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In the West, there is a total substitution of concepts, expressed in the idea of tolerance, according to which humanism manifests itself in respect for any system of values. The criteria for good and evil are neutralized, and the Weld of what is permitted is expanded. Values and life practices that were traditionally considered unacceptable and marginal in the culture receive the status of normal and even necessary. When the boundaries of tolerance are not defined, the idea itself becomes dehumanizing. But the dehumanizing meaning of the ongoing cultural transformations is hidden behind emotionally attractive names like human rights and democracy. Socially harmful ideology and the life practices it absolutizes are given a lot of emotionally euphonious names, which are simulacra that hide the true essence of the phenomena being signified. Ne protection of minority rights under the banner of democracy and human rights is usually an attack on the rights of the majority, and human rights are wrongly identified with the rights of the minority. The absolutization of the rights of social minorities (and the most radical ones in relation to traditional culture) is at the same time an infringement of the rights of the majority. The social majority becomes oppressed. Ne idea of tolerance implanted anti-democratic, without taking into account the views of the public. In the West, it is necessary to show tolerance both to different practices and points of view, and to the very fact of planting this tolerant line. That is, a mandatory tolerance for tolerance is instilled. The common idea of postmodern relativization of values is not entirely correct. The sick, the evil, and the unreasonable are given more right to exist than the healthy, the good, and the reasonable. But instead of equating the worthy and the unworthy, a "sociocultural inflection" is carried out towards the unworthy. Criticism of homosexuality is presented as reprehensible intolerant homophobia, and parents who are negative about gay propaganda risk becoming clients for juvenile services. Even schools began to reorient themselves under the apologia of sexual perversion, which is a reversal to the de-intellectualization and dehumanization of children's minds. Trends that are referred to as ways to protect human rights, freedom, and democracy actually lead to social dehumanization.

Ten years after the U.S. Attorney General's Task Force on Violent Crime considered problems of violence in the United States, and on the heels of a National Academy Sciences report on violence, the nation seems poised to begin a new "war on violence." Past "wars" on crime problems, including the recently stalemated "war on drugs" have focused primarily on males. This one promises to be no different. Violence continues to be viewed as the province of young males in urban areas. According to the Uniform Crime Reports, over 75% of homicide victims in 1990 were males, and over 85% of homicide and aggravated assault arrestees were males. The risks of violent victimization are highest in urban areas where there also are the highest concentrations of poverty, residential mobility, single males, young persons, unemployment, racial heterogeneity and segregation, racial minorities, and other social correlates of violence.' And the higher rates of violent victimization among violent offenders suggests that these factors are similarly concentrated in urban areas for violent behaviors. Our research has led us to the conclusion that women in New York City are becoming more and more likely to involve themselves in violent street crime. This essay analyzes the developing role of women in violent street crime and poses a model, based on both historical analysis and empirical research, to explain the participation of women in violent street crime in the 1980s. Unlike the outcry over street crime committed by males, concerns about women and violence have centered primarily on their roles as victims of sexual and physical violence committed by strangers and by males in intimate relationships. When women do commit violent crimes, though, their behaviors are considered doubly deviant. Because violent behavior is concentrated among males, it is confounded with gender roles. Accordingly, women who commit violent acts are violating their sex roles as well as the criminal law. As a result, it seems that assaults and homicides by women still are considered a sideshow, rare acts that are expressive acts of revenge or self-protection in contrast to the predatory or instrumental acts of violence committed by males. Rarely is violence by women considered in the development or testing of theories of aggression.

"Queer Presences and Absences" explores changes and continuations in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer lives, identities and spatial practices in the 21st century. Queer futures are situated across local, national and international spaces including the UK, USA, Italy, Brazil, Russia and the Czech Republic. Queer movements, marginalities and mainstreams are located in legislative changes, institutional locations and in everyday spaces: these are mediated through consumption, possession and entitlement, alongside dispossession, poverty and inequality. Rather than positing a queer arrival or a queer present 'everywhere', care is taken to consider the diversity of queer existence. Using a range of methods, including qualitative interviews, ethnographies, auto-biographical 'fictions' and archival research, authors connect pasts, places and policies with contemporary times, linking individual and social presences (and absences) affectively and materially

This book provides a comprehensive review of the complex, growing mental health challenges faced by culturally diverse populations of children and adolescents. Suicide Among Diverse Youth: A Case-Based Guidebook is the first book of its kind, and is designed specifically to bridge the knowledge and skills gap encountered by most clinicians dealing with youth from diverse cultural backgrounds, particularly those different than that of the clinician. The title begins with two introductory chapters, which cover cultural aspects of suicidality among youth, culturally informed treatment of suicidality with diverse youth, and exampl es of preventative approaches. These are followed by population specific chapters which cover a broad spectrum of diverse populations, including underserved ethnic and racial populations in the United States, LGBTQ youth, as well as various immigrant populations from Eastern European and Middle Eastern countries. These case-based chapters are structured in a cohesive, easy-to-read format that promotes ease of reference, beginning with a clinical case report, review of literature, unique characteristics and risk factors associated with suicidality, and evidence-based practice provided by the authors from their considerable experience. The authors are often from the same ethnic, racial, or cultural group that they discuss in their writings; providing experiential knowledge where scientific knowledge is lacking. Suicide Among Diverse Youth: A Case-Based Guidebook is a unique resource that offers the clinical material needed to treat diverse adolescent patients with sensitive, intersectional, and culturally-informed care, and will provide an indispensable resource for medical professionals working with, and caring for these patients.

Bringing together the voices of scholars from Europe and North America with those of key contest stakeholders, Performing the 'New' Europe: Identities, Feelings, and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest argues that this popular music competition is a symbolic contact zone between European cultures: an arena for European identification in which both national solidarity and participation in a European identity are confirmed, and a site where cultural struggles over the meanings, frontiers and limits of Europe are enacted. This exciting collection explores the ways in which European artists perform, disavow, and contest their racial, national, and sexual identities in the Eurovision Song Contest (ESC), and asks difficult questions about European inclusions and exclusions the contest reflects. It suggests the ESC as an ever-evolving network of peoples and places transcending both historical and geographical boundaries of Europe that brings into being new understandings of the relationship between culture, space, and identities. - Helen Gilbert, Professor of Theatre, Royal Holloway, University of London A book full of insight, facts, opinions and great stories about the world's most successful TV format ever. - Svante Stockselius, Executive Supervisor of the Eurovision Song Contest, 2003-2010. This impressive collection takes Eurovision studies to the next level, and it is especially timely now that the new post-Wall unified Europe faces some of its greatest economic and political challenges. The newly-expanded Song Contest is far more than just an entertaining or embarrassing TV show â?" it's actually still a 'a battlefield,' in the memorable words of one of the book's contributors, a way of channeling the tensions and rivalries that still lurk beneath and now often break through the surface of this ideal imagined Europe. How do Britain and Russia see and sing themselves from their post-superpower positions, how do Serbia and Israel and Azerbaijan perform their inclusion in the European project, how do ethnic minorities like Roma play a role within national and cultural identities, and how do feminists and queers find themselves represented in a show that attracts many women and gays? The eleven contributors shine a light on all these questions and more in their incisive and often provocative analyses, while the lively panel discussion brings in broadcasters' voices. All this makes for exciting new views on the 'new' Europe and its changing 'Euro-visions' that bridge music, culture, politics, and economics every spring. - Ivan Raykoff, Associate Professor, The New School; co-editor of A Song For Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest (2007).

To be fat in a thin-obsessed gay culture can be difficult. Despite affectionate in-group monikers for big gay men-chubs, bears, cubs-the anti-fat stigma that persists in American culture at large still haunts these individuals who often exist at the margins of gay communities. In Fat Gay Men, Jason Whitesel delves into the world of Girth & Mirth, a nationally known social club dedicated to big gay men, illuminating the ways in which these men form identities and community in the face of adversity. In existence for over forty years, the club has long been a refuge and 'safe space' for such men. Both a partial insider as a gay man and an outsider to Girth & Mirth, Whitesel offers an insider's critique of the gay movement, questioning whether the social consequences of the failure to be height-weight proportionate should be so extreme in the gay community. This book documents performances at club events and examines how participants use allusion and campy-queer behavior to reconfigure and reclaim their sullied body images, focusing on the numerous tensions of marginalization and dignity that big gay men experience and how they negotiate these tensions via their membership to a size-positive group. Based on ethnographic interviews and in-depth field notes from more than 100 events at bar nights, café klatches, restaurants, potlucks, holiday bashes, pool parties, movie nights, and weekend retreats, the book explores the woundedness that comes from being relegated to an inferior position in gay hierarchies, and yet celebrates how some gay men can reposition the shame of fat stigma through carnival, camp, and play. A compelling and rich narrative, Fat Gay Men provides a rare glimpse into an unexplored dimension of weight and body image in American culture.

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Departamento de Estudios Árabes e Islámicos y Estudios Orientales. Fecha de lectura: 9-01-2017 ; En esta investigación se plantea la representación de la inmigración marroquí a España en la narrativa española contemporánea desde la perspectiva de un diálogo discursivo entre los escritores de origen español y los de origen marroquí, dentro del contexto del cambio cultural que experimenta el país a caballo de los siglos XX y XXI. Partiendo del presupuesto que el imaginario relacionado con la inmigración marroquí en España está anclado literaria e históricamente en el periodo del Protectorado español en el norte de Marruecos, e incluso en la imagen del moro andalusí con tradición literaria establecida, nos preguntamos qué conocimiento aporta la literatura al campo de la inmigración estudiada desde la perspectiva política y sociológica de relaciones internacionales y viceversa. Así, nos centramos en el análisis literario de un discurso que enmarca la inmigración en un concepto esencialista de la otredad, debido a su marca de diferencia racial, religiosa, lingüística, sexual y de género por un lado y que, por otro lado, rompe el silencio y contesta a esta otredad impuesta desde la abogacía por el mestizaje e hibridación que caracterizarían una sociedad plural y diversa del siglo XXI. A través del análisis pormenorizado de más de diez novelas y cuentos de otros tantos autores, hemos ahondado en cómo la literatura puede participar desde el imaginario de la opresión de los subalternos, a la vez que se ha mostrado los mecanismos desde los cuales la literatura es capaz de cambiar el discurso opresivo hacia un planteamiento que refuerce la posición individual de los sujetos, ocasionando un cambio cultural importante. Palabras clave: España, Marruecos, inmigración, narrativa, otredad, mestizaje ; International Relations underwent an important shift in the 21st century when the phenomenon of immigration started to grow exponentially challenging the traditional perspective on who the protagonist of international relations really is. The transnational movements shifted the focus from states to the individuals and started to challenge the traditional views on such concepts as "identity" and "nation". Fiction provides us with a very unique perspective on this cultural change when tackling topics such as identity, nation, pluralism and diversity. This dissertation analyzes the case of representation of Moroccan immigrants to Spain through the lens of fiction, and it does so through a dialogue between writers of Spanish and Moroccan origin, respectively. It assumes that the literary and historical imaginary related to the Moroccan immigration to Spain is anchored in the period of the Spanish Protectorate in Northern Morocco that is, at the same time, influenced by the established literary tradition of the Moor from Al-Andalus. Hence, the question this dissertation is answering is: What can we learn about inmigration, traditionally studied from the sociological and political perspective, if we study it through the fiction related to the topics of nation, identity, and the act of writing? This disertation focuses on the analysis of the fiction that frames the immigration within the context of the difference and portrays Moroccan immigration as essential otherness in comparison to traditionally conceived homegenous Spanish identity. This racial, religious, linguistic and sexual otherness of the immigrants challenges the traditional discourse and perceptions about what it means to be a Spaniard and can be found in the fiction written by authors of Spanish origin. On the other hand, Spanish authors of Moroccan origin break the silence and create alternative answers to their imposed otherness through mestizaje and hybridization, both characteristics of a plural and diverse society of the 21st century. For the sake of this research, ten novels and short stories were analyzed in order to identify how fiction can participate in the oppresion on the one hand, and, on the other hand, how it can create an alternative discourse of empowerment for the oppressed minorities and create a bigger social and cultural change. Key Words: Spain, Morocco, fiction, immigration, otherness, mestizaje

In this thesis, I examine the book The Handmaid's Tale and the first two seasons of the television series adaptation made from it. Margaret Atwood wrote the dystopian story of The Handmaid's Tale in the 1980's inspired by, among other things, the rise of the religious right in the United States. The television series adaptation based on the book premiered on the streaming service Hulu in April 2017. The series was renewed for a second season less than a month later due to its popularity. The first season included most of the plot of the novel, and the second season continued the story forward. The television show has been called extremely relevant in the current society of the United States. The aim of this thesis is to study what has changed and what has been changed when making this television series into a relevant adaptation of the book. I will look at what kinds of changes the adapters have made to the story and the characters and what the reasons behind these changes are. Instead of individual scenes, I focus on a collection of larger themes and the way they are handled in the television adaptation. The theoretical framework consists mainly of adaptational theory, with an emphasis on texts from Linda Hutcheon and Robert Stam, and a collection of academic articles written about The Handmaid's Tale. Some chapters also include specific theories that are relevant to the theme in question, such as Foucault's theory of discourse and power in the chapter concerning language and thought and the control imposed on them in both versions of The Handmaid's Tale. The analysis section of the thesis is divided into three parts. The first discusses three themes that are present in both the novel and the television series but are represented in different ways in the two versions. These themes are the agency of female characters, religion, and language and thought. The second part discusses two themes that have been added or greatly expanded in the television series compared to the book, which are sexual minorities, and diplomacy and media. The third part discusses the decision to omit the epilogue of the book from the television series, and how this affects the story. As has been theorized in the adaptational field, multiple different factors affect the adapters' choices during an adaptation process. This was found to be true in this study as well. The culture in which an adaptation is made affects the adaptation itself, and this is especially true for The Handmaid's Tale, where the story is moved from the near future of the 1980's to the near future of the 2010's. Situating the story close to the current day allows the adapters to include such relevant themes as the overturning of the same-sex marriage in the show. During the recent years, viewers of the television series have been worried that women's rights, especially reproductive rights and abortion, are under attack from the religious right. This has led to demonstrators wearing clothes fashioned after the dresses of the Handmaids from the television series in women's rights demonstrations. One of the key findings of this thesis was the fact that the many choices the adapters make to change a text are connected to each other. Deciding to make the language use of the characters less controlled than it is in the novel also increases the agency of the characters. And deciding to make the protagonist a more active and resistant character also makes her less complex than her counterpart in the book. The analysis of the different themes showed that there are two defining reasons why the television show The Handmaid's Tale is considered extremely relevant. The changes in the culture and the political atmosphere in the United States in the recent years have made the story seem more plausible. In addition to that, the adapters have made several choices to move the story to the current time and to add new, relevant themes to it. ; Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan Orjattaresi-kirjaa ja siitä tehdyn televisiosarja-adaptaation kahta ensimmäistä tuotantokautta. Margaret Atwood kirjoitti tämän dystooppisen tarinan 1980-luvulla inspiraationaan muun muassa uskonnollisen oikeiston nousu Yhdysvalloissa. Kirjaan perustuvan televisiosarjan ensimmäinen jakso julkaistiin Hulu-suoratoistopalvelussa huhtikuussa 2017. Suuren suosion ansiosta sarjaa päätettiin jatkaa toiselle kaudelle jo alle kuukausi ensi-illan jälkeen. Ensimmäinen tuotantokausi sisälsi lähes kaiken kirjan juonesta ja toinen kausi vei juonta kirjaa pidemmälle. The Handmaid's Tale – Orjattaresi -sarjaa on kutsuttu äärimmäisen ajankohtaiseksi Yhdysvaltojen nykyisessä yhteiskunnassa. Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on tutkia mikä on muuttunut ja mitä on muutettu tehdessä tästä kirjasta ajankohtaista televisiosarja-adaptaatiota. Tutkin millaisia muutoksia adaptoijat ovat tehneet tarinaan ja hahmoihin ja mitkä ovat syyt näiden muutosten taustalla. Yksittäisten kohtausten sijaan keskityn kokoelmaan suurempia teemoja ja niiden käsittelyä tässä adaptaatiossa. Tutkielman teoreettinen viitekehys koostuu pääosin adaptaatioteoriasta, keskittyen erityisesti Linda Hutcheonin ja Robert Stamin teksteihin, sekä kokoelmasta Orjattaresi-kirjasta kirjoitetuista akateemisista artikkeleista. Joissakin luvuissa on myös käytetty yksittäisiä, juuri kyseiseen teemaan liittyviä teorioita kuten Foucaultin diskurssi- ja valtateoriaa luvussa, joka käsittelee kieltä ja ajatuksia ja niiden kontrollointia eri versioissa. Analyysiosio on jaettu kolmeen osaan. Ensimmäinen käsittelee kolmea eri teemaa, jotka ovat läsnä sekä kirjassa että televisiosarjassa, mutta joita käsitellään niissä eri tavoin. Nämä teemat ovat naishahmojen toiminnallisuus, uskonto, sekä kieli ja ajatukset. Toinen osa käsittelee kahta teemaa, jotka on lisätty televisiosarjaan tai joiden merkitystä siinä on kasvatettu merkittävästi. Nämä teemat ovat seksuaalivähemmistöt sekä diplomatia ja media. Kolmas osa pohtii päätöstä jättää kirjan epilogi pois sarjasta ja sitä, miten tämä päätös vaikuttaa tarinaan. Kuten adaptaatiota tutkiessa on teoretisoitu, monet eri asiat vaikuttavat adaptoijien valintoihin adaptaatioprosessin aikana. Myös tämän tutkielman tulokset tukevat tätä päätelmää. Kulttuuri, jossa adaptaatio tehdään, vaikuttaa itse adaptaatioon, ja tämä on totta etenkin tässä tapauksessa, jossa adaptoitava tarina on siirretty 1980-luvun lähitulevaisuudesta 2010-luvun lähitulevaisuuteen. Tapahtumien siirtäminen nykyaikaan antaa adaptoijille mahdollisuuden lisätä tarinaan ajankohtaisia aiheita kuten tasa-arvoisen avioliittolain kumoaminen. Viime vuosina The Handmaid's Tale – Orjattaresi -sarjan katsojat ovat olleet huolissaan siitä, että naisten oikeudet – etenkin lisääntymis- ja aborttioikeudet – ovat olleet uskonnollisen oikeiston hyökkäysten kohteena. Tämä on johtanut siihen, että mielenosoittajat ovat pukeutuneet orjattarien pukujen mukaan tehtyihin vaatteisiin osallistuessaan naisten oikeuksia puolustaviin mielenosoituksiin. Tutkielmassa selviää, että adaptoijien tekemät päätökset liittyvät ja vaikuttavat toisiinsa. Päätös vähentää hahmojen kielenkäyttöön liittyvää kontrollia päätyy samalla lisäämään hahmojen toiminnallisuutta. Ja päätös tehdä päähenkilöstä aktiivisempi ja vahvemmin valtaapitäviä vastustava johtaa siihen, että hahmosta tulee yksitahoisempi kuin mitä kirjan päähenkilö on. Eri teemojen analysointi osoitti, että on olemassa kaksi pääsyytä sille, miksi The Handmaid's Tale – Orjattaresi -sarjaa pidetään niin ajankohtaisena. Muutokset Yhdysvaltojen kulttuurissa ja poliittisessa ilmapiirissä ovat tehneet tarinasta uskottavamman. Sen lisäksi adaptoijat ovat tehneet useita valintoja siirtääkseen tarinan nykyaikaan ja lisätäkseen uusia, ajankohtaisia aiheita siihen.

For over 30 years, scholars, journalists, and politicians have debated the costs and benefits of Political Correctness (PC). Those who support PC claim that it benefits historically disadvantaged groups by protecting them from discrimination and encourages diverse representation. Opponents to PC claim that it inhibits freedom of expression and thus public deliberation. However, despite three decade of debate, PC is under theorized and has received little empirical investigation. In this dissertation, following theorizing by Robinson and Reid (2016a), and research on social identity, self-categorization, and public deliberation, I propose that PC is rooted in identity politics (on the right and left), and should be viewed as a tool to control discourse in intergroup conflict. This dissertation argues that PC is an ideology that (among other things) relies on adherents' perceptions of protected and perpetrator groups, involves the imposition of social sanctions and censorship, and justifies such actions by appealing to the moral failings of actors whose actions are judged anti-PC (e.g., sexist or racist). Further, individuals who believe that their views and actions may be perceived as anti-PC may be more likely to self-censor to avoid sanctions and being judged as immoral. This may ultimately affect public deliberation due to a decreased tolerance of diverse viewpoints. The relationships between PC, perceptions of victimhood, support for censorship, self-censorship, and public deliberation were tested across three studies. The survey findings from Study 1 indicate that participants' perceptions of victimhood were predicted by their political ideology, such that the more liberal participants were the more likely they were to perceive victimization among racial, sexual, and religious minorities, and the more conservative participants were, the more likely they were to perceive victimization among Whites, Christians, and males. The same effects of political ideology were observed for support for censorship of political opponents. Study 2 primed participants using either PC code words or a control that did not include code words, and found that the more conservative participants were, the more likely they were to report self-censoring, but only after exposure to a PC prime. Study 3 had participants engage in an online conversation with a confederate under either a PC or non-PC prime. Participants exposed to the PC prime argued with lower levels of integrative complexity (a measure of the extent to which people recognize alternative view points) than those in a non-PC condition, and the more liberal participants were, the less of integrative complexity they exhibited. Taken together, these studies confirm that PC involves competition between liberals and conservatives, that PC norms produce self-censorship among moderates and relatively conservative students, and produce less cognitively complex reasoning about political subjects, particularly among liberals.

After the global financial crisis in 2008, youths across the world are among the hardest hit social groups, suffering from unemployment and social vulnerability. Riots or protests flared across countries such as the U.K., the U.S., Spain, et cetera. In Hong Kong, the "post-80s" and "post-80s generation" have become buzzwords used to designate the new generation since the anti high-speed rail movement and Choi Yuen Village protests in 2010. Leaving political agendas or positions aside, the generational labels have gained currency in public discourse since the protests. In connection to the debates, sociologist Lui Tai-lok and writer Chan Koon-chung argue that there is an outstanding generational hegemony in post-1997 Hong Kong, through which baby-boomers dominate their successive generations in different ways. How is this hegemony manifested in Hong Kong cinema from the Hong Kong New Wave to the present? This thesis aims to demonstrate how generational hegemony operates together with the so-called masculinity crises represented on Hong Kong screens, through which men with subordinate masculinity, women, youngsters, children, sexual and other minorities are otherized and marginalized in post-1997 Hong Kong cinema. In addition, it explores how the younger generations of Hong Kong filmmakers, especially the post-baby boomers, post-70s and post-80s generations, agree with or differ from their predecessors in renewing or rejecting the generational hegemony in imaging Hong Kong around and after the 10th anniversary of the handover through their precarious emergence. The introductory chapter first discusses the predominance of generational hegemony in post-1997 Hong Kong, tracing it back to the historical formation of Hong Kong society, identity and cinema. Having reinterpreted Hong Kong New Wave classics from a non-baby-boomer perspective, it then stresses the gender and generational specificity of most previous discourses on Hong Kong society, its culture and most importantly its cinema, using The Longest Summer as a representative crystallization of generational and masculine hegemony. Chapter 1 moves on to the post-handover and post-SARS era, using Breaking News and PTU directed by the auteur Johnnie To and his team Milkyway Image to explicate the synergic relation between auteurism, localism, masculinism and generational exceptionalism. Chapter 2 then locates the local and transnational presence of the post-70s and post-80s generations in Hong Kong cinema, illustrating the filmic rapport between them and the baby-boomers with the aid of industrial information and textual analyses of Exodus and Nightfall. Chapter 3 finally makes a case for generational difference by comparing After this Our Exile with High Noon and Glamorous Youth, which all deal with father-son relations in the context of the 10th anniversary of the handover. The three films would be analyzed through the lens of the modern/postmodern divide, the mainland connections, the politics of mundaneness and the representations of queerness. ; published_or_final_version ; Comparative Literature ; Master ; Master of Philosophy

This dissertation argues that the psychic force that Freud named "the death drive" would more precisely be termed "the disability drive." Freud's concept of the death drive emerged from his efforts to account for feelings, desires, and actions that seemed not to accord with rational self-interest or the desire for pleasure. Positing that human subjectivity was intrinsically divided against itself, Freud suggested that the ego's instincts for pleasure and survival were undermined by a competing component of mental life, which he called the death drive. But the death drive does not primarily refer to biological death, and the term has consequently provoked confusion. By distancing Freud's theory from physical death and highlighting its imbrication with disability, I revise this important psychoanalytic concept and reveal its utility to disability studies. While Freud envisaged a human subject that is drawn, despite itself, toward something like death, I propose that this "something" can productively be understood as disability. In addition, I contend that our culture's repression of the disability drive, and its resultant projection of the drive onto stigmatized minorities, is a root cause of multiple forms of oppression."The Disability Drive" opens with a question: "What makes disability so sexy?" This is a counterintuitive query; after all, the dominant culture usually depicts disability as decidedly unsexy. But by performing a critical disability studies analysis of Freud's writings about sexuality and the death drive, I theorize sex as an intrinsically disabling experience and suggest that fantasies of disability may have an unrecognized sexual appeal. These possibilities lead me to introduce a new interpretive framework, "the sexual model of disability," which I posit as an alternative to disability studies' prevailing analytic paradigm, the social model of disability. While the social model defines disability as a system of oppression that isolates and excludes disabled people, the sexual model of disability goes deeper than this, locating the impetus for these exclusions in our culture's repression of the disability drive. Because disability may provoke an erotic excitement that the ego cannot bear to acknowledge, ableist culture is often torn between an urge to witness disability (e.g., by staring at disabled people) and an impulse to hide disability from view (e.g., by confining disabled people to institutions). The sexual model of disability has the potential to make interventions not only in disability studies but also in a range of other disciplines. In Chapter 1, I bring my account of the disability drive to bear on signal texts in queer theory. In doing so, I proffer an answer to a question that has long troubled disability scholars: given the many similarities between ableism and homophobia, why have queer theorists often been reluctant to engage with disability studies? Observing that founding texts in queer theory repudiate "feminist identity politics" and liken this discourse to madness and to figurative states of blindness and paralysis, I argue that these texts project the disability drive onto feminism, thus allowing queer theory to portray its own erotics as mobile, playful, and physically and mentally able. In Chapter 2, I show that the sexual model of disability can subvert a foundational concept in psychoanalysis: the disease category "hysteria." Analyzing Freud's case history Dora, which was published in 1905, in conjunction with Beyond the Pleasure Principle, which was published in 1920, I argue that Freud's notion of hysteria adumbrates his later theorization of the drive. The diagnostic category of hysteria, I contend, constitutes a projection of the disability drive onto people with what I call "undocumented disabilities," that is, nonapparent impairments for which mainstream western medicine cannot identify biological causes. One effect of this projection is that people with undocumented disabilities are figured as epistemologically disabled; that is, we are seen as distinctively lacking in the capacity to know ourselves.The social position of people with undocumented disabilities differs from that of the paradigmatic subject of disability studies: while people with undocumented impairments are often denied recognition of the disabling suffering that shapes our lives, people with disabilities that are visible and/or documented are frequently subjected to unwanted displays of pity. For this reason, "no pity" has long been a rallying cry of the disability rights movement. But is it possible to proscribe pity? In Chapter 3, I argue that instead of seeking to banish the affect of pity, disability scholars might do better to attend to the complex ways in which this affect can be incited and expressed. Toward this end, I propose a distinction between what I call "primary pity" and "secondary pity." The term "secondary pity" accords with the everyday understanding of pity, in which a person who feels pity is assumed to occupy a position of superiority in relation to a person who is pitied. Primary pity refers to a very different affective process, which is profoundly destabilizing to the ego of the person who feels pity. Derived in part from Freud's notion of "primary narcissism," my concept of primary pity occupies a liminal position between the erasure of the ego that primary narcissism entails and the buttressing of the ego involved in secondary narcissism. Because primary pity involves a complex process of identification, in which the subject and the object of pity risk becoming fantasmatically indistinguishable, this emotion threatens the ego's belief in its self-sufficiency and autonomy. I argue that primary pity's threat to the ego can be understood as a manifestation of the disability drive, and I suggest that the "no pity" position taken up by disability activists and scholars may be invested in a fantasy of overcoming the disability drive.This dissertation argues that rather than seeking to overcome the disability drive, cultural critics and activists should work to acknowledge the myriad ways in which the drive determines us. It is important to recognize and acknowledge one's determination by the disability drive because denying or repressing the ways in which this psychic force governs us will inevitably lead to the drive's being abjected onto groups of stigmatized others. In Chapter 4, I argue that in contemporary US American culture fat people constitute one such group. This chapter focuses on the drive to eat, a compulsion that I define as inseparable from the disability drive. Dependence, (on food), loss of mastery (over the intensities of the pleasures of eating), and failures of control (over what, and how much, one eats) combine to make hunger a fundamentally disabling drive. But instead of acknowledging that we are all disabled by the drive to eat, our culture abjects this drive onto fat people, whom it depicts as being driven, in ways that thin people are assumed not to be, by an out-of-control compulsion to eat. US American culture's projection of the disability drive onto fat people is intensified by racially inflected assumptions about "primitive" versus "civilized" forms of embodiment and by heteronormative constructions of "perversion." Resisting fatphobia therefore necessitates an intersectional analysis of the disability drive, an approach that takes measure of the ways in which repressing the drive reinforces multiple forms of prejudice.The central aim of this thesis is to show that the disability drive is a force that we must understand if we are to effectively challenge the many intersecting and overlapping modalities of oppression that define present-day cultural and social relations. "The Disability Drive" offers an invitation, to scholars and activists in a variety of cultural locations, to consider the ways in which our own beliefs and practices may be implicated in a hegemonic cultural endeavor whose goal is to overcome the disability drive. Because denying the drive results in the reentrenchment of oppressive social structures, I maintain that it is imperative to develop political strategies that resist the impulse to overcome the disability drive.

The Chameleon Literary Journal has served as Norwich University's arts and creative writing magazine since 1961. Under the mentorship of its advisor Professor Sean Prentiss, third-year student Lydia Brown analyzed all past publishings in order to understand the extent to which Norwich University students represented LGBTQ+ members, people of color, and women throughout the years. This internship also allowed her to explore the overall history of The Chameleon Literary Journal, including its distinct differences from era to era. As the final product, such findings were accumulated over the course of a single semester and comprised into the following written report. ; Winner of the 2022 Friends of the Kreitzberg Library Award for Outstanding Research in the University Archives category. ; Brown 1 Looking Back on the Representation of LGBTQ+ Members, People of Color, & Women An Analysis of The Chameleon Literary Journal, 1961 — Present Lydia Brown Department of English & Communications, Norwich University EN 415: English Internship Professor Sean Prentiss Fall 2021 Brown 2 Abstract The Chameleon Literary Journal has served as Norwich University's arts and creative writing magazine since 1961. Under the mentorship of its advisor Professor Sean Prentiss, third-year student Lydia Brown analyzed all past publishings in order to understand the extent to which Norwich University students represented LGBTQ+ members, people of color, and women throughout the years. This internship also allowed her to explore the overall history of The Chameleon Literary Journal, including its distinct differences from era to era. As the final product, such findings were accumulated over the course of a single semester and comprised into the following written report. Brown 3 The Chameleon | 1961 - Present Brief Historical Background Founded in 1961, The Chameleon Literary Journal continues to serve as Norwich University's arts and creative writing magazine under a team of student editors. Norwich University undergraduate and graduate students are welcome to submit various pieces for review, such as visual arts, drama, poetry, creative nonfiction, and fiction. Sean Prentiss, a published author and professor of creative writing, was selected to be the advisor of the journal when he arrived on campus in 2012. Since his arrival, he has assisted the journal in becoming multilingual by translating students' creative writing pieces into multiple languages. In addition, three-four creative writing awards are issued annually to writers who distinguish themselves amongst the rest of the student body. Brown 4 Introduction Significance of Representation Representation is a system for unambiguously organizing values, ideas, and conduct — all of which enable communication and social exchange amongst members of a particular group or community. From birth onward, an individual's self-c 1 oncept and values are affected by the surrounding environment. Adolescence is an especially critical period for identity development as the classroom serves as the primary site of socialization, although the American K-12 and college school systems have previously marginalized students who were perceived as different. Women are also encouraged from an early age to adhere to the traditional role of a homemaker, rather than pursue vocational training, higher education, and careers in STEM. As the reader will observe in the following excerpts from The Chameleon Literary Journal, Norwich University is no stranger to marginalization as women were not officially admitted for enrollment prior to the mid-1970s. Telltale signs found in the language used by Norwich student contributors indicate that slurs, stereotypes, and insults used against minorities and women were normalized for much of the Chameleon's history. It was not until the early 2000s that there appears to be a significant social shift within the student body due to the increasing presence of minorities and women on campus. Based on these findings, American society seemed to finally be becoming more inclusive, allowing minority Norwich students to express themselves freely, develop social stability, and gain a sense of acknowledgment through positive identity formation as well as representation. 1 "APA Dictionary of Psychology." American Psychological Association, https://dictionary.apa.org/social-representation. Brown 5 Baby Boomers | 1946 - 1964 Brief Historical Background Following World War II and the Great Depression, a significant spike in birth rates occurred throughout the United States. Approximately 76.4 million babies were born over the course of these nineteen years. Most historians claim that this phenomenon stems from the general population's desire to establish their own families — an undertaking that was previously postponed due to World War II. The Servicemen's Readjustment Act also gave soldiers an additional reason to have larger families as the G.I. Bill granted stipends for college tuition, job-finding assistance, and housing expenses. During this time period, economic growth began to increase and the majority of Americans had an optimistic outlook for the future. This encouraged families to relocate from the sparse countryside to the bustling atmospheres of nearby cities. Once these cities were overcrowded by newcomers, plans for large residential communities were undertaken by housing pioneer William Levitt who created the suburbs as a result.2 However, those with xenophobic tendencies followed quickly relocated to the suburbs as cities became miniature melting pots of integrated immigrants with various political, social, and economic backgrounds. This sparked disputes among the American people as legalized statutes remained persistent in enforcing segregation at both the state and local capacity.3 2 Nohria, Nitin, Anthony Mayo, and Mark Benson. "William Levitt, Levittown and the Creation of American Suburbia." Harvard Business School Case 406-062, December 2005. (Revised March 2010.) 3 The first three years of the Chameleon were released during the Baby Boomers generation but were mostly written by students who were born during the Silent Generation (1928-1945). Brown 6 Baby Boomers Overview of Significant Events • Brown v. Board of Education becomes a landmark Supreme Court case (1954). • Civil Rights Movement begins (1954). • Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus (1955). • Montgomery Bus Boycott tackles segregation on the public transit system (1955). • Emmett Till, a 14-year-old African American, is lynched in Mississippi (1955). • 1956 Sugar Bowl becomes the first integrated college football game in the South (1956). • Civil Rights Act becomes the first federal civil rights legislation since 1875 (1957). • Little Rock Crisis prevents students from enrolling in a racially segregated school (1957). • Greensboro sit-ins initiate protests regarding the South's policy of segregation (1960). • Nashville sit-ins initiate protests regarding the South's policy of segregation (1960). • Gay Liberation Movement begins (1960). • Alliance for Progress initiates improved economic cooperation with Latin America (1961). • Katherine Johnson assists NASA's 1962 Friendship 7 Mission (1962). • Civil Rights Act establishes federal inspection of voter registration polls (1960). • Children's Crusade addresses segregation within the school system (1963). • Martin Luther King Jr. leads the March on Washington (1963). • Betty Friedan publishes The Feminine Mystique (1963). • President Johnson proposes the Great Society to combat poverty and racial injustice (1963). • Civil Rights Act outlaws discrimination based on race, religion, and sex (1964). Brown 7 Baby Boomers The Chameleon Highlights "A young woman driving a truck!? That was unusual, no doubt about it…Stupid woman, all guts, and no brains! … Maybe you can imagine what went on inside the young man when an officer stopped him and hurriedly said; Never mind, mister, there's nothin' you can do, she's dead, just some dirty n***** woman truck driver" (1963). 4 —- An excerpt from "The Wanderers" by R. Reid The use of profanities towards both people of color and women appears to be a commonality amongst Norwich student contributors from the Chameleon's founding in 1961 through much of the decade. In this short story, "The Wanderers," terms such as stupid and dirty are used to target a woman of color for being a trucker. The author continues to expand the character's description by using calling the woman the N-word. Deriving from the Spanish word negro, the N-word is now considered taboo as its connotation has been predominantly used by white people to demean those of color. Black social identity has been especially damaged by the usage of this word as it severs their overall sense of national belonging. 5 4 Complete usage of the word is censored in respect of the black community. 5 Pryor, Elizabeth Stordeur. "The Etymology of N*****: Resistance, Politics, and the Politics of Freedom in the Antebellum North." Colored Travelers: Mobility and the Fight for Citizenship before the Civil War, 2016, https:// doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469628578.003.0002. Brown 8 "…I saw everything. The city has been purified, swept clean, and now fosters only the black scars and in glorious moments of the past…You liar! You had to see the city die! You had to see it spill its false entrails out in the rotten streets to be devoured by the cleansing fires. This place is no longer dirty…" (1961). —- An excerpt from "The Dream Monger" by Anonymous In this short story, "The Dream Monger," the phrase cleansing fires reveals itself to be the cause of death and destruction. Like the Holocaust, mass genocides often surround ideologies associated with ethnic cleansing. This allows for a geographical area to become ethnically homogeneous under an establishment of power. In 20th-century America, for example, Anglo- American colonialism constituted the genocide of countless Natives in America and around the world. Such events will never be widely coined as genocide, however, due to the number of those who survived exploitation, disease, malnutrition, and neglect. 6 The term black scars also leads to further speculation that this short story may involve post-slavery events of America's racial segregation system. One of which included the Tulsa race massacre, decimating the Black business ecosystem and killing 6,000 community members. 7 Many other excerpts were found focusing on a more negative portrayal of the BIPOC community and women, although there was no mention of LGBTQ+ members.8 6 Anderson, Gary C. Ethnic Cleansing & the Indian: The Crime That Should Haunt America. University Of Oklahoma Press, 2015. 7 Kapadia, Reshma. "The Tulsa Massacre Left a Lasting Impact on Wealth." Trade Journal, vol. 101, no. 22, 31 May 2021. 8 Many other excerpts were found focusing on a more negative portrayal of the BIPOC community and women during this time. However, there was no mention of LGBTQ+ members. Brown 9 Generation X | 1965 - 1980 Brief Historical Background Those who grew up during this time were accustomed to having a sense of independence from an early age. This was caused by the increased divorce rates throughout the United States, the unique dynamics of single-parent households, and dual-income parents who were not able to spend as much time at home. Most parents found a life-long career in computers, business management, construction, or transportation. Although routinely working long hours, they still managed to find a healthy balance between exhibiting their creative freedoms within the workplace and maintaining personal relationships with their children. Also referred to as latchkey kids, Gen Xers often spent their downtime conversing with friends via email, channel surfing on the television, or playing video games. They also seemed to have a deep interest in musical genres associated with social-tribal identities, including punk rock and heavy metal. This meant that music became an important self-identifying factor, even influencing the type of attire an individual wore on a daily basis. In the 1960s and 1970s, a countercultural movement known as the hippie era catalyzed other self-identifying factors — especially for those who identified as members of the LGBTQ+ community. American writer Allen Ginsberg formed the core of the movement as he openly opposed all military efforts, sexual repression, and capitalism.9 Ginsburg also identified as gay, serving as positive a role model for members of the LGBTQ+ community and allies alike. 10 9 Silos, Jill Katherine. "Everybody Get Together: The Sixties Counterculture & Public Space, 1964-1967." University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository, 2003. 10 Eleven years of Chameleon issues were released during Generation X but were mostly written by students who were born during the Baby Boomers generation (1946-1964). Brown 10 Generation X Overview of Significant Events • Selma to Montgomery marches promote voting rights for African Americans (1965). • Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American Supreme Court Justice (1965). • Immigration & Nationality Act outlaws de facto discrimination against immigrants (1965). • Voting Act outlaws racial discrimination in voting (1965). • Malcolm X is assassinated (1965). • Watts Riots occur in light of Marquette Frye's arrest (1965). • Nation Organization for Women is established (1966). • American Indian Movement is founded (1967). • Detroit Riot sheds blood between black residents and the Detroit Police Department (1967). • Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated (1968). • Fair Housing Act outlaws discrimination regarding housing (1968). • Shirley Chisholm becomes the first black woman elected to Congress (1968). • East Los Angeles Walkouts are organized by Mexican American students (1968). • Stonewall Riots call for LGBTQ+ members to respond to police raids (1969). • Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg becomes a landmark Supreme Court case (1971). • AIM protests against injustice under law enforcement towards Native Americans (1972). • Roe v. Wade becomes a landmark Supreme Court case (1973). • Billie Jean King wins the "Battle of the Sexes" tennis match (1973). • Beverly Johnson becomes the first black model on the cover of Vogue (1974). Brown 11 Generation X Relevance to The Chameleon "The pedestrian Walks, talks, and discriminates On such vital and valid criteria as Color, breeding and religion. Sees sex, and is offended. Grows indignant. Has a firm conviction that freedom of speech sometimes goes too far When it lets Martin Luther King "cause trouble" and "incite" riots" (1965). —- An excerpt from "The Pedestrian" by Jacob Sartz Unlike most pieces of writing from the 1960s publishings, this free verse poem seems to call out the discriminatory tendencies of others. The author especially targets any person whose ideologies are rooted in racism, sexism, and other gateways leading to unequal treatment. By labeling them as the pedestrian, such subtlety creates an effect where anyone can be the principal character and thus the reader may begin to question their own actions. As the author begins to shift towards a more political ambiance, African American activist Martin Luther King Jr. is mentioned. From the pedestrian's perspective, however, King is known to overstep the principle of free speech with the exception of cases where it benefits the white majority. Brown 12 "He had gone through a variety of different girls in the next six years, and he had accumulated an assortment of different names in his address book, including a few of the local sweethearts that he'd called up in dire sexual emergencies… When he had heard that his little "streetlight girl" had been married, he put a check next to her name in the book as he had done for several other old flames that had been put out of commission for one reason or another. He thought of her a little while after that, but closed the book as he had always done" (1970). —- An excerpt from "The Street Light" by Paul LeSage Unlike our example directly above, there are several alarming factors sprinkled throughout this short story, revealing how a man uses the sexual objectification of women to his advantage. The man's use of an address book further proves this implication as the women he has been sexually involved with are jotted down in writing. Visually speaking, the reader may think of a grocery list or an inventory of stock goods when it comes to the address book's description. The man proceeds to check off the women who no longer sexually benefit him all while refusing to use their real names, ultimately dehumanizing them in the process. This allows the reader to further explore the harmful effects of sexual objectification, pushing them to decipher the differences between sex and sexualizing.11 11 Many other excerpts were found focusing on a more negative portrayal of the BIPOC community and women during this time. However, there was no mention of LGBTQ+ members. Brown 13 Generation Y | 1981 - 1996 Brief Historical Background Many of those who were either born into this generation or lived through it prioritized their careers and personal interests above marriage. This means that they were having fewer children than their predecessors. Like Gen Xers, Millenials were known to be tech-savvy with a specific preference to communicate through email or text. MTV brought them further reason to enjoy screen time when the cable channel was launched in 1981. Originally created to showcase music videos, MTV quickly moved to television personalities. Michael Jackson, for example, served as the precedent for television personalities and leading artists, topping the charts throughout the duration of the 1980s. He eventually became one of the most well-loved television personalities who dedicated much of his offscreen time to charitable efforts. Prince, Whitney Houston, Diana Ross, and many others followed closely behind. Based on the increased media representation of minority artists, it's safe to say that this particular time frame allowed for people of color to debut their own music videos for the first time. This urged the public to gravitate towards soul music and R&B, marking the start of this generation's willingness to embrace black creators. Alongside music, technological advances in STEM were budding with breakthroughs. Women paved the way towards many of these breakthroughs under large startups and federal organizations, inspiring younger girls to do the same through higher education. 12 12 Eighteen years of Chameleon issues were released during Generation Y but mostly written by students who were born during Generation X (1965-1976). Brown 14 Generation Y Overview of Significant Events • Asian American/Pacific Islander Heritage Week is implemented in May (1979). • Boston African American National Historic Site is established (1980). • AIDS Epidemic begins, causing numerous deaths in the LGBTQ+ community (1981). • Sandra Day O'Connor is nominated as the first female Supreme Court Justice (1981). • Federation of Survival Schools leads legal education seminars for Native students (1984). • Ellison Onizuka, the first Asian-American in space, dies in the Challenger disaster (1986). • Minneapolis AIM Patrol refocuses on protecting native women in Minneapolis (1987). • Sally K. Ride becomes the first American woman in space (1983). • Susan Kare made typeface contributions to the first Apple Macintosh (1983). • Michael Jordan is named the NBA's "Rookie of the Year " (1985). • Nadia Perlman invents the spanning-tree protocol (1985). • Carole Ann-Marie Gist becomes the first African American to win Miss USA (1990). • Freddie Mercury dies from AIDS (1991). • Rodney King is brutally beaten by LAPD officers (1991). • AIM revives the Sun Dance ceremony in Pipestone, Minnesota (1991). • Los Angeles Riots result in numerous deaths and $1 billion in damage (1992). • Mae Jemison becomes the first African American woman in space (1992). • National Coalition in Sports & Media Forms is established by native leaders (1992). • "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" bars the LGBTQ+ community from military service (1993). Brown 15 Generation Y Relevance to The Chameleon "I slowly adapt myself to another man's world, But I soon realize that my character is a reflection Of a foreign spectrum I see myself through another man's eyes, My words come from another man's mouth, And my ideals are relocated from another man's mind" (1980). —- An excerpt from "A Nostalgic Experience" by Noble Francis Allen America's social construction has continued to uphold whiteness throughout the duration of its history, while people of color must condition themselves to that of the norm. In this case, the author speaks in the first person, signifying their position as the principal character who is faced with having to mirror the way others perceive the world. This implies that the narrator may have had a weakened sense of self-identity at the time this poem was written. Self-identity is an especially important feature as it consists of the traits, characteristics, social relations, and roles that define who one is. An individual's racial and ethnic 13 background is also included within the same realm due to the distinguishment of their given group's cultural values, kinship, and beliefs.14 13 Oyserman, Daphna, and George Smith. "Self, Self-Concept, and Identity." Handbook of Self and Identity, edited by Kristen Elmore, 2nd ed., The Guilford Press, New York, NY, 2012, pp. 69–104. 14 Woo, Bongki, et al. "The Role of Racial/Ethnic Identity in the Association Between Racial Discrimination & Psychiatric Disorders: A Buffer or Exacerbator?" SSM - Population Health, vol. 7, 7 Apr. 2019, p. 100378., https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100378. Brown 16 "Across his back is a deerskin quiver, and in the quiver, there are seven feathered arrows. Gripped in his sweaty palm is an oak bow. A golden-handled sword, whose blade is as long as a man's leg, hangs from his waist. Its once binding shine has been replaced by a thick coat of blood. His skin is the color of golden honey, and his hair is the reflection of yellow sunshine… A woman emerges from the foliage of the wildwood. Warm sunshine gleams off of browned skin. Raven-black hair drops over a slender neck, and ends upon soft shoulders. Unsuspecting almond-eyes gaze wildly at the sky. She is nude. Her breasts are round, full, and tipped with chocolate nipples. A thin waist gives way to broad hips, and eventually slender legs" (1980). —- An excerpt from "A Blind Odin" by Mitchell T. Kubiak This short story, "A Blind Odin," depicts a deep contrast between the description of a man and the description of a woman. The man embodies characteristics associated with a skilled hunter, such as strength and courage. The woman, however, is only described based on her physical features, all of which seem to align with the male gaze. For those who are not familiar with feminist theory, the male gaze is perceived from a masculine heterosexual perspective with aspects of voyeurism, objectification, fetishism, and scopophilia attached.15 Further descriptions of the woman's bodily proportions also suggest clues about the author, although it is crucial for the reader to understand that Norwich University had very few female candidates at the time this short story was written. 16 15 Snow, Edward. "Theorizing the Male Gaze: Some Problems." Representations, vol. 25, 1989, pp. 30–41., https:// doi.org/10.2307/2928465. 16 Many other excerpts were found focusing on both positive and negative portrayals of the BIPOC community and women during this time. However, there was no mention of LGBTQ+ members. Brown 17 Generation Z | 1997 - 2009 Brief Historical Background Gen Zers are the first to experience technological advances from birth onward. Once the majority reached adolescence, it became evident that there was a growing demand for portable devices. Although the first smartphone was released by IBM during the early 1990s, its overall bulkiness and poor battery life were not ideal for communication lines. Apple has since become the most popular phone brand in the United States. It also helped that the company released the iPod, a portable music device with, at the time, the ability to store over 200 songs. The same year also marked the events of several terrorist attacks on September 11th. Two jet airliners shattered the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in a series of terrorist attacks, killing nearly 3,000 people and injuring twice as many. Those responsible were later identified as members of al-Quaeda, a militant Islamist organization led by Saudi Arabian terrorist Osama bin Laden. Life became all the more difficult for Muslim Americans as they continuously experienced the dangers of Islamophobia on a daily basis. Such dangers surrounded an ongoing spike in hate crimes, ranging from cold-blooded murder to vandalism of places of worship. Even when there was a slight decline in hate crimes years later, Muslim Americans continued to struggle with employment discrimination. Many of those who practiced Islam were either laid off or turned away during the hiring process for reasons directly relating to their religion. By the end of Generation Z, religion no longer served as a determining factor during the hiring process and diversity became a primary focus in the workplace. 17 17 Thirteen years of Chameleon issues were released during Generation Z but were mostly written by students who were born during Generation Y (1977-1995). Brown 18 Generation Z Overview of Significant Events • Gary Locke becomes the first Asian American governor of a mainland state (1996). • Kalpana Chawla boards Columbia as the first woman in space of Indian origin (1997). • Serena Williams wins the U.S. Open Women's Singles Tennis Championship (1999). • Maurice Ashley becomes the world's first black Grandmaster in chess (2000). • Permanent Partners Immigration Act is introduced to Congress (2000). • Equality Mississippi is founded as an LGBT civil rights organization (2000). • Millennium March on Washington raises awareness of LGBT issues (2000). • Elaine Chao is selected as the first Asian American to be Secretary of Labor (2001). • Patriot Act allows the indefinite detention of immigrants and warrantless searches (2001). • Cincinnati-based riots spark unrest following Timothy Thomas' death (2001). • Balbir Singh Sodhi's death is deemed the first fatal act of violence as a result of 9/11 (2001). • Dennis Archer becomes the first African American to be President of the ABA (2002). • Goodridge v. Dept. of Public Health becomes a landmark Supreme Court case (2003). • Grutter v. Bollinger becomes a landmark Supreme Court Case (2003). • Same-sex marriage is first legalized in the state of Massachusetts (2004). • Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon are wed, becoming the first legal same-sex marriage (2004). • Condoleezza Rice is named the first black woman to be Secretary of State (2005). • Nancy Pelosi becomes the first female Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (2007). • Barack Obama is elected as the first African American to hold office (2009). Brown 19 Generation Z Relevance to The Chameleon "You called me a fa***t and said no one would love me But I am here to say what goes around comes around And now it's your turn to get knocked down" (2004). —- An excerpt from "The Bastard Son" by James A. Hoffman Now used as a slur in reference to homosexual men and boys, the term fa***t has its own unique origin. The term's former use in the Norwegian dialect was originally emplaced to describe a bundle of firewood. Because these bundles were large in size, the term eventually moved towards describing heavyset women who were often seen as slovenly and thus placing them near the bottom of all social classes. When British English ha 18 d made a far greater influence on the Scandinavian languages, the term was combined with bugger, also known as a person who engages in anal or oral sex. Premodern Europe was known to persecute heretics during this time, including homosexuals, as they did not conform to the belief systems of the Church. 19 This short story, "The Bastard Son," is one of the first positive representations of LGBTQ+ members found in the Chameleon as the narrator gains the courage to speak against negative attitudes and feelings surrounding the LGBTQ+ community. 18 Johansson, Warren. "The Etymology of the Word 'Fa***t'." William Percy. 19 Karras, Ruth Mazo. "The Regulation of 'Sodomy' in the Latin East & West." Speculum, vol. 95, no. 4, 2020, pp. 969–986., https://doi.org/10.1086/710639. Brown 20 Generation Z Relevance to The Chameleon "Mother, you are the greatest woman I know. I have based my life upon yours, all the great things you have done and all the obstacles that you were able to overcome; the thing that I admire most about you is the fact that you were a single mother of four and didn't need a man's help, but I always knew that was a great challenge for me, in this world that is much too different from the one that you grew up. To me, that was the greatest obstacle that you conquered" (2004). —- An excerpt from "Mother's Love" by A.M.T Lebron In this dedication, "Mother's Love," the author retrieves past memories in writing to celebrate their mother. It is not often that Norwich student contributors write about the entailments of motherhood. Although it remains unclear whether the author's mother was divorced, widowed, or remained unmarried, the family has a relentless source of love for one another and proceeds to use their shared affection to overcome challenges. Such challenges include economic hardships and increased states of stress as a single mother often relies on one source of income. There is also reason to believe that those raised in similar households develop a sense of independence resembling that of their mother. Some may even develop additional 20 internal resources that will allow them to construct their own identity far from the gender roles typically seen within the American household. 21 20 Kinser, Amber E. Motherhood & Feminism. Seal Press, 2010. 21 Many other excerpts were found focusing on both positive and negative portrayals of minority communities and women. Brown 21 Generation Alpha | 2010 - Present Brief Historical Background Many of those who are either born into this generation or currently living through it witness technological advances at an accelerating rate to the extent of replacing the previously known means of childhood entertainment with mobile devices and streaming services. The dawning of this generation also brought Instagram, the most frequently preferred social media platform to date. The thought of having children was generally delayed across the United States following the economic crisis of 2008, while young adults reportedly dealt with increasing stress from education debt. Following the economic crisis of 2008, it is not uncommon for young adults to deal with increasing stress from education debt. Many Gen Zers who previously planned on extending their families during this time were also affected as financial worries prevented them from having children. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused further economic turmoil when small businesses had to close down to prevent the spread of the virus. Those who were employed under larger corporations, however, moved their offices to home. Between dual-career families and remote work, the boundaries separating professional and personal life became blurred. 22 Such challenges have proved that the young faces of Generation Alpha are capable of resilience, utilizing their own diverse backgrounds to tackle the more difficult questions. This includes advocating for fairness in all aspects of society and questioning the validity of gender. 22 Jha, Amrit Kumar. "Understanding Generation Alpha ." OSF Preprints, 20 June 2020. Brown 22 Generation Alpha Overview of Significant Events • Apple's iPad is released, also known as the first touchscreen tablet PC (2010). • President Barack Obama begins his second term (2013). • Defense Against Marriage Act is struck down by the Supreme Court (2013). • Black Lives Matter emerges as a political movement (2013). • Michael Brown is fatally shot by a Ferguson police officer (2014). • Nine African Americans churchgoers are killed during a Bible study in Charleston (2015). • Same-sex marriage is legalized in all 50 states (2015). • Pulse Nightclub shooting causes the deaths of 49 LGBTQ+ members (2016). • Unite the Right, a white supremacist rally, leads to three deaths in Charlottesville (2017). • Me Too movement is relaunched following the Harvey Weinstein accusations (2017). • Director Jon M. Chu breaks box office records with his film Crazy Rich Asians (2018). • California Synagogue shooting causes the injuries of three and the death of one (2019). • President Trump's wall receives $2.5 billion in funds under the Supreme Court (2019). • Kobe Bryant, along with his daughter, dies in a helicopter crash (2020). • Geroge Floyd is murdered by a Minneapolis police officer during an arrest (2020). • Kamala Harris becomes the 49th vice president (2021). • Spa shooting in Atlanta leaves eight dead, with six being of Asian descent (2021). Brown 23 Generation Alpha Relevance to The Chameleon "It had only been four days since I was bought from the Greens. The Green House was known for cutting off the body parts of slaves and letting them bleed out slowly or waiting for them to die of infection. They used to take other slaves to the field and pick different parts to cut off. If they cut off too much and you couldn't work anymore, they'd leave the bodies in the field as an example of what happens when you make mistakes. " (2019). —- An excerpt from "Mixed Voices" by Alain Cropper-Makidi The author moves to educate the reader on a particular building utilized during America's slavery period. Also known as the Green House, the building lay separate from the main house and lodged slaves who were being punished for fieldwork mistakes. Whipping, burning, branding, raping, and imprisoning were some of the most common punishments for slaves. However, the Green House resorted to dismembering the slaves' limbs and allowing them to bleed out. This short story, "Mixed Voices," also addresses that some slaves received educational instruction from the main house's mistress. This was most likely executed in secret as slaves were generally prohibited from reading and writing out of fear that they would forge travel passes and escape. 23 23 "Literacy as Freedom - American Experience." SAAM, Smithsonian American Art Museum, https:// americanexperience.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Literacy-as-Freedom.pdf. Brown 24 "One day You tell me that let's be Together I shake my head Say I'm tired of your lies Rather to get myself alone" (2020). 有⼀天 你对我说我们在⼀起吧 我摇摇头 说我厌倦了你的虚伪 宁愿孤独 —- An excerpt from "Untitled" by Zenghui Zhang Like several others, this poem was both written and translated by a student under Professor Lenny Hu. Since his arrival at Norwich, Professor Hu has assigned his Chinese students the task of writing and translating poetry. This allows them to expand their Chinese literacy and gain a sense of passion for the language itself. As the Norwich language department continues to grow, translations will continue to be included in future Chameleon issues for the benefit of promoting diverse students and staff who already understand or aim to learn beyond that of the English language. Brown 25 Conclusion Sustains & Improves After reviewing all past issues of the Chameleon, it is clear that Norwich's literary journal previously published pieces of writing representing LGBTQ+ members, the BIPOC community, and women in a negative light. This was especially true from 1961 through the late 1990s. Gradually, the Chameleon has begun to positively represent our communities. During our current time period, for example, positive representations have become the primary focus under Professor Sean Prentiss and his team of student editors who have made a conscious effort in improving the Chameleon as a whole. Student writers who distinguish themselves amongst the rest of the student body are oftentimes selected for awards. One of which is the "Be You, Be True Prize" for the best writing by or about the LGBTQ+ community. Additionally, many Norwich University professors currently include culturally sustaining pedagogies within their curricula. Such pedagogies include seeking nontraditional texts, merging language varieties, and encouraging students to explore cultural spaces. To maintain as well as improve such efforts, Norwich University affiliates must remain aware that America's long history of combating minorities often resulted in bloodshed. Although not to the extent of our previous generations, similar events still continue to occur today. Therefore, as one of the most renowned military colleges in the United States, it is our responsibility to protect minority students and ensure that they perceive themselves as valuable members of the community. Without them, the future stands for nothing. Brown 26 References Anderson, Gary C. Ethnic Cleansing & the Indian: The Crime That Should Haunt America. University Of Oklahoma Press, 2015. "APA Dictionary of Psychology." American Psychological Association, https:// dictionary.apa.org/social-representation. Jha, Amrit Kumar. "Understanding Generation Alpha ." OSF Preprints, 20 June 2020. Johanssen, Warren. "The Etymology of the Word F*****." William Percy, pp. 356–359. Kapadia, Reshma. "The Tulsa Massacre Left a Lasting Impact on Wealth." Trade Journal, vol. 101, no. 22, 31 May 2021. Karras, Ruth Mazo. "The Regulation of 'Sodomy' in the Latin East & West." Speculum, vol. 95, no. 4, 2020, pp. 969–986., https://doi.org/10.1086/710639. Kinser, Amber E. Motherhood & Feminism. Seal Press, 2010. "Literacy as Freedom - American Experience." SAAM, Smithsonian American Art Museum, https://americanexperience.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Literacy-as-Freedom.pdf. Nohria, Nitin, Anthony Mayo, and Mark Benson. "William Levitt, Levittown and the Creation of American Suburbia." Harvard Business School Case 406-062, December 2005. (Revised March 2010.) Oyserman, Daphna, and George Smith. "Self, Self-Concept, and Identity." Handbook of Self and Identity, edited by Kristen Elmore, 2nd ed., The Guilford Press, New York, NY, 2012, pp. 69–104. Brown 27 Pryor, Elizabeth Stordeur. "The Etymology of N*****: Resistance, Politics, and the Politics of Freedom in the Antebellum North." Colored Travelers: Mobility and the Fight for Citizenship before the Civil War, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/ 9781469628578.003.0002. Silos, Jill Katherine. "Everybody Get Together: The Sixties Counterculture & Public Space, 1964-1967." University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository, 2003. Snow, Edward. "Theorizing the Male Gaze: Some Problems." Representations, vol. 25, 1989, pp. 30–41., https://doi.org/10.2307/2928465. Tenaglia, Sean. '"Seeing Yourself in the Story:' The Influence of Multicultural Education on Adolescent Identity Formation." The Virginia English Journal, vol. 68, 2018. Woo, Bongki, et al. "The Role of Racial/Ethnic Identity in the Association Between Racial Discrimination & Psychiatric Disorders: A Buffer or Exacerbator?" SSM - Population Health, vol. 7, 7 Apr. 2019, p. 100378., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100378.

Part 1: New Orientations and Topical Integrations -- Framing chapter: Devin O. Pendas, 'Final Solution', Holocaust, Shoah, or Genocide? From Separate to Integrated Histories -- Cathie Carmichael, Raphael Lemkin and Genocide before the Holocaust: ethnic and religious minorities under attack -- Dan Stone, Ideologies of Race: the Construction and Suppression of Otherness in Nazi Germany -- William J. Spurlin, Queering Holocaust Studies: New Frameworks for Understanding Nazi Homophobia and the Politics of Sexuality under National Socialism -- Daniel Blatman, Holocaust as Genocide: Milestones in the Historiographical Discourse -- Part 2: Plunder, Extermination, and Prosecution -- Framing chapter: Edward B. Westermann, Old Nazis, Ordinary Men, and New Killers: Synthetic and Divergent Histories of Perpetrators -- Mark Spoerer, The Nazi War Economy, the Forced Labour System, and the Murder of Jewish and Non-Jewish Workers -- Waitman Wade Beorn, All the Other Neighbors: Communal Genocide in Eastern Europe -- Kim Christian Priemel, War Crimes Trials, the Holocaust and Historiography, 1943- -- Bianca Gaudenzi, Crimes against Culture: From Plunder to postwar Restitution Politics -- Part 3: Reframing Jewish Histories -- Framing chapter: Dan Michman, Characteristics of Holocaust Historiography and their Contexts since 1990: Emphases, Perceptions, Developments, Debates -- David Engel, A Sustained Civilian Struggle: Rethinking Jewish Responses to the Nazi regime -- Guy Miron, Ghettos and Ghettoization: History and Historiography -- Martin C. Dean, Survivors of the Holocaust within the Nazi Universe of Camps -- Natalia Aleksiun, Social Networks of Support: Trajectories of Escape, Rescue, and Survival -- Joanna B. Michlic, A Young Person's War: the Disrupted Lives of Children and Youth -- Elisabeth Gallas and Laura Jockusch, Anything But Silent: Jewish Responses to the Holocaust in the Aftermath of World War II -- Part 4: Local, mobile and transnational Holocausts -- Framing chapter: Tim Cole, Geographies of the Holocaust -- Gerhard L. Weinberg, The Global 'Final Solution' and Nazi Imperialism -- Susanne Heim, Refugees' Routes: Emigration, Resettlement, andTransmigration -- David A. Messenger, The Geo-politics of Neutrality: Diplomacy, Refuge and Rescue during the Holocaust -- Alejandro Baer and Pedro Correa, Spain and the Holocaust: Contested Past, Contested Present -- Esther Webman, Contesting the "Zionist" Narrative: Arab Responses to the Holocaust -- Aomar Boum, Re-drawing Holocaust Geographies: A Cartography of Vichy and Nazi Reach into North Africa -- Part 5: Witnessing in dialogue: testifiers, readers and viewers -- Framing chapter: Alan Rosen, The Holocaust Witness: Wartime and Postwar Voices -- Monika J. Flaschka, Sexual Violence: Recovering a Suppressed History -- Jonathan Druker, Ethical Grey Zones: On Coercion and Complicity in the Concentration Camp and Beyond -- Carol Zemel, Holocaust Photography and the Challenge of the Visual -- Nicholas Chare, Holocaust Memory in a Post-Survivor World: Bearing Lasting Witness -- Noah Shenker, Post Memory: Digital Testimony and the Future of Witnessing -- Part 6: Human rights and visual culture -- Framing chapter: Valerie Hébert, The Problem of Human Rights after the Holocaust -- David B. MacDonald, Indigenous Genocide and Perceptions of the Holocaust in Canada -- Avril Alba, Lessons from History? The Future of Holocaust Education -- Amanda F. Grzyb, The Changing Landscape of Holocaust Memorialization in Poland -- Meghan Lundrigan, #Holocaust #Auschwitz: Performing Holocaust Memory on Social Media -- Daniel H. Magilow, Contemporary Holocaust Film Beyond MimeticImperatives.

In 2016, Colombian's government was trying to endorse a peace agreement with one of the country's guerrillas by popular vote. At that time, a public controversy arose over issues of sex and gender. At first, it seemed like a fragile attempt by conservative communities to maintain a determined moral order. However, these controversies increased, and the term gender ideology began to be used by some politics and religious leaders who supported the "No" to the plebiscite. Many things had been said about the public emergence of the term gender ideology and its relationship with the plebiscite for peace in Colombia. Even so, I think it is important to reflect on the relationship between emotions, morals, and the construction of the public. I try to show that some homophobic positions see the other not as an opposite, but as a "needy". Putting the lens on this issue will allow us to think about the motivations that some leaders of conservative activism would have, beyond perceiving their social movements exclusively as political strategies. The article is divided into six sections. In the first part, I will review the concepts of emotion and moral. After, I will tell two tales: the story of Nerú Martínez, a faithful believer in the neo-Pentecostal church El Lugar de Su Presencia, who claims to have left homosexuality to meet God and be happy. And Sergio Urrego, a 16-year-old boy, who committed suicide due to discrimination suffered at his school. In the fourth and fifth sections I conceptualize the term gender ideology based on previous researches and the voices of Catholics and Christians. Finally, in the last section, I explore some theoretical paths, supporting me, and discussing the previous reflections on the subject. ; En el 2016, cuando se buscaba tramitar un pacto social entre el gobierno de Colombia y una de las guerrillas del país por medio de votación popular, surgió una controversia pública por temas de sexo y género; al principio, parecía un escueto intento de comunidades conservadoras por mantener un cierto orden moral. Sin embargo, estas controversias inundaron los medios de comunicación y se masificó el término ideología de género, que empezó a ser usado como una herramienta estratégica por algunos líderes religiosos y políticos que apoyaban el No en el plebiscito. Del surgimiento público del término ideología de género y su relación con el plebiscito por la paz en Colombia se ha dicho mucho. Aun así, creo importante reflexionar en torno a la relación entre afectos, moral y la construcción de lo público. Intento demostrar que algunas posturas homofóbicas ven al otro no como un opuesto, sino como un "necesitado de". Poner el lente en ese tema permitirá pensar en las motivaciones que tendrían algunos líderes de los activismos conservadores, más allá de percibir sus movimientos sociales exclusivamente como estrategias políticas. El artículo se divide en seis grandes aparatados. En un primer momento revisaré los conceptos de afecto y moral. Posteriormente, narraré dos historias: la de Nerú Martínez, un fiel creyente de la iglesia neopentecostal El Lugar de Su Presencia, que dice haber dejado la homosexualidad para encontrarse con Dios y ser feliz; y la de Sergio Urrego, un chico de 16 años, autodeclarado queer, que se suicidó por la discriminación sufrida en su colegio. El cuarto y quinto apartado se dedican a conceptualizar el término ideología de género a partir de investigaciones previas, así como de las voces de católicos y cristianos. En el último momento exploro algunas vías teóricas, apoyándome y discutiendo sobre las reflexiones previas frente al tema. ; No 2016, quando foi tentado fazer um pacto social entre o governo colombiano e uma das guerrilhas do país por meio do voto popular, abrolhou uma polêmica pública sobre questões de sexo e gênero; no princípio, isso pareceu uma tentativa básica por parte das comunidades conservadoras de manter uma certa ordem moral. No entanto, essas polêmicas foram passadas pela mídia e o termo ideologia de gênero se generalizou, passando a ser utilizado como ferramenta estratégica por algumas lideranças religiosas e políticas que apoiavam o voto pelo "não" no plebiscito. Muito se tem falado sobre o surgimento público do termo ideologia de gênero e sua relação com o plebiscito pela paz na Colômbia. Mesmo assim, acho importante refletir sobre a relação entre as emoções, a moral e a construção do público. Aqui, eu procuro mostrar que algumas posições homofóbicas percebem as outras não como um oposto, mas como um "carente de". Colocar o foco nessa questão nos permitirá pensar sobre as motivações que teriam algumas lideranças de ativismos conservadores, e assim perceber seus movimentos sociais não exclusivamente como estratégias políticas. O artigo está dividido em seis seções principais. Na primeira, eu reviso os conceitos de afeto e moral. Na segunda e na terceira, eu narro duas histórias: a de Nerú Martínez, fiel crente da igreja neopentecostal El Lugar de Su Presencia, que afirma ter deixado a homossexualidade para encontrar Deus e ser feliz; e a de Sergio Urrego, um menino de 16 anos, que se autodeclarou gay, que se suicidou devido à discriminação sofrida em sua escola. A quarta e a quinta sessões são dedicadas a conceituar o termo ideologia de gênero com base em pesquisas anteriores e nas vozes de religiosos católicos e cristãos. Na sexta, eu exploro alguns caminhos teóricos, apoiando-me e discutindo minhas reflexões anteriores sobre o assunto.

BackgroundIn 1996, Brazil became the first developing country to provide free, universal access to HAART, laboratory monitoring, and clinical care to any eligible patient. As of June 2014, approximately 400,000 patients were under treatment, making it the most comprehensive HIV treatment initiative implemented thus far in a middle-income country, worldwide. The Brazilian epidemic is highly concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM).MethodsFour national information systems were combined and Cox regression was used to conduct retrospective cohort analysis of HAART availability/access on all-cause mortality among MSM diagnosed with AIDS reported to the information systems between 1998-2008, adjusting for demographic, clinical, and behavioral factors and controlling for spatially-correlated survival data by including a frailty effect. Multiple imputation by chained equations was used to handle missing data.ResultsAmong 50,683 patients, 10,326 died during the 10year of period. All-cause mortality rates declined following introduction of HAART, and were higher among non-white patients and those starting HAART with higher viral load and lower CD4 counts. In multivariable analysis adjusted for race, age at AIDS diagnosis, and baseline CD4 cell count, MSM diagnosed in latter periods had almost a 50% reduction in the risk of death, compared to those diagnosed between 1998-2001 (2002-2005 adjHR: 0.54, 95% CI:0.51-0.57; 2006-2008 adjHR: 0.51, 95% CI:0.48-0.55). After controlling for spatially correlated survival data, mortality remained higher among those diagnosed in the earliest diagnostic cohort and lower among non-white patients and those starting HAART with higher viral load and lower CD4 lymphocyte counts.ConclusionsUniversal and free access to HAART has helped achieve impressive declines in AIDS mortality in Brazil. However, after a 10-years follow-up, differential AIDS-related mortality continue to exist. Efforts are needed to identify and eliminate these health disparities, therefore improving the Brazilian response towards HIV/AIDS epidemic.