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Adding a new perspective to the current literature on decentralization in Japan, Cities, Autonomy and Decentralization in Japan, approaches the subject from an urban studies and planning approach. The essays in the collection present a cogent compilation of case studies focusing on the past, present and future of decentralization in Japan. These include small scale development in the fields such as citizen participation (machizukuri), urban form and architecture, disaster prevention and conservation of monuments. The contributors suggest that new trends are emerging after the bursting of Japan's economic bubble and assess them in the context of the country's larger socio-political system. This in-depth analysis of the development outside of Japan provides a valuable addition to students of Urban, Asian and Japanese Studies.

Crime fell substantially in the United States between the early 1990s and 2005. This article examines the size and nature of crime reductions that occurred in cities and their surrounding suburbs and identifies the characteristics of cities experiencing greater declines. The authors then explore two questions: how these changes altered existing disparities in safety (or exposure to crime) among particular groups and the extent to which these reductions increased the relative attractiveness of cities and ultimately led to city growth. The authors find that reductions in crime contributed to the ability of cities to retain households that might otherwise have moved to the suburbs, although the measurable impact on overall city growth is modest at best. Additionally, reductions in crime clearly changed the geography of crime and dramatically reshaped differential exposure to crime among demographic groups. At the city and neighborhood level, the authors find that the distribution of crime reductions was highly "progressive," disproportionately benefiting historically disadvantaged groups.

Bibliography: leaves 499-534. ; This thesis is a contribution to the social history of medicine and to urban history. It attempts to examine the impact of public health reform on Cape Town society between 1880 and 1910. Accepting the argument that the control of disease is one of the means by which a dominant establishment may assert its authority and impose its ideology in a society, it contends that ideas about the organisation of society were transmitted from metropolitan Britain to the Cape Colony partly through the implementation of public health reform but that such notions became modified in the process. It concludes that health reform was one means by which imperial control was maintained in South Africa and a segregated society was implemented. The "sanitation syndrome" was more than a metaphor. It was a powerful agency for change because it was deeply embedded in the consciousness of Victorian society and provided a scientific rationalisation for the separation of the races and the assertion of white, British, dominance. Topics include the creation of a medical profession at the Cape; the effect of health panics caused by the smallpox epidemic of 1882 and the plague epidemic of 1901 on social relations in the city; the impact of the closure of the cemeteries and the introduction of the Contagious Diseases Acts on different communities in the city; the creation of bureaucracies in local and central government; and mortality in the early twentieth century.

The text is part of a doctoral research process in education, and dialogues, in an essayistic manner, with themes such as the city, images, body and everyday affective crossings. These dialogues tension with education, history, daily life and other ways of thinking about the urban tangle, anchored in the cartographic method. Through formative processes experienced by the author, seek to evidence issues, concerns and discomforts that are still unstable, rehearsed in everyday life and outlined in thought and inventions. It argues that the power of creation and wandering in the city are insurgent ways of ruptures in the face of current conservative advances, paying attention to the exercise of otherness, inventiveness and experimentation, having as main references authors such as Michel Foucault, Suely Rolnik, Félix Guattari , Peter Pelbart, among others.

Down in Big Blue's toxic plume in upstate New York -- The new mitigation landscape -- From shoes to computers to vapor mitigation systems -- Living the tangle of risk, deindustrialization, and community transformation -- Post-mitigation skepticism and frustration -- Grassroots action and conflicted environmental justice -- Citizens, experts, and emerging vapor intrusion science and policy -- Accounting for the paradox of IBM's "smarter planet

This paper examines how housing figured in the development of classical liberal governmentality over the nineteenth century. Liberal reformers in Britain and the Australian colonies formulated 'the housing question' in terms of the physical and moral improvement of urban workers and the poor. This was a problem beyond the powers of the traditional landlord-tenant legal relationship and disciplinary houses of the poor; instead, reformers proposed to remake housing – and thereby the conduct of poor and working subjects – through sanitary dwellings that preserved the integrity of the household, and through close supervision and moral instruction for the poor, including through the tenancy relationship. It would take a different, 'social liberal' conceptualisation of government and housing to produce the first social housing systems that emerged at the end of the nineteenth century, but the problems and imperfect solutions of the earlier reforms helped to shape them.

The social structure of Hong Kong is dominated by three elements – economic change, population growth (specifically in-migration) and colonialism. The three are closely interrelated. The extent of economic change and the effects of enormous population growth have been dramatic. The impact of colonial policy is less obvious but nonetheless crucial for it has provided the framework within which economic and demographic changes have made their effect. Colonial policy in Hong Kong can have a dual impact, for administratively Hong Kong has two distinct parts – the leased New Territories and the ceded parts of Hong Kong island and part of Kowloon.

Includes abstract. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 162-182). ; High levels of crime and violence continue to plague South Africa after nearly two decades of peace and democratic rule. While collective violence continues to occur in the form of violent protests and community mob justice, the majority of violent incidents in South Africa are instances of individual, interpersonal violence.

AbstractDuring the war the ordnance department built about a dozen temporary cities of from five to thirty thousand population each, for the employes of great explosive plants. They rank among the miracles of the war. They naturally were given little publicity and they are already melting away. Muscle Shoals, however, will become a permanent community.

The sacrifice of local autonomy and the subordination of individual rights to the implementation of public policy have long been prominent among the charges against planning writ large. Few would deny the existence of these potentials. While a generous optimism may assume that planners are motivated by public purpose alone, the experience of our time has too often demonstrated that power corrupts. And planning is uniquely power. On the other hand, though the vesting of authority commensurate with great ends necessarily provokes the threat of arbitrary decision, the crushing economic problems which face Britain today demand solution, and great power must be ventured. Happily, however, power is negotiable. A tradition of civil freedom and a responsible Parliament provide impressive sanctions against maladministration. Nor is authority inevitably the antagonist of liberty. Indeed, one may suggest, with Kant, that far from adversary, authority is the condition making liberty possible, for law is the foundation of freedom.