Suchergebnisse

The first national document containing the rules for avalanche danger assessing: «Guidelines for calculating avalanche loads in the design of structures. VSN 02-73», appeared in Russia in 1973. Despite many shortcomings, it was used until recently. In 2018, new rules for avalanche danger assessing: «SP 428.1325800.2018. Set of rules. Engineering surveys for construction in avalanche-prone areas. General requirements» were worked out. Some of the shortcomings of the previous document were eliminated in it. Used terms and definitions are given. For the first time in a regulatory document, a method for identifying of avalanche starting zones is presented. The conditions under which an avalanche danger assessment is required are formulated more correctly. The method for calculating the speeds and runouts of flowing avalanches, which was in the previous document, has been excluded. The rules allow, in case of insufficient data for analysis, to calculate the maximum possible avalanche path boundaries, but not the boundaries of the specified probability. New sections have appeared on the application of aerospace, phytocenotic, dendrochronological methods, as well as methods for studying buried soils to assess avalanche danger. At the same time, there are contradictions and shortcomings in the new rules. Clearer and mono-semantic terms and definitions are needed. Method for estimating the speed of powder avalanches is insufficiently substantiated and give greatly overestimated values. There is no sufficient rationale for determining the boundary of the air wave (powder avalanche) impact. The methods for assessing snow accumulation in an avalanche starting zone do not take into account the spatial variability of the snow depth and can lead to large errors in the assessment of avalanche danger. The use of statistical modeling to assess the probabilities of avalanches and their characteristics, in the proposed form, is not correct and can lead to an underestimation of the avalanche hazard. One of the reasons for the imperfection of the new document is the lack of requirements for the accuracy of the estimates performed with its help. It is proposed to discuss the document content and its possible changes more broadly and substantively by the time the set of rules update. ; Первый общегосударственный документ, содержащий правила оценки лавинной опасности: «Указания по расчёту снеголавинных нагрузок при проектировании сооружений. ВСН 02-73» в России появился в 1973 году. Несмотря на многие недостатки, он использовался до последнего времени. В 2018 году были созданы новые правила оценки лавинной опасности «СП 428.1325800.2018. Свод правил. Инженерные изыскания для строительства в лавиноопасных районах. Общие требования». Часть недостатков предыдущего документа в нём устранены. Приведены используемые термины и определения. Впервые в нормативном документе представлен метод выделения лавинных очагов. Корректнее сформулированы условия, при которых требуется оценка лавинной опасности. Исключён бывший в предыдущем документе метод расчёта скоростей и дальностей выброса текучих лавин. Допускается, в случае недостаточности данных для анализа, рассчитывать максимально возможные границы лавиносбора, а не границы заданной обеспеченности. Появились новые разделы, касающиеся применения аэрокосмических, фитоценотических, дендрохронологических методов, а также методов исследования погребенных почв для оценки лавинной опасности. Вместе с тем, в новых правилах имеются противоречия и недостатки. Необходимы более чёткие и однозначные формулировки используемых понятий. Методы оценки скорости пылевых лавин недостаточно обоснованы и дают сильно завышенные значения. Нет достаточных обоснований для определения границы воздействия воздушной волны. Методы оценки снегонакопления в лавинном очаге не учитывают пространственной изменчивости высоты снега и могут привести к большим ошибкам в оценке лавинной опасности. Применение статистического моделирования для оценки вероятностей лавин и их характеристик в предложенном виде не является обоснованным и может привести к недооценке лавинной опасности. Одной из причин несовершенства нового документа является отсутствие в нём требований к точности выполняемых с его помощью оценок. Предлагается к моменту актуализации свода правил более широко и предметно обсудить его содержание и возможные изменения в нём. Литература: Благовещенский В.П. Определение лавинных нагрузок. Алма-Ата.: Изд-во «Гылым», 1991. 115с. Москалёв Ю.Д. Динамика снежных лавин и снеголавинные расчёты. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1977. 232 с. Рунич А.В. Обоснование метода расчёта движения лавин для инженерных целей // Снег и снежные лавины. Труды Высокогорного геофизического института. 1972. Вып. 18. С. 26–60. Селиверстов Ю.Г. Снежные лавины на равнине // Доклады и выступления VIII научно-практической конференции «Проблемы прогнозирования чрезвычайных ситуаций» (г.Санкт-Петербург, 8–10 октября 2008 г.). СПб: МЧС, 2009. С. 149–156. Черноус П.А. Снеголавинные расчёты в нормативной базе инженерных изысканий для строительства в лавиноопасных районах // Сборник докладов международной научной конференции памяти выдающегося русского ученого Ю.Б.Виноградова «Четвёртые Виноградовские чтения. Гидрология от познания к мировоззрению» (г. Санкт-Петербург, 23–31 октября 2020 г.). СПб: Изд-во ВВМ, 2020. С. 366–371. Черноус П.А. Мониторинг высоты снежного покрова при изысканиях для оценки лавинной опасности // Материалы Общероссийской научно-практической конференции «Изучение опасных природных процессов и геотехнический мониторинг при инженерных изысканиях» (г. Москва, 18 марта 2021 г.). М.:ООО «Геомаркетинг», 2021. С. 124–130. Barbolini M., Issler D., Jóhannesson T., Hákonardóttir K., Lied K., Gauer P., Naaim M., Faug T., Natale L., Cappabianca F., Pagliardi M., Rammer L., Sovilla B., Platzer K., Surinach E., Furdada G., Sabot F., Vilajosana I. Avalanche Test Sites and Research Equipment in Europe ‒ An Updated Overview. Davos, 2006. 172 p. De Quervain M. Lawinenbildung // Lawinenschutz in der Schweiz, Bd. 9 der Reihe Bündnerwald, Beiheft, 1972. Pp. 15–32. Eglit M., Yakubenko A., Zayko Y. A Review of Russian Snow Avalanche Models—From Analytical Solutions to Novel 3D Models // Geosciences. 2020. Vol. 10. Iss. 2. 77. DOI:10.3390/geosciences10020077. Issler D., Lied K., Rammer L., Revol R., Sabot F., Cornet E.S., Bellavista G.F., Sovilla B. European avalanche test sites. Overview and analysis in view of coordinated experiments. Mitteilungen des Eidg. Institutes für Schnee- und Lawinenforschung. 1999. Vol. 59. 122 p. Persistent URL: https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:17261. Harbitz C.B., Issler D., Keylock C. Conclusions from a recent survey of avalanche computational models // Proceedings of the anniversary conference «25 Years of Snow Avalanche Research» (Voss, 12–16 May, 1998). Oslo: Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, 1998. Pp. 128–139. McClung D., Schaerer P. The Avalanche Handbook. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books, 1993. 272 p. Oechslin M. Lawinengeschwindigkeiten und Lawinenluftdruck // Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen. 1938. Vol. 89. Iss. 6. Pp. 153–160. DOI:10.5169/seals-768146.

To implement state policy in the fields of civil protection, protection of the population and territories from emergencies and their prevention, emergency response, rescue, fire fighting, fire and man-made safety, emergency services, as well as hydrometeorological activities There is the State Service of Ukraine for Emergencies (hereinafter SES of Ukraine) [1]. 7 emergency rescue formations (central subordination), including aviation, are subordinated to it; 25 emergency rescue teams of special purpose and 1182 district fire and rescue units (territorial subordination) [2]. According to the main capabilities of the units of the Rescue Service of Civil Defense are divided into: 1) units intended for extinguishing fires, rescuing people and property in case of fires, at facilities and territories, regardless of subordination and form of ownership, conducting emergency rescue operations, providing primary medical care to victims. 2) formation (detachments, centers) designed to eliminate accidents (catastrophes) of technogenic, natural and military nature, the consequences of natural disasters (earthquakes, storms, landslides, landslides, mudslides, floods, snow snowdrifts, icing, etc.), search and rescue, fire and rescue operations, international rescue operations, demining activities and civil and territorial defense measures, national and regional in nature. They include: - fire and rescue units - for firefighting, rescue of people and property at facilities and territories, regardless of subordination and form of ownership. - rescue units - designed to deploy and carry out rescue and other urgent work in the shortest possible time, to search (including the use of service dogs) and rescue people who are in destroyed, burning buildings, under the rubble, including excavation of victims from collapsed buildings, as well as to provide first aid to victims; - engineering - for conducting engineering reconnaissance of routes and centers of destruction, clearing of blockages, excavation of victims from under the damaged constructions, creation of special passages in blockages, collapse of designs, detection of damages in utility and energy and technological networks, preparation and maintenance of roads, formation of fencing anti-fire lanes; - radiation and chemical protection - conduct radiation and chemical reconnaissance, carry out dosimetric and chemical control of units, perform degassing, decontamination of uniforms and other material means, areas, roads and structures; - pyrotechnic - detect and destroy unused ammunition, including aircraft bombs and other explosive devices, neutralize the affected structural elements of buildings and houses, as well as pierce passages in the rubble by explosive methods; --water supply - designed for the development of water sources and equipment of water supply points; - communication - to establish and maintain reliable communication, which provides communication between departments, governing bodies and various forces of interaction; - material support - must timely meet the urgent needs of units with special equipment, fuel, products, protective equipment, clothing, medical, technical property and other material means. Units of the SES of Ukraine have at their disposal a significant amount of equipment, which can be divided, depending on its functionality and purpose for fire and rescue vehicles, vehicles for special work in emergencies and special cars. [3] Of the self-propelled vehicles for emergency response, wheeled vehicles for all types of work have become the most widespread. ; Для реалізації державної політики в сферах цивільного захисту, захисту населення і територій від надзвичайних ситуацій та запобігання їх виникненню, ліквідації надзвичайних ситуацій, рятувальної справи, гасіння пожеж, пожежної та техногенної безпеки, діяльності аварійно-рятувальних служб, а також гідрометеорологічної діяльності існує Державна служба України з надзвичайних ситуацій (далі ДСНС України) [1]. Їй підпорядковані 7 аварійно-рятувальних формувань швидкого реагування (центрального підпорядкування), в тому числі авіація; 25 аварійно-рятувальних загонів спеціального призначення та 1182 районних пожежно-рятувальних підрозділи (територіального підпорядкування) [2]. За основними можливостями підрозділи Оперативно-рятувальної служби цивільного захисту поділяються на: 1) підрозділи, призначені для гасіння пожеж, рятування людей та майна при пожежах, на об'єктах та територіях незалежно від підпорядкування та форми власності, проведення першочергових аварійно-рятувальних робіт, дання первинної медичної допомоги потерпілим. 2) формування (загони, центри), призначені для ліквідації аварій (катастроф) техногенного, природного та військового характеру, наслідків стихійних лих (землетрусів, буревіїв, зсувів ґрунту, обвалів, сельових потоків, повені, снігових заметів, обледеніння, тощо), проведення пошуково-рятувальних, пожежно-рятувальних робіт, міжнародних рятувальних операцій, здійснення заходів з розмінування територій та заходів цивільної і територіальної оборони, загальнодержавного та регіонального характеру. У їхньому складі функціонують: - пожежно-рятувальні підрозділи − для гасіння пожеж, рятування людей і майна на об'єктах і територіях незалежно від підпорядкування та форми власності. - рятувальні підрозділи − призначені для розгортання й проведення рятувальних та інших невідкладних робіт у найкоротші терміни, для розшуку (у тому числі з використанням службових собак) та порятунку людей, які знаходяться у зруйнованих, палаючих будівлях, під завалами, зокрема і відкопування постраждалих із завалених споруд, а також для надання першої медичної допомоги потерпілим; - інженерні − для ведення інженерної розвідки маршрутів та осередків ураження, розчищення завалів, відкопування постраждалих із-під пошкоджених споруд, створення спеціальних проїздів у завалах, обвалу конструкцій, виявлення пошкоджень у комунально-енергетичних та технологічних мережах, підготовки та утримання шляхів, утворення огороджувальних протипожежних смуг; - радіаційного та хімічного захисту − проводять радіаційну та хімічну розвідку, здійснюють дозиметричний та хімічний контроль підрозділів, виконують дегазацію, дезактивацію обмундирування та інших матеріальних засобів, ділянок місцевості, доріг та споруд; - піротехнічні − виявляють та знищують невикористані боєприпаси, у тому числі авіаційні бомби та інші вибухонебезпечні предмети, знешкоджують уражені елементи конструкцій споруд та будинків, а також пробивають проходи в завалах вибуховим методом; --водопостачання − призначені для розвідки джерел води та обладнання пунктів водопостачання; - зв'язку − для встановлення й підтримки надійного зв'язку, який забезпечує комунікацію між підрозділами, керівними органами та різними силами взаємодії; - матеріального забезпечення − мають своєчасно задовольнити нагальні потреби підрозділів спеціальним обладнанням, пальним, продуктами, засобами захисту, речовим, медичним, технічним майном та іншими матеріальними засобами. Підрозділи ДСНС України мають в своєму розпорядженні значну кількість техніки, яку умовно можна розділити, в залежності від її функціональних можливостей та призначення на пожежно-рятувальні автомобілі, машини для виконання спеціальних робіт в надзвичайних ситуаціях та спеціальні автомобілі. [3] Із самохідної техніки для ліквідації надзвичайних ситуацій найбільшого розповсюдження набула колісна техніка для всіх видів робіт.

To implement state policy in the fields of civil protection, protection of the population and territories from emergencies and their prevention, emergency response, rescue, fire fighting, fire and man-made safety, emergency services, as well as hydrometeorological activities There is the State Service of Ukraine for Emergencies (hereinafter SES of Ukraine) [1]. 7 emergency rescue formations (central subordination), including aviation, are subordinated to it; 25 emergency rescue teams of special purpose and 1182 district fire and rescue units (territorial subordination) [2]. According to the main capabilities of the units of the Rescue Service of Civil Defense are divided into: 1) units intended for extinguishing fires, rescuing people and property in case of fires, at facilities and territories, regardless of subordination and form of ownership, conducting emergency rescue operations, providing primary medical care to victims. 2) formation (detachments, centers) designed to eliminate accidents (catastrophes) of technogenic, natural and military nature, the consequences of natural disasters (earthquakes, storms, landslides, landslides, mudslides, floods, snow snowdrifts, icing, etc.), search and rescue, fire and rescue operations, international rescue operations, demining activities and civil and territorial defense measures, national and regional in nature. They include: - fire and rescue units - for firefighting, rescue of people and property at facilities and territories, regardless of subordination and form of ownership. - rescue units - designed to deploy and carry out rescue and other urgent work in the shortest possible time, to search (including the use of service dogs) and rescue people who are in destroyed, burning buildings, under the rubble, including excavation of victims from collapsed buildings, as well as to provide first aid to victims; - engineering - for conducting engineering reconnaissance of routes and centers of destruction, clearing of blockages, excavation of victims from under the damaged constructions, creation of special passages in blockages, collapse of designs, detection of damages in utility and energy and technological networks, preparation and maintenance of roads, formation of fencing anti-fire lanes; - radiation and chemical protection - conduct radiation and chemical reconnaissance, carry out dosimetric and chemical control of units, perform degassing, decontamination of uniforms and other material means, areas, roads and structures; - pyrotechnic - detect and destroy unused ammunition, including aircraft bombs and other explosive devices, neutralize the affected structural elements of buildings and houses, as well as pierce passages in the rubble by explosive methods; --water supply - designed for the development of water sources and equipment of water supply points; - communication - to establish and maintain reliable communication, which provides communication between departments, governing bodies and various forces of interaction; - material support - must timely meet the urgent needs of units with special equipment, fuel, products, protective equipment, clothing, medical, technical property and other material means. Units of the SES of Ukraine have at their disposal a significant amount of equipment, which can be divided, depending on its functionality and purpose for fire and rescue vehicles, vehicles for special work in emergencies and special cars. [3] Of the self-propelled vehicles for emergency response, wheeled vehicles for all types of work have become the most widespread. ; Для реалізації державної політики в сферах цивільного захисту, захисту населення і територій від надзвичайних ситуацій та запобігання їх виникненню, ліквідації надзвичайних ситуацій, рятувальної справи, гасіння пожеж, пожежної та техногенної безпеки, діяльності аварійно-рятувальних служб, а також гідрометеорологічної діяльності існує Державна служба України з надзвичайних ситуацій (далі ДСНС України) [1]. Їй підпорядковані 7 аварійно-рятувальних формувань швидкого реагування (центрального підпорядкування), в тому числі авіація; 25 аварійно-рятувальних загонів спеціального призначення та 1182 районних пожежно-рятувальних підрозділи (територіального підпорядкування) [2]. За основними можливостями підрозділи Оперативно-рятувальної служби цивільного захисту поділяються на: 1) підрозділи, призначені для гасіння пожеж, рятування людей та майна при пожежах, на об'єктах та територіях незалежно від підпорядкування та форми власності, проведення першочергових аварійно-рятувальних робіт, дання первинної медичної допомоги потерпілим. 2) формування (загони, центри), призначені для ліквідації аварій (катастроф) техногенного, природного та військового характеру, наслідків стихійних лих (землетрусів, буревіїв, зсувів ґрунту, обвалів, сельових потоків, повені, снігових заметів, обледеніння, тощо), проведення пошуково-рятувальних, пожежно-рятувальних робіт, міжнародних рятувальних операцій, здійснення заходів з розмінування територій та заходів цивільної і територіальної оборони, загальнодержавного та регіонального характеру. У їхньому складі функціонують: - пожежно-рятувальні підрозділи − для гасіння пожеж, рятування людей і майна на об'єктах і територіях незалежно від підпорядкування та форми власності. - рятувальні підрозділи − призначені для розгортання й проведення рятувальних та інших невідкладних робіт у найкоротші терміни, для розшуку (у тому числі з використанням службових собак) та порятунку людей, які знаходяться у зруйнованих, палаючих будівлях, під завалами, зокрема і відкопування постраждалих із завалених споруд, а також для надання першої медичної допомоги потерпілим; - інженерні − для ведення інженерної розвідки маршрутів та осередків ураження, розчищення завалів, відкопування постраждалих із-під пошкоджених споруд, створення спеціальних проїздів у завалах, обвалу конструкцій, виявлення пошкоджень у комунально-енергетичних та технологічних мережах, підготовки та утримання шляхів, утворення огороджувальних протипожежних смуг; - радіаційного та хімічного захисту − проводять радіаційну та хімічну розвідку, здійснюють дозиметричний та хімічний контроль підрозділів, виконують дегазацію, дезактивацію обмундирування та інших матеріальних засобів, ділянок місцевості, доріг та споруд; - піротехнічні − виявляють та знищують невикористані боєприпаси, у тому числі авіаційні бомби та інші вибухонебезпечні предмети, знешкоджують уражені елементи конструкцій споруд та будинків, а також пробивають проходи в завалах вибуховим методом; --водопостачання − призначені для розвідки джерел води та обладнання пунктів водопостачання; - зв'язку − для встановлення й підтримки надійного зв'язку, який забезпечує комунікацію між підрозділами, керівними органами та різними силами взаємодії; - матеріального забезпечення − мають своєчасно задовольнити нагальні потреби підрозділів спеціальним обладнанням, пальним, продуктами, засобами захисту, речовим, медичним, технічним майном та іншими матеріальними засобами. Підрозділи ДСНС України мають в своєму розпорядженні значну кількість техніки, яку умовно можна розділити, в залежності від її функціональних можливостей та призначення на пожежно-рятувальні автомобілі, машини для виконання спеціальних робіт в надзвичайних ситуаціях та спеціальні автомобілі. [3] Із самохідної техніки для ліквідації надзвичайних ситуацій найбільшого розповсюдження набула колісна техніка для всіх видів робіт.

Memoria presentada por Beatriz Sánchez Page, graduada en Química y Máster en Química Molecular y Catálisis Homogénea, para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias, en el programa de Doctorado en Química Inorgánica. Esta Tesis Doctoral se presenta en la modalidad de Tesis por compendio de publicaciones. ; [ES]: El trabajo desarrollado en esta Memoria se ha centrado en el diseño, síntesis, caracterización y estudios de estabilidad de compuestos moleculares de rodio e iridio soportados en materiales nanoestructurados de carbono. La actividad catalítica de los nuevos materiales híbridos y la de los complejos moleculares relacionados de rodio e iridio se ha evaluado en la hidrosililación de alquinos y en la oxidación química y electroquímica de agua, respectivamente. Los complejos de rodio(I) y (III) soportados en un óxido de grafeno reducido térmicamente a 400 ºC por enlace covalente carbono-nitrógeno entre un ligando NHC mesoiónico (4-fenil-3-metil-1,2,3-triazol-5-ilideno) y la pared del grafeno, Rh(I)/Rh(III)-NHC@TRGO, y los complejos moleculares relacionados muestran alta actividad en la hidrosililación de alquinos y una excelente regio- y estereoselectividad al isómero cinético β-(Z)-vinilsilano. Concretamente, el catalizador ciclometalado [Cp*RhI(C,C')-Triaz] (Triaz = 1,4-difenil-3-metil-1,2,3-triazol-5-ilideno) es un catalizador sobresaliente en la hidrosililación de alquinos terminales, alifáticos y aromáticos, a temperatura ambiente con completa regio- y estereoselectividad al isómero β(Z)-vinilsilano. Por otro lado, aunque el catalizador híbrido relacionado de rodio(III)-triazolilideno no es activo a temperatura ambiente, muestra la misma actividad y selectividad que el catalizador homogéneo a 60 °C. Adicionalmente, los catalizadores híbridos basados en grafeno modificado Rh-NHC@TRGO son completamente reciclables en la hidrosililación de alquinos con excelente control de la selectividad β-(Z). Los estudios por DFT del mecanismo de hidrosililación para el catalizador molecular de Rh(III) evidencian la posible participación de un mecanismo bifuncional metal-ligando basado en una ciclometalación reversible. Los materiales híbridos basados en complejos Ir(I)-NHC anclados a nanotubos de carbono a través de grupos éster, Ir(I)-NHC@CNT, son catalizadores eficientes en la oxidación química y electroquímica de agua. El estudio ha revelado que tanto los catalizadores moleculares homogéneos como los heterogéneos que poseen un ligando NHC funcionalizado con un grupo sulfonato son mucho más activos que los catalizadores moleculares relacionados con ligandos NHC no hidrosolubles, tanto en la oxidación química de agua, con CAN como oxidante de sacrificio, como en la oxidación electroquímica en la que se alcanzan valores de TOF de hasta 22000 h-1 a 1.4 V para el catalizador híbrido NHC-sulfonato. Por otro lado, se ha observado que la estructura grafítica del soporte juega un papel importante en el rendimiento electrocatalítico de oxidación de agua con complejos de iridio(I)-NHC soportados por enlace carbonato a dos óxidos de grafeno de diferente estructura grafítica. Se ha comprobado que el desplazamiento del ligando cloruro en los centros metálicos de iridio por grupos oxigenados de la pared nanoestructurada del grafeno tiene un impacto negativo en la actividad electrocatalítica del catalizador híbrido resultante. ; [EN]: The work developed in this Memory has been focused on the design, synthesis, characterization and stability studies of rhodium and iridium molecular compounds supported on carbon nanostructured materials. The catalytic activity of the new hybrid materials together and that of related molecular complexes of rhodium and iridium has been evaluated in the hydrosilylation of alkynes and in the chemical and electrochemical water oxidation, respectively. Rhodium(I) and (III) complexes supported on a thermally reduced graphene oxide at 400 °C by carbon‐nitrogen covalent bond between a mesoionic NHC ligand (4‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐1,2,3‐triazole‐5‐ylidene) and the graphene wall, Rh(I)/Rh(III)‐NHC@TRGO, and related molecular complexes show high catalytic activity in hydrosilylation of alkynes with excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity to the kinetic β‐(Z) vinylsilane isomer. Remarkably, the cyclometalated catalyst [Cp*RhI(C,C')‐Triaz] (Triaz = 1,4‐diphenyl‐3‐methyl‐1,2,3‐triazol‐5‐ylidene) shows an outstanding performance in the hydrosilylation of terminal, aliphatic and aromatic, alkynes with various hydrosilanes at room temperature with full regio‐ and stereoselectivity to β‐(Z)‐vinylsilanes. On the other hand, the related rhodium(III) triazolylidene hybrid catalyst is not active at room temperature although it shows an excellent catalytic performance at 60 °C. In addition, the hybrid catalysts based on modified graphene, Rh‐NHC@TRGO, are fully recyclable in alkyne hydrosilylation with excellent β-(Z) selectivity control. DFT studies on the alkyne hydrosilylation mechanism by the Rh(III) molecular catalyst point to the possible participation of a bifunctional metal‐ligand mechanism based on a reversible cyclometalation. The hybrid materials based on Ir(I)‐NHC complexes covalent attached to carbon nanotubes through ester functions, Ir(I)‐NHC@CNT, are efficient chemical and electrochemical water oxidation catalysts. The study has revealed that both homogeneous and heterogeneous molecular catalysts featuring NHC ligands functionalized with a sulfonate group are much more active than the related molecular catalysts lacking hydrosoluble NHC ligands, both in water chemical oxidation, using CAN as a sacrificial oxidant, or in electrochemical oxidation with TOF values up to 22000 h‐1 at 1.4 V for the sulfonate functionalized hybrid catalyst. On the other hand, it has been observed that the graphitic structure of the supports plays an important role in the water oxidation electrocatalytic performance of Ir(I)‐NHC complexes supported by carbonate bonding to two graphene oxides with different graphitic structure. A negative impact on the electrocatalytic activity has been found for the hybrid catalysts where the chloride ligand in the coordination sphere of the iridium metal centers has been displaced by oxygenated groups on the graphene nanostructured wall. ; Projects CTQ2016-75884-P, RTI2018-098537-B-C22, PID2019-103965GB-100, CTQ2013-42532-P and the Regional Governments of Aragón/FEDER/DGA 2014-2020 "Building Europe from Aragón" (groups E42_17R and E12_17R) and Principado de Asturias (FEDER: IDI/2018/000121). ; Peer reviewed

Die Dissertation besteht aus drei wissenschaftlichen Artikeln und einem Rahmenpapier. Das Rahmenpapier schildert die Relevanz des Dissertationsvorhabens sowie die Schlüsselfaktoren für den Nachhaltigkeitswandel im Elektrizitätssystem als gemeinsamen Nenner der drei Beiträge. Die Relevanz der Dissertation ergibt sich einerseits aus der dringenden Notwendigkeit des Nachhaltigkeitswandels im Elektrizitätssystem sowie einer unzureichenden Wandelbereitschaft der osteuropäischen EU-Mitgliedstaaten diesbezüglich. Anderseits bietet die Multi-Level Perspektive als einer der wichtigsten wissenschaftlichen Ansätze auf diesem Gebiet eine unzureichende Erklärung der Mechanismen des systemischen Nachhaltigkeitswandels. Darüber hinaus sind Demand Response-Aggregatoren als neue Unternehmen in Europa und mögliche Reforminitiatoren auf dem Energiemarkt bisher noch nicht ausreichend untersucht worden. Als Schlüsselfaktoren für den Nachhaltigkeitswandel wurden: das Risiko der Versorgungsengpässe, Europäisierung, Policy Making und die Dominanz der kurzfristig orientierten Wirtschaftlichkeitsbewertung herausgearbeitet. Artikel Nr. 1 The underlying factors in the uptake of electricity demand response: The case of Poland [Die grundlegenden Einflussfaktoren bei der Umsetzung von Demand Response im Elektrizitätssystem am Beispiel von Polen] Author: Katarzyna Ewa Rollert Veröffentlicht in: Utilities Policy, Volume 54, October 2018, 11-21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2018.07.002 Im Artikel Nr. 1 sind die grundlegenden Einflussfaktoren bei der Umsetzung der Nachfragesteuerung im Bereich des Stromverbrauchs, Demand Response (DR), am Beispiel von Polen aufgezeigt. Die DR wird als ausschlaggebend für ein zuverlässigeres, nachhaltigeres und effizienteres Elektrizitätssystem betrachtet. Leider bleibt das Potenzial von DR in Europa größtenteils nicht ausgeschöpft. Die qualitative Studie, die auf halbstrukturierten Interviews mit Hauptakteuren des polnischen Elektrizitätssystems aufbaut, zeigt die Quellen dieser Situation auf. Die Studie weist darauf hin, dass die DR-verhindernde Regulierung nur ein Symptom von grundlegenden Barrieren ist. In Polen sind es die Abhängigkeit von Kohle und politischer Einfluss auf Unternehmen des Energiesektors. Als Treiber von DR wurden die Sorge um die Versorgungssicherheit, regulatorischer Druck seitens der EU und eine positive Kosten-Nutzen-Bilanz von DR im Vergleich zu Alternativen identifiziert. Ein konzeptionelles Model der Umsetzung von DR im Elektrizitätssystem wurde vorgeschlagen. Artikel Nr. 2 Gaining legitimacy for sustainability transition: A social mechanisms approach [Schaffung von Legitimität für den Nachhaltigkeitswandel: Auf sozialen Mechanismen basierter Ansatz] Authors: Ursula Weisenfeld and Katarzyna Ewa Rollert Review and re-submit: Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions / August 2021 Im Artikel Nr. 2 wird die Multi-Level Perspektive durch die Betrachtung der Mechanismen des systemischen Nachhaltigkeitswandels und das Konzept der Legitimität-Transition ergänzt. Diese Mechanismen und Legitimität-Transition funktionieren als gegenseitige Treiber und Ergebnisse. Situationsabhängige, handlungsbeeinflussende und transformative Mechanismen, die den Wandel vorantreiben können, erfordern ein korrespondierendes Framing und Framing-Wettbewerbe um den Wandel zu legitimieren. Dies wird am Beispiel des kohleabhängigen Elektrizitätssystems in Polen aufgezeigt. Artikel Nr. 3 Demand response aggregators as institutional entrepreneurs in the European electricity market [Demand Response Aggregatoren als institutionelle Entrepreneurs auf dem Europäischen Elektrizitätsmarkt] Author: Katarzyna Ewa Rollert Artikel Nr. 3 befasst sich mit den Demand Response (DR) Aggregatoren, die als Mittler zwischen Elektrizitätskonsumenten und Netzwerkbetreibern agieren, um das Potenzial nachfrageseitiger Flexibilität auszuschöpfen. In der qualitativen Studie werden DR Aggregatoren als institutionelle Entrepreneurs identifiziert, die sich dafür einsetzen, den immer noch angebotsseitig-orientierten Elektrizitätsmarkt zu reformieren. Nachteilige Regulierung, die Unterbewertung der Flexibilität, Ressourcenengpässe, Komplexität und Kundenakquise stellen die Hauptherausforderungen für die DR Aggregatoren dar. Um die zu bewältigen wenden die Aggregatoren Lobbying, Education, Steigerung technologischer Kompetenz und Wachstum an. Die Studie zeigt DR-Aggregation als architectural Innovation auf, die die Beziehungen zwischen den Hauptakteuren des Elektrizitätssystems verändert. Als Policy Recommendation wird insb. empfohlen den tatsächlichen Wert von DR im Vergleich zu anderen Flexibilitätsquellen (samt aller Externalitäten) abzuschätzen, einem technologieneutralen Ansatz bei der Umgestaltung der Märkte zu folgen, die DR-Programme zu vereinfachen und gemeinsame Standards zwecks Komplexitätsreduktion einzuführen. ; The dissertation consists of three scientific papers and a synopsis. The synopsis addresses the relevance of the dissertation and lists the key factors for the sustainability transition in the electricity system as a common denominator of the three papers. The relevance of the dissertation results, on the one hand, from the urgency of the sustainability transition in the electricity system and an insufficient transition willingness of the eastern European Member States. On the other hand, the Multi-Level-Perspective as one of the most important scientific frameworks to grasp transitions does not provide a sufficient explanation of its mechanisms. Moreover, Demand Response aggregators as new enterprises on the European electricity market and potential reform initiators are still under researched. The following key factors for the sustainability transition of the electricity system have been identified: supply security concerns, Europeanisation, policy making and the dominance of short-term oriented economic evaluation. Paper 1 The underlying factors in the uptake of electricity demand response: The case of Poland Author: Katarzyna Ewa Rollert Published: Utilities Policy, Volume 54, October 2018, 11-21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2018.07.002 Demand response (DR) is considered crucial for a more reliable, sustainable, and efficient electricity system. Nevertheless, DR's potential still remains largely untapped in Europe. This study sheds light on the roots of this problem in the context of Poland. It suggests that unfavorable regulation is symptomatic of the real, underlying barriers. In Poland, these barriers are coal dependence and political influence on energy enterprises. As main drivers, supply security concerns, EU regulatory pressure, and a positive cost-benefit profile of DR in comparison to alternatives, are revealed. A conceptual model of DR uptake in electricity systems is proposed. Paper 2 Gaining legitimacy for sustainability transition: A social mechanisms approach Authors: Ursula Weisenfeld and Katarzyna Ewa Rollert Review and re-submit: Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions / August 2021 Applying a social mechanisms approach to the Multi-Level Perspective, we conceptualize mechanisms of socio-technical transitions and of gaining legitimacy for transitions as co-evolutionary drivers and outcomes. Situational, action-formational, and transformational mechanisms that operate as drivers of change in a socio-technical transition require corresponding framing and framing contests to achieve legitimacy for that transition. We illustrate our conceptual insight with the case of the coal dependent Polish electricity system. Paper 3 Demand response aggregators as institutional entrepreneurs in the European electricity market Author: Katarzyna Ewa Rollert Under review: Journal of Cleaner Production / August 2021 Demand Response (DR) aggregators act as intermediaries between electricity customers and network operators to tap the potential of the demand-based flexibility. This qualitative study reveals DR aggregators as institutional entrepreneurs that struggle to reform the still largely supply-oriented European electricity market. Unfavourable regulation, low value of flexibility, resource constraints, complexity, and customer acquisition are the key challenges DR aggregators face. To overcome them they apply a combination of strategies: lobbying, market education, technological proficiency, and upscaling the business. The study highlights DR aggregation as an architectural innovation that alters the interplay between key actors of the electricity system and provides policy recommendations including the necessity to assess the real value of DR in comparison to other flexibility sources by taking all externalities into account, a technology-neutral approach to market design and the need for simplification of DR programmes, and common standards to reduce complexity and uncertainty for DR providers.

The agricultural production of national coffee faces controversy regarding the quality of roasted and ground coffee, being susceptible to quality loss because of oxygen and humidity exposure and high storage temperatures. In light of the importance of coffee to the Brazilian economy and consumption, a survey was made of the main brands of coffee sold in establishments in the city of São Luís, observing the presence or absence of the ABIC quality seal, the category (traditional, extra-strong, superior, gourmet), and the most common packaging types (pillow and vacuum-sealed bags). Then, two purity parameters established by ABIC – humidity and fixed mineral residue – were determined quantitatively in the eight representative samples. The analyses were performed following the procedures described by the Adolf Lutz Institute (2008). The survey revealed that the superior and gourmet categories of coffee are not easily found, while traditional and extra-strong coffee is very accessible, both in pillow and vacuum-sealed bags. The moisture level results showed two brands (A2 and A3) within the standards established by INMETRO for coffee in both pillow and vacuum-sealed bags. Of the samples of fixed mineral residue that were collected, brand A1 was observed to be in conformity with legislation, for coffee packaged in both pillow and vacuum-sealed bags, and brand A4 showed results for pillow bags within the given parameters. Statistical design was applied to verify the effect of packaging (pillow and vacuum-sealed bag) on moisture levels between different brands using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that despite displaying the ABIC seal attesting to the quality of the product, without fraud and free of impurities, 50% of the samples analyzed showed alterations in moisture level and 62.5% showed fixed mineral residue levels above the standards established by Brazilian legislature. ; La producción agrícola de café nacional enfrenta controversias en cuanto a la calidad del café tostado y molido, siendo susceptible de pérdida de calidad por exposición al oxígeno y humedad y por almacenamiento a altas temperaturas. En vista de la importancia del café para la economía y el consumo brasileño, se realizó una encuesta de las principales marcas de café vendidas en los establecimientos de la ciudad de São Luís, observando la presencia o ausencia del sello de calidad ABIC, sus categorías (tradicional, extra fuerte, superior y gourmet) y los tipos de envasado más habituales (cojín y vacío). Luego, se determinaron cuantitativamente dos parámetros de pureza establecidos por ABIC - humedad y residuo mineral fijo - en las ocho muestras representativas. Los análisis se realizaron siguiendo los procedimientos descritos por el Instituto Adolf Lutz (2008). La encuesta reveló que las categorías de café premium y gourmet no se encuentran fácilmente, mientras que el café tradicional y extrafuerte es muy asequible, tanto en envasado al vacío como en cojín. os resultados del nivel de humedad mostraron dos marcas (A2 y A3) dentro de los estándares establecidos por INMETRO para café tanto en bolsas tipo almohada como en bolsas selladas al vacío. Para las muestras de contenido de residuos minerales fijos obtenidas, se observó que la marca A1 cumplía con la legislación, tanto para café envasado en cojín como en bolsa sellada al vacío, y la marca A4 arrojó resultados para los cojines dentro de los indicados parámetros. Se aplicó el proyecto estadístico para verificar el efecto del empaque (cojín y bolsa sellada al vacío) sobre los niveles de humedad entre las diferentes marcas mediante análisis de varianza (ANOVA). Los resultados mostraron que a pesar de exhibir el sello ABIC que acredita la calidad del producto, sin fraude y libre de impurezas, el 50% de las muestras analizadas presenta alteraciones en el nivel de humedad y el 62,5% presenta niveles fijos de residuos minerales por encima de los estándares establecidos por la legislatura brasileña. ; A produção agrícola do café nacional encara controvérsias quanto à qualidade do café torrado e moído, sendo suscetível à perda de qualidade pela exposição ao oxigênio e umidade e pela estocagem a temperaturas elevadas. Diante da importância do café para a economia e o consumo brasileiros, foi feito um levantamento das principais marcas de café comercializadas em estabelecimentos da cidade de São Luís, observando-se a presença ou ausência do selo de qualidade da ABIC, suas categorias (tradicional, extraforte, superior e gourmet) e tipos de embalagens mais comuns (almofada e a vácuo). Em seguida, dois parâmetros de pureza estabelecidos pela ABIC - umidade e resíduo mineral fixo - foram determinados quantitativamente nas oito amostras representativas. As análises foram realizadas seguindo os procedimentos descritos pelo Instituto Adolf Lutz (2008). A pesquisa revelou que as categorias de café superior e gourmet não são facilmente encontradas, enquanto o café tradicional e extra-forte é muito acessível, tanto na embalagem almofada quanto a vácuo. Os resultados obtidos para os teores de umidade demonstraram que duas marcas (A2 e A3) estão dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pelo INMETRO, tanto para cafés embalados em almofada quanto a vácuo. Para as amostras de teores de resíduo mineral fixo obtidos, observou-se que a marca A1 estava em conformidade com a legislação, tanto para o café acondicionado em almofada como em saquinho selado a vácuo, e a marca A4 apresentou resultados para as almofadas dentro dos parâmetros indicados. O projeto estatístico foi aplicado para verificar o efeito da embalagem (almofada e saco selado a vácuo) sobre os níveis de umidade entre as diferentes marcas por meio de análise de variância (ANOVA). Os resultados mostraram que apesar de apresentarem o selo ABIC atestando a qualidade do produto, sem fraude e livre de impurezas, 50% das amostras analisadas apresentaram alteração no teor de umidade e 62,5% apresentaram teores de resíduos minerais fixos acima dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira.

Issue 6, Volume 6 of the Journal of Training and Development has been published with the objectives of sharing the recent research findings in the field of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in research, training and development. This publication has a collection of valuable articles from TVET experts, scholars and educationalist. This training and development journals are considered to be valuable resources for the scholars, educationist and TVET experts and stakeholders. This issue consists of seven articles on different aspects of Training and Development. The first article by Jiwak Raj Bajrachrya examines the existing models and framework that has been used to integrate technology into Teaching and Training (2Ts). As described in numerous literatures, currently instructors use TPACK, SMAR, and TPACK-based ID models such as TPACK-COPR model, TPACK-IDDIRR1 model, and TPACK-IDDIRR2 model to achieve the specific goal of an effective 2Ts. He highlighted a few hurdles found in the empirical-based studies in the above-mentioned models and framework and how those hurdles could be alleviated by addressing an extraneous cognitive load of an instructors carrying out technology integration as well as future recommendations for research. The article by Rajendra Bahadur Shrestha highlights the current situation, discovers issues, and share some feasible initiations of employer engagement in the TVET programme. The involvement of employer in TVET system is important to ensure the TVET is demand-driven, quality oriented, future focused and provides skills workers who contributes to the economy's growth. It also assists to develop responsive labour market skill needs, training design and development, training delivery and post training support. Employer involvement in TVET programs has long been a priority in many nations, however in Nepal, employer involvement in training delivery of TVET programme is under-explored. The article by Thakur Prasad Bhatta aims to explore the governing issue of TVET in the framework of Nepal's federal government. He focuses on qualitative research approach in scrutinizing policy and practice of TVET in Nepal. This paper explores how the process of governing TVET in Nepal has remained highly centralized despite the rhetoric of decentralization as the main agenda of regulating development over the decades. Arguably, there is a reluctant tendency in devolving TVET as per the new structure of federal governance. Instead, like in other development sectors, disputes between the three levels of government – federal, provincial, and local – are emerging in the case of TVET. He concludes the paper by drawing insights on the federal form of TVET governance. The article by Dr. Prakash C. Bhattarai, Durga Prasad Baral and Prakash Kumar Paudel focus on establishing a TVET fund and sketches the possible alternative approaches with a reformed TVET structure. The literature review focuses on international practices of implementing TVET fund. In addition, the authors have collected opinions from TVET stakeholders on the establishment of a TVET fund in Nepal and based on the findings, they have proposed five possible models for TVET fund mechanism in Nepal. They revealed that all the models have their strengths and challenges, so it would be rational to adopt the idea of strengthening an existing structure rather than attempting to make it stand alone. Its effective implementation requires strong research and innovation, an effective implementing body and an independent quality assurance and accreditation system. The instructors of TECS schools and their perspectives of profession is discussed by Bikash Ghaju, and Dr. Prakash C. Bhattarai. The authors focused to comprehend the experience of TECS instructors on their teaching profession. The narrative inquiry approach was utilized to study the cases in-depth for which four instructors from the Diploma in Civil Engineering program of two TECSs were purposively selected. The paper concludes that while instructors are interested in the teaching profession which assists in career growth but they are unwilling to work at remote TECS schools due to limited career advancement and earning opportunities. Mobile technology has brought about innovative changes in all aspects of life, including interpersonal communication, the economics, and teaching and learning. Shesha Kanta Pangeni discusses the use of android mobile in education institute of Nepal. His paper is based on the persistence of encouraging the Mobile App for e-learning, which subsidizes access to e-learning resources and prompt communication for learning activities. He collected data through online survey, informal interaction and interview. He discovered that although the facilitators rarely used Mobile App, students used the Mobile App and they wanted the updated version with more user-friendly interface. He summarized that the responsibilities of institutions and facilitators are critical in creating and providing mobile-friendly learning options, and that the success of App use is dependent on facilitators' active role in technology learning facilitation. Devendra Adhikari explores the life experiences of workers in the construction-sector during and after the COVID-pandemic. He implements a qualitative approach under the socio-constructionism paradigm and selected three participants from different sectors masonry, house-painting, and plumbing for in-depth interviews. He discovers that the COVID-pandemic has brought new resilient strategies in the lives of the construction workers such as maintaining high concern for personal safety and the well-being of their families and exploring employment opportunities of the construction sector. Finally, the editorial team wishes to convey their profound gratitude to all of the authors who have contributed by sharing their relevant and significant creations. We would also like to express gratitude to the reviewers and TITI management team for their continuous support in publishing this journal. The team would also like to welcome articles from TVET experts, trainers and stakeholders in the field of training, development and research. We are also grateful to Tribhuvan University Central Library (TUCL) for providing their professionals support and encouragement to publish this journal online. Last but not least, we are thankful to the publisher for the publication of the print version of this journal.

This thesis addresses theoretical studies of the coupling between electronic, vibrational, configurational and structural degrees of freedom in metal borides. The effect of external conditions of temperature, pressure and composition on the interplay between internal degrees of freedom is investigated. The importance of excitations and disorder of the above types is well-established and known to dictate key materials science concepts such as phase stability, mechanical and electronic properties. Their mutual coupling composes the next level in complexity in understanding what parameters are to be necessarily included in the theoretical modelling of the system. The main tool used for making such predictions herein is density functional theory. It allows us to capture said excitations and disorder, and give accurate results with reasonable computational efficiency. Metal borides are chosen because of technologically interesting combination of both ceramic and metallic properties, like high hardness, melting point, fracture toughness and electrical conductivity, as well as previous reports of interesting fundamental physical phenomena, like the conventional superconductivity of MgB2 and the apparent off-stoichiometry of AlB2. The theoretical approach is chosen because of its ability to controllably couple and decouple different degrees of freedom to study their combined or isolated effect on the desired materials property. The level of theoretical modeling can be adjusted to fit what is reasonable in terms of efficiency, and still well be used for predictions with quantitative or semi-quantitative accuracy. The configurational aspect of phase stability of binary boron compounds has been believed to be trivial to understand as they most often can be constructed by stacking alternating layers of metal and boron atoms. However, a closer inspection of AlB2, the very name-giver of one of the most usual crystal structures within metal borides, shows a surprising existence of ambiguity regarding both its stable composition and the configuration of metal-site vacancies. Here theoretical approaches are used to reveal the configurational thermodynamics of these vacancies, the origin of their stability and coupling to the electronic structure of the compound. Furthermore, we answer the question why ideal stoichiometric AlB2 is unfavourable, why the vacancy stability window is so narrow, and how different arrangements of vacancies couple with the vibrational degree of freedom, including thermal expansion. If a second metal species is introduced the configurational problem becomes more complex. The arrangement of atoms on the metal sublattice is dependent on the bonding chemistry between the metal atoms and temperature driven thermodynamic effects, like entropy and lattice dynamics. The presented work on Ti1-xAlxB2 is an example of this, where mixing and clustering thermodynamics is considered to further investigate the potential for age-hardening of this ternary diboride. In it, the effect of lattice dynamics and configurational clustering on phase stability is discussed. The discovery of MgB2 being a superconductor in 2001 sparked many fruitful experimental and theoretical studies on the topic. It is generally agreed that MgB2 is a two-gap superconductor which originate in the σ (2D character boron px and py) and π (3D character boron pz) bands, respectively. Superconductivity in itself arises mainly from strong coupling between the E2g phonon mode, corresponding to in-plane bond-stretching vibrations of boron atoms, and electrons on the sigma bands. In the work presented, we use the coupling to the global structural parameters and external pressure to compare different theoretical models, with and without explicit treatment of electron-phonon coupling, and their ability to predict the superconducting transition temperature Tc of distorted MgB2. Moreover, a way to experimentally realize such lattice distorted MgB2 through clever nanostructure design is theoretically explored. Epitaxially growing an alternating out-of-plane ordered Mg/M diboride, with M atoms that naturally have clustering tendencies with respect to Mg, is proposed to being able to provide the necessary lattice distortions of both a- and c-parameters that can lead to an increase in Tc. All of the beforementioned covered compounds (TiB2, AlB2, Ti1-xAlxB2 and MgB2) crystallize in the AlB2-type structure with alternating hexagonal and metal 2D layers, that is most common in the diboride family. However, metal borides can also crystallize with puckered boron layers, while preserving the flat hexagonal metal layers, as in the case for ReB2. It is known for its exceptionally high Vickers hardness that varies from 30.1 ± 1.30 to 48.0 ± 5.6 GPa depending on indentation load. While boron-rich transition metal borides often are considered as potential candidates for hard and incompressible materials, rhenium borides with boron content higher than ReB2 have not been experimentally realized. Theoretical work has proposed that ReB4 adopts the same crystal structure as superhard WB4. In the presented papers, we report the successful synthesis of two novel ReB3 and ReB4 phases at high pressure that remain stable when decompressed down to ambient conditions. First-principles calculations are employed to characterize the electronic, dynamic and thermodynamic stability properties of these phases. Furthermore, novel complex modular Re2B5 and Re3B7 structures are synthesized and characterized by hexagonal boron networks interconnected by short B2 dumbbells. The aim of the in-depth investigations contained in this thesis, using state-of-the-art simulation techniques in collaborations with experimental work, is to further the understanding of how the coupling between electrons, vibrations, atomic configuration, disorder and external conditions influences the properties of materials and to share the results with the scientific community. ; Funding agencies: Knut and AliceWallenberg (KAW) Foundation, through Project grant number KAW 2015.0043,the Swedish Research Council (VR) through International Career Grant No. 2014-6336 and Grant No. 2019-05403, from Marie Sklodowska Curie Actions, Cofund,Project INCA 600398, and from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (WallenbergScholar Grant No. KAW-2018.0194), as well as support from the SwedishFoundation for Strategic Research through the Future Research Leaders 6 program,FFL 15-0290. Support from the Swedish Government Strategic ResearchArea in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linköping University (FacultyGrant SFOMatLiU No. 2009 00971)

Claims about human nature are unavoidable in political theory. A theory about which social arrangements are best for human beings must make some claims about the nature of the human beings - how they behave, what they desire, etc. These anthropological assumptions provide the theoretical foundation for political theory and the building blocks of social models. One way of criticizing a sociopolitical theory is to target these assumptions and argue that it is premised upon a wrong or too simple view of human behavior. Simplified assumptions are often used in scientific models, as they can lead to hypotheses that can be tested empirically. The simplified assumptions can be justified if they lead to correct predictions. This is more complicated in social theory where the building blocks in the model are human beings because the models can affect the behavior of their subjects. This can happen in different ways: Directly, because humans are responsive to the way they are described - how we think of ourselves directly impacts how we behave - and indirectly, because the hypotheses of social models are often used as legitimation of policies and institutional designs that regulate human relations and behavior. The models about human nature thus become part of human nature. This leads to a second way of critiquing sociopolitical theories: Not by stating that they misrepresent a true human nature but that they describe humans as affected by such theories and by the social arrangements the theories are used to justify. I find this line of critique more fruitful as it does not rely on the claim that there exists a true human nature that is static and unaffected by social arrangements and beliefs. This dissertation examines how claims about human nature impact political and economic theories and how these theories impact human behavior and subjectivity. It focuses on individualistic theories premised upon a view of humans as solitary creatures whose preferences can be modeled as if they are independent of others. Such models lead to the theoretical primacy of conflict between independent subjects and the theoretical implausibility of cooperation and trust between them - thus, certain social and political arrangements are seen as necessary. This view exists in the political philosophy of Hobbes and Rawls, and in the social theory of Rational Choice which has been the foundation of neoclassical economics and neoliberal policies. The critical issue is not so much that it is a wrong view of human nature but rather that it affects human subjectivity and behavior - that there is a risk that it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. That could be the case if one form of social arrangement and ideology could ever be hegemonic, but in reality we occupy different social roles in different relations, leading to different forms of subjectivity and rationality that clash and interact in unpredictable ways. ; Staðhæfingar um mannlegt eðli eru óhjákvæmilegar í stjórnmálakenningum. Kenning um hvaða samfélagslega skipan sé best fyrir mannverur verður að innihalda einhverjar fullyrðingar um eðli manna - um hvernig þeir hegða sér, hvað þeir þrá og þar fram eftir götunum. Þessar mannfræðilegu ályktanir skapa fræðilegan grunn stjórnmálakenninga og eru uppistaðan í samfélagslegum líkönum. Ein leið til að gagnrýna samfélags-pólitíska kenningu er að veitast að þessum ályktunum og færa rök fyrir að þær séu byggðar á rangri eða einfaldaðri mynd af mannlegri hegðun. Vísindaleg líkön styðjast iðulega við einfaldaðar ályktanir vegna þess að þær geta leitt af sér tilgátur sem unnt er að sannprófa. Einfaldaðar ályktanir geta verið réttmætar ef þær hafa nákvæmt forspárgildi. Þetta er eilítið flóknara þegar samfélagskenningar eru annars vegar og uppistaða samfélagslíkansins eru mannverur vegna þess að líkönin geta haft áhrif á hegðun fólks. Það getur gerst með mismunandi hætti: með beinum hætti vegna þess að mannfólk er móttækilegt fyrir lýsingum á þeim - hvernig við hugsum um okkur hefur bein áhrif á hvernig við hegðum okkur - og óbeint vegna þess að tilgátur samfélagslíkana eru oft nýttar til að réttlæta stefnur og stofnanagerðir sem setja reglur um mannleg samskipti og hegðun. Líkön um manneðli verða þannig hluti af manneðlinu. Það getur af sér aðra leið til þess að gagnrýna samfélags-stjórnmálakenningar: ekki með því að fullyrða að þær gefi ranga mynd af hinu sanna manneðli heldur að þær lýsi hvernig menn mótist af slíkum kenningum og þeirri samfélagsskipan sem kenningarnar nýtast til að ljá lögmæti. Ég tel þessa síðari leið frjórri vegna þess að hún reiðir sig ekki á staðhæfingu um að til sé sönn mannleg náttúra sem sé kyrrstæð og ónæm gagnvart samfélagslegri skipan og viðhorfum. Þessi doktorsritgerð felst í rannsókn á því hvernig staðhæfingar um manneðli hafa áhrif á stórnmála- og hagfræðikenningar og hvernig þessar kenningar móta hegðun og sjálfsveru manna. Beint er sjónum að einstaklingsmiðuðum kenningum sem byggja á mynd af stakstæðum einstaklingum hverra langanir (e. preferences) eru látnar ráðast af því sem væru þeir hverjir óháðir öðrum. Í slíkum líkönum er tvennt sett fræðilega á oddinn, átök milli sjálfstæðra einstaklinga og ósennileiki samvinnu og trausts þeirra á milli - þar af leiðandi er viss samfélagsleg og pólitísk skipan talin vera alger nauðsyn. Þetta viðhorf má sjá í heimspeki Hobbes og Rawls og í samfélagskenningu um skynsamlegt val (Rational Choice Theory) sem hefur verið grunnur nýklassískrar hagfræði og nýfrjálshyggju-stefnu. Vandinn er ekki sá að þetta sé röng sýn á manneðlið heldur miklu frekar að hún hafi áhrif á sjálfsveru og hegðun fólks - að það er hætta á að hún verði að sjálfrætinni spá (e. self-fulfilling prophecy). Það gæti orðið tilfellið ef ein samfélagsskipan og samsvarandi hugmyndafræði yrðu allsráðandi, en veruleikinn er hins vegar sá að við gegnum ólíkum hlutverkum í mismunandi samböndum, sem geta af sér ólíkar gerðir sjálfsveru og skynsemi sem rekast á og verka hver á aðra með ófyrirsjáanlegum hætti. ; This dissertation was completed at the University of Iceland with partial funding from Rannsóknamiðstöð Íslands and the research projects Embodied Critical Thinking, The Reality of Money, and Feminist Philosophy Transforming Philosophy.

Objetivo: Conocer el estado actual de la gestión estratégica del talento humano en la alcaldía municipal de Nechí, diagnóstico y recomendaciones. Método: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo descriptivo de corte transversal; el diseño de la investigación fue un estudio de caso basado en entrevistas semiestructuradas a los empleados actuales de la planta de cargos de la administración municipal de Nechí implicados directamente en la Gestión Estratégica del Talento Humano. Resultados: Con respecto a fortalezas en los procesos de gestión estratégica del talento humano se obtuvo que la mayoría consideran que son: el salario y las prestaciones sociales, el plan estratégico institucional y el manual de funciones. En referencia a las debilidades en los procesos de gestión estratégica del talento humano se obtuvo que la mayoría consideran que son: el área de recursos humanos y sus procesos, la planta de cargo del municipio, la burocracia y los factores políticos, la autonomía, el plan estratégico de gestión humana, el responsable de gestión humana, el proceso de reclutamiento, selección y vinculación, el proceso de inducción y reinducción, proceso de bienestar social, incentivos y calidad de vida laboral, la salud y seguridad en el trabajo y gestión ambiental, la capacitación y desarrollo, la evaluaciones de desempeño, el proceso de entrevistas de retiro, reconocimientos a la vida y trayectoria laboral de los funcionarios En referencia a las oportunidades en los procesos de gestión estratégica del talento humano se obtuvo que la mayoría consideran que son: Las TIC, los avances tecnológicos, las tendencias e importancia del área de GH, las políticas, normas y leyes, las universidades y la meritocracia. En referencia a las amenazas en los procesos de gestión estratégica del talento humano se obtuvo que la mayoría consideran que son: la globalización, los cambios políticos y económicos, pandemias, la burocracia y politiquería. En referencia a las Acciones de mejoramiento y recomendaciones para área de gestión humana se obtuvo que la mayoría consideran que son: definir y formalizar el área de gestión humana y el cumplimiento de sus procesos. Conclusiones: teniendo en cuenta todo el conocimiento académico que existe en la materia, la investigación presente realizada y los niveles de madurez establecidos por el Departamento Administrativo de la Función Pública, podemos afirmar que la Gestión estratégica del Talento Humano de la alcaldía municipal de Nechí se encuentra en un nivel de madurez básico operativo significativamente bajo, en estado de alerta y a lo sumo totalmente incipiente, que requiere intervención inmediata, dado que no se cumplen los requisitos básicos, los aspectos formales, ni las directrices generales para la gestión humana y se demanda mucha gestión para cubrir esos requisitos, es decir existe mucho margen de mejora por delante. A raíz de la globalización, la dinámica y los continuos cambios del entorno, la alcaldía debe actuar política, ambiental, social y económicamente para contrarrestar la cadena de debilidades en la gestión humana, en cada uno de los macroprocesos y procesos, lo que la hará más competitiva frente al entorno actual. ; Objective: To know the current state of the strategic management of human talent in the municipal government of Nechí, diagnosis and recommendations. Method: A qualitative descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out; The research design was a case study based on semi-structured interviews with current employees of the Nechí municipal administration post office directly involved in the Strategic Management of Human Talent. Results: Regarding strengths in the processes of strategic management of human talent, it was obtained that the majority consider that they are: salary and social benefits, the institutional strategic plan and the manual of functions. In reference to the weaknesses in the processes of strategic management of human talent, it was obtained that the majority consider that they are: the area of human resources and its processes, the position of the municipality, the bureaucracy and political factors, autonomy, the strategic plan of human management, the person in charge of human management, the process of recruitment, selection and hiring, the process of induction and reinduction, process of social welfare, incentives and quality of work life, health and safety at work and environmental management, training and development, performance evaluations, the retirement interview process, recognition of the life and work trajectory of the officials In reference to the opportunities in the strategic management processes of human talent, it was obtained that most consider them to be : ICT, technological advances, trends and importance of the GH area, policies, norms and laws, universities and merit cracia. In reference to the threats in the processes of strategic management of human talent, it was obtained that most consider them to be: globalization, political and economic changes, pandemics, bureaucracy and politicking. In reference to the improvement Actions and recommendations for the human management area, it was obtained that the majority consider them to be: define and formalize the human management area and compliance with its processes. Conclusions: taking into account all the academic knowledge that exists on the subject, the present research carried out and the maturity levels established by the Administrative Department of Public Function, we can affirm that the Strategic Management of Human Talent of the municipal mayor of Nechí is It is at a significantly low level of basic operational maturity, in a state of alert and at most totally incipient, which requires immediate intervention, since the basic requirements, the formal aspects, nor the general guidelines for human management are not met and it is demanded a lot of management to cover those requirements, that is, there is a lot of room for improvement ahead. As a result of globalization, the dynamics and continuous changes in the environment, the mayor's office must act politically, environmentally, socially and economically to counteract the chain of weaknesses in human management, in each of the macro-processes and processes, which will make it more competitive in the current environment.

Introduction. The present study examines the pragmastilistic potential of migration discourse based on the speeches of modern British politicians. The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the acute social specifics of migration discourse and its manipulative component. In today's world, migration processes have become global and their impact on the development of the host culture is becoming increasingly evident. There is still no established strategy for the integration of migrants into the new society, which creates a conflict environment and determines the hostility of the indigenous population towards migrants. Migration discourse as one of the directions of policy discourse becomes an effective tool for managing public opinion. Various persuasive tactics are incorporated in the speech of politicians using linguistic means, the use of which in the British migration discourse is considered in this article.Methodology and sources. The key tasks of the study are to identify specific discursive tactics, by means of which the persuasive strategy is implemented in the British migration discourse, and to analyze the stylistic techniques used to design the discovered tactics. During the study, pragmastilistic analysis was used, the application of which involves referring to the following methods of linguistic research: the method of continuous sampling, quantitative, descriptive and comparative methods, the method of stylistic analysis, discursive analysis. The material of the study was the speeches of modern British politicians from 2004 to 2021. Results and discussion. The analysis of migration discourse based on the texts of speeches by modern British politicians allows to talk about the stylistic saturation of the material and the main means of expressiveness used in the framework of the discourse under consideration. The main tactic of opponents of free migration is the comparison of "good/bad" migrants, which is actualized using antithesis. As for the lexical stylistic means, the use of the epithet should be specified, which is also a way of actualizing opposition tactics. Thus, this tactic is implemented both at the lexical and syntactic level. Similar tactics are also relevant in the framework of pro-migration rhetoric, namely, when comparing the local elite and the visiting population, which performs all the work necessary for the functioning of society. In most cases the main stylistic technique for tactics actualization is antithesis (or the convergence of antithesis and epithet). Proponents of pro-migration policies also use metaphor (tactics for describing the political process) and syntactic parallelism (tactics for describing the benefits of migration). Finally, the most common tactic inherent in both poles of migration discourse is the tactic of generalization. It consists in equating the speaker with his audience, their "fusion", and is most often actualized using hyperbola.Conclusion. Migration discourse is characterized by an ideological orientation, which is actualized using certain speech techniques, tactics and strategies. Migration discourse, as a multifaceted entity, can also serve to harmonize social life by facilitating the integration of migrants into the host culture. Migration discourse is a powerful ideological weapon that can be used both to contribute to integration and to incite ethnic hatred. Stylistic tools play a key role in the implementation of a persuasive strategy, which is actively used both in migration and in political discourse in general. The main tactics of the migration discourse of modern British politicians are opposition and generalization, used both in pro- and anti-migration rhetoric. ; Введение. В настоящем исследовании рассматривается прагмастилистический потенциал миграционного дискурса на материале выступлений современных британских политиков. Актуальность избранной темы заключается в остросоциальной специфике миграционного дискурса и его манипулятивной составляющей. В современном мире процессы миграции приобрели глобальный масштаб, и их влияние на развитие принимающей культуры становится все более очевидным. До сих пор не существует выработанной стратегии интеграции мигрантов в новое общество, что создает конфликтогенную среду и определяет враждебность коренного населения по отношению к мигрантам. Миграционный дискурс как одно из направлений политического дискурса становится эффективным инструментом управления общественным мнением. Различные персуазивные тактики актуализируются в речи политиков при помощи лингвостилистических средств, закономерности использования которых в британском миграционном дискурсе рассматриваются в данной статье.Методология и источники. Ключевые задачи исследования заключаются в выявлении дискурсивных тактик, при помощи которых в британском миграционном дискурсе реализуется персуазивная стратегия, и анализе стилистических приемов, используемых для имплементации обнаруженных тактик. В ходе исследования был использован прагмастилистический анализ, применение которого предполагает обращение к следующим частным методам лингвистического исследования: метод сплошной выборки, метод количественного анализа, описательный и сопоставительный методы, метод стилистического анализа, дискурсивный анализ. Материалом исследования послужили выступления современных британских политиков с 2004 по 2021 гг.Результаты и обсуждение. Анализ миграционного дискурса на материале текстов выступлений современных британских политиков позволяет говорить о стилистической насыщенности материала и средствах экспрессивности, используемых в рамках рассматриваемого дискурса. Основной тактикой противников свободной миграции является сопоставление по линии «хороший/плохой» приезжий, которое актуализируется при помощи антитезы. В рассмотренном корпусе лексических стилистических средств следует отметить использование эпитета, который также является способом актуализации тактики противопоставления. Сходная тактика актуализируется и в рамках промиграционной риторики, а именно: при сопоставлении местной элиты и приезжего населения, которое выполняет всю работу, необходимую для функционирования общества. В большинстве случаев применения тактики сопоставления основным стилистическим приемом ее актуализации является антитеза (или комбинация антитезы и эпитета). Также сторонники промиграционной политики используют такие рычаги давления на аудиторию, как метафора (тактика описания политического процесса) и синтаксический параллелизм (тактика описания преимуществ миграции). Наконец, наиболее распространенной тактикой, присущей обоим полюсам миграционного дискурса, является тактика генерализации, общий смысл которой заключается в приравнивании оратора к его аудитории, в «сращении» спикера и слушателя. Указанная тактика, как правило, реализуется при помощи гиперболы.Заключение. Миграционный дискурс является мощным идеологическим оружием, которое может использоваться как в целях интеграции, так и для разжигания межнациональной ненависти. Стилистические средства играют ключевую роль в реализации персуазивной стратегии, которая активно используется как в миграционном, так и в политическом дискурсе в целом. Основными тактиками миграционного дискурса современных британских политиков являются противопоставление и обобщение, используемые как в про-, так и в антимиграционной риторике.

Dear editor:In the Volume No. 22 (issue 5) of the Journal of Public Health, Molano Builes PE., et al. published an article titled "Concepts and guidelines that direct Primary Health Care in diverse Colombian territories. 2017" (pp.1-8). About that, we consider that it is important to recognize every factor that determines the individual and community health. Colombia is a multicultural and multiethnic country. Therefore, it is important to recognize the distinctive features of every context. Actions of the health personnel, either from the health or social science, should be focused on visions based on the objective reality, that shows how the choice of the government in power determines the possibility of developing actions in primary health care not related to capitalist interests.In this sense, as proposed by De La Guardia and Ruvalcaba, "In the current conditions of the economic and political hegemonic division, it is so difficult to mitigate or put a stop to social inequality to change the reality that determines the health-disease process. It requires either a broad political transformation to disrupt the power relations or a significant reformulation of the policies and sectorial strategies (housing, education, environmental sanitation, transport, etc.). They have features that determines the environment variables that act on health" (1).The recognition of the reality and the articulation ofnational policies to design intervention health plans must be strongly related to the real conditions of the territories. The primary health care must be kept in mind as an effective strategy of social intervention to maintain an adequate standard of health of the population. Therefore, the communal and participatory strategies turn into a fundamental basis to achieve the proposed objectives in the public health context.The centralization of the administrative power ofthe health system causes the primary health care is not correctly recognized. It is integrated with welfare-based health care subsystems and that distorts its real meaning and its main objective.In this sense, as proposed Molano, it is importantnot only to decentralize the administrative power but to articulate all the social players to have a transformative political action. For this it is necessary a real commitment to construct a local power. Hence, the participatory process must be founding and allow the development of individual and collective abilities for the autonomous construction of positive projects for life and health (2).The entrance into political scene is basic to achieve the change of the communities' reality based on the political reading of the context. Additionally, it is important to be taking a critical and ethical stand that involves a lot of actors, consolidating support networks that revitalize the actions related to the primary health care to achieve the general well-being. ; Estimado editor:En el Volumen Nº 22 (número 5) de la Revista de Salud Pública, Molano Builes PE., et al., publicaron un artículo de investigación titulado "Conceptos y directrices que orientan la atención primaria en salud en diversos territorios colombianos (2017)" (pp.1-8). Al respecto consideramos importante reconocer cada uno de los factores que influyen en la salud de individuos y comunidades, siendo Colombia un país multicultural y pluriétnico, deben reconocerse las particularidades de cada uno de los contextos; el personal vinculado al área de la salud cuya formación de base sean las ciencias de la salud o las ciencias sociales debe enfocar sus acciones en visiones aterrizadas en una realidad objetiva que muestra cómo las voluntades de los gobiernos de turno determinan la posibilidad de desarrollar acciones de atención primaria que no se vean marcadas por respuestas al capital.En este sentido, como es planteado por De La Guardia Gutiérrez MA y Ruvalcaba Ledezma JC, "Las posibilidades de intervención para reducir o eliminar las desigualdades sociales y así cambiar la realidad determinante del proceso salud-enfermedad son de extrema dificultad en las condiciones actuales de organización política y económica hegemónica. O bien requieren una profunda transformación política que lleve a una alteración de las relaciones de poder en nuestras sociedades o bien deben contar con reformulaciones significativas en las políticas y estrategias sectoriales (habitación, educación, saneamiento ambiental, transporte, etc.) que poseen características determinantes sobre las variables ambientales que actúan sobre la salud" (1).El reconocimiento de la realidad y la articulación de las diferentes políticas nacionales que contribuyen a la elaboración de planes de intervención en salud debe mantener una fuerte articulación con las condiciones reales de los territorios. La APS, debe tenerse en cuenta como una estrategia efectiva de intervención social que permite mantener un adecuado nivel de salud de las poblaciones por lo cual las estrategias comunitarias y participativas se convierten en un eje fundamental para el logro de los objetivos planteados desde los diferentes escenarios de la salud pública.La centralización del poder administrativo del sistema de salud, es la causante de la precaria concepción de lo que es la APS, alienando el verdadero sentido de la atención primaria al integrarlo con otros subsistemas de atención en salud en su mayor parte asistencialistas, desfigurando el verdadero significado de la APS y desviando su objetivo original.En este sentido como lo plantean Molano Builes PE., et al., para avanzar hacia la acción política transformativa se requiere, más que descentralizar el poder administrativo para la toma de decisiones en salud, articular todos los actores sociales para lo cual es necesario contar con el compromiso real en la construcción de poder local; por tanto, los procesos participativos deben ser instituyentes y permitir el desarrollo de capacidades individuales y colectivas para la construcción autonómica de los proyectos valorados como positivos para la vida y la salud (2). La incursión en escenarios políticos es fundamental para el logro de transformación de la realidad de las comunidades a partir de lecturas políticas de los contextos y, así mismo, asumir posturas críticas y éticas que permitan involucrar a los diferentes actores, consolidando redes de apoyo que dinamicen las acciones concernientes a la APS encaminadas al bienestar general.

Introduction. A wide range of valuable and active aspects related to citizenship remain not relevant, which leads to the atomisation of society, weakening of the institutional foundations of the state. Today, the development of the civic education system is an important social issue. Therefore, turning to the experience of other countries, including in terms of building their priorities in this area, contributes to the solution of both theoretical and practical problems in national education. It is customary to associate the civic component in the Russian educational system with the implementation of state educational standards aimed at obtaining formal knowledge about society and the state by schoolchildren, as well as with the systematic educational work carried out in educational institutions, focusing on the development of patriotism. As a result, the structure of youth civic orientations is dominated by intentions to consciously distance oneself from politics, the state, a narrowly formalised understanding of citizenship as a set of rights and obligations fixed by law, and patriotism mainly in its protective-military form.The aim of the present research was to comparatively study the opinions of teachers in 22 countries (including Russia) on the priorities of civic education in schools.Methodology and research methods. A secondary analysis of the data of the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study, implemented under the auspices of the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievements (IEA), serves as a research method. The empirical base of the study is a questionnaire survey of teachers from 22 countries (including Russia). The total sample size was 36674 respondents - 8849 teachers (24% of the sample size), implementing programmes of social sciences, 27825 teachers (76% of the sample size) not directly involved in civic education.Results and scientific novelty. As a result of the comparative study undertaken, the specificity of the opinion of teachers in Russia and other countries regarding the importance of certain areas of civic education in schools was revealed. The answers to a special question were analysed, suggesting the choice of the most priority options from the proposed ones. At the first stage, a ranking procedure was implemented, which allowed to identify the structure of priorities in each country. In most of them, the formation among students of independent, critical thinking occupies the first position in the ranking. This goal is especially significant in the Scandinavian countries, as well as in Finland. In Russia, the level of support for this priority is one of the lowest (36%) - less than only in South Korea (24%). At the second stage, the target settings of teachers involved in civic education are classified. Using cluster analysis, the types of orientations are determined, that is, a combination of various combinations of answers, and their prevalence among civilian educators. Seven types of orientations have been identified and described: critical, socialisation, social studies, participatory, environmental, conflictological, particularistic. The features of their representation in different countries are described.Practical significance. The results and conclusions presented in the article, the proposed typology can be used in the process of further development of the issues of civic education, training and education of citizenship, including in other empirical studies. The quantitative data provided can be used as an information base for the development of civic education programmes at various levels, as well as the design of curricula and content of disciplines of civic studies. ; Введение. Широкий спектр ценностных и деятельных аспектов, связанных с гражданством, остаются неактуализированными, что ведёт к атомизации общества, ослаблению институциональных основ государства. Развитие системы гражданского образования является сегодня важной социальной задачей. Поэтому обращение к опыту разных стран, в том числе в части выстраивания ими приоритетов в этой области, способствует решению как теоретических, так и практических задач отечественного образования. В российской системе образования гражданскую составляющую принято связывать с реализацией государственных образовательных стандартов, направленных на получение школьниками формальных знаний об обществе и государстве, а также c проводимой в учебных заведениях систематической воспитательной работой по формированию патриотизма. В результате в структуре гражданских ориентаций молодежи превалируют установки на сознательное дистанцирование от политики, государства, узко-формализованное понимание гражданства как совокупности закрепленных законодательно прав и обязанностей, а патриотизма преимущественно в его защитно-военной ипостаси.Цель изложенного в статье исследования состояла в сравнительном изучении мнения учителей 22 стран (включая Россию) о функциях гражданского образования в школе.Методология, методы и методики. В качестве метода исследования выступает вторичный анализ данных Международного сравнительного исследования гражданственности и гражданского образования, реализованного под эгидой Международной ассоциации по оценке образовательных достижений. Эмпирической базой исследования являются данные анкетного опроса учителей из 22 стран (включая Россию). Общий объем анализируемой выборки составил 36 674 респондента - 8 849 учителей, реализующих программы дисциплин обществоведческого цикла (24 % от объема выборки), 27 825 учителей не участвующих непосредственно в гражданском образовании (76 % от объема выборки).Результаты и научная новизна. В результате предпринятого сравнительного исследования выявлена специфика мнения учителей России и других стран относительно значимости тех или иных направлений гражданского образования в школах. Были проанализированы ответы на специальный вопрос, предполагающий выбор из предложенных вариантов наиболее приоритетных. На первом этапе реализована процедура ранжирования, которая позволила выявить структуру приоритетов в каждой стране. В большинстве из них формирование среди учеников независимого, критического мышления занимает первую позицию в рейтинге. Особо значима эта цель в скандинавских странах, а также в Финляндии. В России уровень поддержки данного приоритета один из самых низких (36 %) - меньше только в Южной Корее (24 %). На втором этапе проведена классификация целевых установок учителей, задействованных в гражданском образовании. С помощью кластерного анализа определены типы ориентаций, то есть сочетание различных комбинаций ответов, и их распространенность среди гражданских педагогов. Выделены и описаны семь типов ориентаций: критический, социализационный, обществоведческий, партиципаторный, энвайронменталистский, конфликтологический, партикуляристский. Описаны особенности их репрезентации в разных странах.Практическая значимость. Результаты и выводы, изложенные в статье, предложенная типология могут использоваться в процессе дальнейшей разработки проблематики гражданского образования, обучения и воспитания гражданственности, в том числе в других эмпирических исследованиях. Представленные количественные данные могут быть востребованы в качестве информационной базы при разработке программ развития гражданского образования разного уровня, проектировании учебных планов и содержания дисциплин граждановедческого профиля.

With the increase in the volume of international exchange and the globalization of multinational companies, problems of transfer pricing control in transactions between affiliates and their alignment with the "arm's length" pricing principle are growing. A proper calculation of transfer pricing affects the amount of taxable income and provides a basis for checking whether in this way profit is "extracted" to other tax jurisdictions. The international transfer pricing guidelines have recommended several methods for calculating transfer prices, depending on the circumstances of the case, including several recommended parameters relevant to the calculation. Also, if the Cost Plus Margin method and Transactional Net Margin (TNM) method can be applied in an equally reliable manner, the recommendation is Cost Plus Margin. Many countries have accepted the international guidelines and incorporated them into their national regulations. However, in the absence of a serious analysis of the effects in practice, the possibility of deviations in the calculation of results was also accepted. If these results are ultimately the amount of tax paid or not paid in a country, then it is understandable why these deviations deserve special attention. The main hypothesis in this paper is that when both methods are applicable, the Cost Plus Margin method should not always be favored, as effects that should be prevented may occur. Due to the circumstances of the case, a proper calculation can be very debatable if certain parameters change a minimum. The paper discusses deviations of the transfer price from the "arm's length" principle when both methods are equally acceptable, and with minimum changes to two parameters: the size of the sample of comparable companies and the observation period. All this has been tested on the example of a multinational company from one of the developed countries in Europe, which has a related entity in one of Europe's developing countries. The tested party is a related entity as a developing country taxpayer. In the implication generally there are many problems and dilemmas that need to be overcome in the relationships between the party calculating the transfer prices, the companies themselves, and the tax administrations. It is very significant from which aspect the calculation is managed. If the aspect of the company is favored, then the best option is the one where the company will pay the lowest tax. However, if the tax administration is already authorized to request a change in the calculation, then it will work in the interest of the state, and the most unfavorable option for the corporation may be obtained by changing some of the parameters used. Both would be formally acceptable, but the tax amount would not be the same. Possible scenarios in the test case showed that internationally recognized recommendations regarding method selection have weaknesses because they do not include all the parameters of the methodology, which significantly affects the end result. In a situation where the observation timeframe is flexible and no minimum sample size of comparable companies is defined, there is practically space to manipulate the final result. In order to avoid ambiguity and various forms of manipulation in the transfer pricing calculation, it is necessary to further specify international guidelines for the development of transfer pricing in the domain of time and size of the sample. Additionally, the taxpayer's obligation to apply transfer price calculations should be introduced for all methods that respond to the circumstances of their case, and not just one of them. This generally can be overcome either by changing the guidelines or by defining rules in greater detail at the level of the depends on multiple parameters, both those defined in theory and those that are not national legislation of each state, whilst improving the professional capacity of the tax administration to control transfer pricing. Purpose - The importance of properly calculating transfer pricing is emphasized, which depends on multiple parameters, both those defined in theory and those that are not, but should be. International guidelines recommend several methods for calculating transfer pricing, and which one should be given priority if two of them are equally acceptable? If they are TNM and Cost Plus, the latter takes precedence. The purpose of the paper is to show that in practice this may not be the case, which is the basic hypothesis on which it is based. Research design/method/approach - The paper first considers the existing international methodology for calculating transfer prices and then the issue of calculation in practice in the case of minimal deviation of two significant components of comparability: sample size and time dimension of parameters. All this will be tested on the example of a multinational company from one of the developed European countries, which has a related party in one of the developing countries in Europe. The test party is a related entity of a taxpayer in a developing country. Several calculation scenarios are given for case of the aforementioned changes, which give different tax amounts. If a developing country accepts (by including in national regulations) an international recommendation on the advantage of the Cost Plus method, it will have accepted that in practice it will in some cases charge a smaller tax. Findings - The hypothesis was confirmed that the Cost Plus method should not always take precedence over the TNM method. A more detailed analysis of the different scenarios for the particular circumstances of the case gives wider opportunities to properly determine the basis for taxation but also to prevent the country's tax losses. An argument is also given for defining national regulations in more detail to avoid unwanted occurrences. Practical implication - It is necessary to amend international guidelines and national tax regulations, as well as to increase the professional capacity of the tax administration in this area. This will increase the control of transfer pricing, as well as the "extraction" of profits from the country to other tax jurisdictions Originality/Value - Theory and practice need to be more connected. Practical examples show that some changes need to be made in this area to more effectively prevent tax evasion. There are many objections to the existing concept of transfer pricing in literature, but no similar practical examples and studies are available to confirm deviations in the calculation as outlined in this paper.

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People across the globe are experiencing unprecedented challenges from COVID-19 (coronavirus), as the pandemic poses serious impacts on our health and well-being. While the virus can affect anyone, we know from past global health emergencies that crises hit the poor and most vulnerable the hardest, including persons with disabilities.

Persons with disabilities often have underlying health needs that can increase the severity of symptoms if they contract COVID-19. They are also at increased risk of catching the virus because of a lack of information about the spread of the disease and its symptoms. These basic facts often do not come in the accessible formats they may need, such as Braille, large print, sign language, captions, audio provision, and graphics.

Social distancing may also jeopardize the delivery of essential home-based care. Meanwhile, persons with disabilities in care home settings face greater risk of contracting the virus from other residents or staff.

COVID-19 is merely another example of the longstanding health inequities that persons with disabilities face. Although we don't know the full impact yet, we have a good understanding of where we were before the pandemic.

The missing billion

A recent report from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, The Missing Billion: Access to Health Services for 1 Billion People with Disabilities, shows how health systems are failing this marginalized group. It found that global health goals such as universal health coverage are unattainable unless access their to healthcare is dramatically improved.

The report outlines the three-fold health needs of persons with disabilities: standard health needs, needs stemming from higher vulnerability to poor health, and needs for specialized medical treatment or rehabilitation services.

Persons with disabilities face significant barriers even in accessing standard services, and as a result they have poorer health outcomes than those without disabilities. For example, the report reveals that persons with disabilities are twice as likely to have HIV/AIDS, three times as likely to have diabetes, and 50% more likely to experience catastrophic health expenditures. In addition, 40% of persons with disabilities have lower life expectancy because of restricted access to healthcare.

Inaccessible facilities, financial barriers, lack of accessible transport, and previous negative experiences with the healthcare system are just some of the ways that persons with disabilities struggle to access the care they need. Even when able to access it, they often contend with stigma, a lack of assistive technologies, or inadequate health worker training, reducing their quality of care.

The path to inclusion

Creating disability-inclusive health systems is a critical part of ensuring quality health care for all. At the World Bank, we understand that inclusion of persons with disabilities is vital to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)and our twin goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity.

To achieve SDG 3, health systems need to address the needs of vulnerable and marginalized groups including persons with disabilities. We recognize disability inclusion as an important part of building human capital, and we've made it a mainstream part of our work. We've incorporated it into our IDA19 commitments to projects in the poorest countries as well as the Environmental and Social Framework that we are applying to all our new project financing.

The World Bank's Disability Inclusion and Accountability Framework suggests the following steps to make health systems more accessible and inclusive:

Collect disability-disaggregated data to track the achievement of universal health coverage.
Apply universal access and design approaches in health infrastructure projects, including transport services, accounting for the views of users with disabilities.
Promote disability-inclusive universal health coverage by improving the availability of disability-specific services and ensuring that persons with disabilities can access sexual and reproductive health services.
Develop training programs for healthcare professionals on the specific care needs and rights of persons with disabilities. Programs should also address stigma, including against people with mental health problems and psychosocial disabilities.
Develop community-based approaches in mental healthcare that integrate prevention, treatment, and care services. Promote deinstitutionalization and alternatives to coercive care practices in the mental health system.
In recent decades, the World Bank has helped governments improve health outcomes for persons with disabilities. For example, in the Kyrgyz Republic, the Bank supported the creation of community-based health clinics and schools with a focus on accessibility for persons with disabilities.

In Burundi and Rwanda, the Emergency Demobilization and Transitional Reintegration Project and the Emergency Demobilization and Reintegration Project provided targeted support for vulnerable groups, including housing for ex-combatants with severe disabilities and training activities to support their health and autonomy.

COVID-19 has demonstrated widespread gaps in access to care for persons with disabilities, underscoring the need for effective health systems. As countries work to curb the spread, they can draw from numerous practices, lessons, and recommendations that address the specific health needs of persons with disabilities. Investing in these areas demonstrates commitment to helping all people to have healthy and vibrant lives, including the most vulnerable. Offering quality care to people with disabilities will make health systems better for everyone.



Charlotte McClain-Nhlapo is the Global Disability Advisor at the World Bank.

Phyllis Heydt is a Director at the Office of the WHO Ambassador for Global Strategy.

Professor Hannah Kuper is the Director of the International Centre for Evidence in Disability at LSHTM (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine).









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Charlotte McClain-Nhlapo
Global Disability Advisor
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Phyllis Heydt
Director at the Office of the WHO Ambassador for Global Strategy
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Hannah Kuper
Director of the International Centre for Evidence in Disability
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Abdulrahman Isah Abubakar


August 06, 2021

Well educative article