-parts-test of freedom of expression according to international human rights regulations, concerns raised by experts and proposed alterations to the preliminary ruling of the ECtHR. How should the European legal framework be modified in order to ensure a better environment for both, users and Internet companies? Is the notice-to-notice-system an appropriate solution for current problems? These questions will be answered in the last chapters, which shall finally also give recommendations and food for thought to the readers. ; vorgelegt von Rainhard Fuchs ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2015 ; (VLID)370613

At head of title: International congress for protective labour-legislation at Zurich, 23rd to 28th of August 1897. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In article is considered integration of Donetsk People's Republic into the international political and economic system. Sabotaging Minsk agreements, the Kiev government creates favorable conditions for the international recognition of the Republic. Major social and economic confrontation between the Ukrainian power and the leaders of the unrecognized republic can't can break off systematic rounds of the Minsk Agreement with participation of foreign observers. In article the author reveals possible ways of recognition by the international community of Donetsk People's Republic. ; В статье рассматривается попытка интеграци Донецкой Народной Республики в международную политико-экономическую систему. Саботируя Минские соглашений, киевское правительство создаёт благоприятные условия для международного признания Республики. Острое социально-экономическое противостояние между украинской властью и руководством непризнанной республики не могут разорвать систематические раунды Минских соглашений с участием иностранных наблюдателей. В статье автор выявляет возможные пути признания международным сообществом Донецкой Народной Республики.

Securitisation of international migration is now a widely accepted phenomenon. Human security or insecurity is an important aspect of this broader security concern. International migration raises security issues at different levels because it involves a multitude of agencies that often have conflicting interests. In this conceptual review, main areas and actors of migration associated conflict are discussed. The aim is to explore the possibility of developing a conflict-based model that will facilitate the understanding of contemporary international migration flows and the reasons, mechanisms and dynamics underpinning them. Different stages of migration bring out different sets of conflicting security interests. The concept of environment of insecurity is placed within this multilevel conflict model. This study aims to provide a new understanding of human security and migration nexus from a conflict perspective which is conducive to a comprehensive migration conceptualisation and viable policy solutions.

The role of the military is changing. From national defense & warfighting, the focus is increasingly shifting towards international intervention & peacekeeping. In this article, I contextualise this 'new military' historically through a brief analysis of Sweden's history of military & political engagements with the world. Rather than a progressive development in which Sweden has become increasingly internationalised, notions of & relations between 'Sweden', the 'world', & the role of the military have continuously shifted; & consequently, international engagements at different times have signified different things. The current interventionist role of the military, therefore, needs to be related to a set of emerging transformations, which I conceptualise as 'conflict preventionism'. This transnational cultural form, I argue, is bringing about a new relationship between the military & the political spheres; between the national & the international; &, ultimately, between the notions of war & peace. References. Adapted from the source document.