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Why do outside powers intervene in other countries' elections? We distinguish between two types of electoral interventions: interventions in favor of the democratic process and interventions in favor of particular candidates and parties. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, outside powers often simultaneously pursue interventions of both types. Using a formal model of elections with bias, we argue that outside powers will always invest some resources in particular candidates, if they care about the differences in their proposed policies. Spending on the electoral process is driven by liberalism concerns and geopolitical interests. In some cases, liberal powers might decrease their amount of support for the electoral process if this engagement works against their favored candidate. We also consider the case of "election wars." These occur when two outside powers simultaneously intervene on different sides of an election. Some of the observable implications of the model are briefly demonstrated using a new and original dataset.

The objective of this study is to find out the prospects and challenges of adoptions of IPSAS by the Nigerian public sector. The study focused on federal ministries in Abuja. One hundred and fifty copies of questionnaire were distributed to civil servants in Abuja. The study employed Z-test statistical technique and chi-square. Data gathered from field was analyzed by MS-excel 2016. The result shows that adoption of IPSAS will increase the reliability of the reports prepared by Nigerian public sector. The result also shows that adoption of IPSAS will enhance better comparability of financial report among various state. Furthermore, the study shows that lack funds and internal resistance are major challenges facing the adoption of IPSAS. The study recommended that the federal government should release fund to power the switching over to IPSAS. Accountants in public should be trained on new accounting software that will enhance their understandability of IPSAS. Government should display the political toward adoption of IPSAS by mandating all ministries and government agencies to switch over to IPSAS and defaulters should be duly sanctioned.

Our understanding of climate change is dominated by quantified scientific knowledge, with science and politics usually seen as operating separately and autonomously from one another. By investigating a particular fact box in the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), this paper challenges the assumption that science and policy can be clearly delineated. The so-called "Bali Box" gained a prominent role in negotiations leading up to the Copenhagen Conference in 2009, as it was widely seen as providing a "fixed point" – a quantified scientific answer to the question of equitable effort-sharing between North and South. This understanding of the Bali Box triggered a backlash, however, when the hybrid character of the box as an assemblage of science, political considerations and moral judgements became evident to actors in the negotiations. The paper employs the notion of boundary objects to analyse the history of the Bali Box, and argues that climate politics will benefit from a richer understanding of the interplay between science and policy. Moving beyond characterizations that place the Bali Box on either side of a clear boundary between the scientific and the political, we suggest focusing instead on what the Box as a hybrid product is doing, i.e. how it simplifies and quantifies, what it covers and what it leaves outside. ; acceptedVersion

Many studies of aging have been conducted on samples that include WWII and Korea-era veterans; thus, military service a "hidden variable" in aging research. The impact of service on later life development and aging is poorly understood, yet its effects are often broad and long-ranging, and can alter lives in positive as well as negative ways. This symposium considers the long-term effects of military service on health and well-being of veterans who served in the armed forces. Presenters are from several nations (Israel, Canada, Vietnam, Korea, and United States), and use a lifespan/life course perspective to examine the impact of service on later-life outcomes in veterans from various conflicts. Solomon and colleagues examine long-term effects of being a POW among Israeli veterans. Pedlar examines changes in Canadian veterans after service, and compares them to non-veterans. Korinek examines older Vietnamese war survivors, and the impact of wartime exposure on intergenerational relations. Kang and colleagues provide a lifespan examination of the long-term effects of combat exposure in Korean Vietnam War Veterans, while Lee and colleagues examine possible pathways for positive outcomes of combat exposure among US veterans from WWII and Korea. Dr. Settersten will be our discussant, focusing on common themes among studies, and the implications of military service for changing lives across countries.

Part I. Setting the stage -- Introduction: who, what and why -- Theory: egodocuments and the military -- Methodology: quantitative & qualitative methods for autobiographical research -- Context: the missions in Afghanistan -- Part II. Results -- Who writes and publishes soldiers' stories? -- What do soldier-authors write about? -- Why do soldier-authors write? -- Conclusion: profiling the soldier-author -- Reflections: some personal notes on how to proceed -- The fifty-four books