Suchergebnisse

The concept of sovereignty can only be properly understood in the context of a profound change in the relationship between the realm of Law and the realm of Politics. Sovereignty means, above all, supreme and ultimate power over the Law. From this point, it is argued that the emergence of the idea of sovereignty implies, above all, a very different way of understanding the realm of Politics, where Law is the clue for determining its content. ; La soberanía se entiende únicamente en el ámbito de un cambio profundo de la relación entre lo jurídico y lo político: soberanía signifi ca principalmente supremacía sobre el Derecho. A partir de esta idea, es posible mostrar, en un segundo momento, que la aparición del concepto de soberanía supone sobre todo una manera profundamente distinta de comprender lo político, donde el lugar del Derecho es la clave para determinar el contenido del mismo.

Central-local relations have been of particular interest since the Labour government came to power in 1997. Both academics and practitioners have pointed to tensions within the Labour government's reform agenda—between a 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' approach; between a drive for national standards and the encouragement of local learning and innovation; and between strengthening executive leadership and enhancing public participation. It is argued that while Labour's modernisation strategy has clear elements of a top-down approach (legislation, inspectorates, white papers, etc) there is also a significant bottom-up dimension (a variety of zones, experiments and pilots, albeit with different degrees of freedom). This article utilises a multi-level governance framework of analysis and argues that, while much of the research using such frameworks has hitherto focused on the EU, recent developments in governance at neighbourhood, local authority, sub-regional and regional levels facilitate its application within a nation state. The central thesis is that, while there is extensive interaction between actors at sub-national level, this should not be seen as a proxy for policy influence. The local political arena is characterised less by multi-level governance than by multi-level dialogue. Sub-national actors participate but they are rarely major players in shaping policy outcomes: the plurality which characterises sub-central governance does not reflect a pluralist power structure.

The paper analyzes the array of information materials and artifacts related to American thematic exhibitions that were held in the Soviet Union by the US Information Agency (USIA) from 1959 to 1991 as part of the Soviet-American agreements on cultural exchanges. The American National Exhibition in Moscow in the summer of 1959 was the first (and most famous) in a series of such exhibitions; it was subsequent by 18 traveling shows, which covered 25 Soviet cities — both Union and republics' capitals and remote regional centers. The total audience of these showings is estimated at 20 million visitors. American exhibitions in the USSR left behind a deep information and cultural trace in memories, movie and photo chronicles, as well as in a variety of "handouts" and souvenirs distributed at events. Among collectors of antiques of this kind, thematic collections are known as memorabilia, or a collection of things associated with a certain historical figure, a celebrity, or event. These materials, especially the official booklets of the exhibitions, contain valuable information, which reflects not only the content of the showings, but also the political and ideological attitudes of their American organizers. The selection of exhibits, their information support (textual — in booklets, and oral — from guides at the exhibition), the engineering and visual design of the shows — all were aimed, ultimately, at the formation of a positive image of America among the Soviet public (and, as a result, a critical perception of Soviet realities). Thus, the exhibitions, even if their themes seem to be far from the ideology (science and technology, culture, life, industry and agriculture), turned into an effective propaganda tool. Moreover, the USIA was able to use this tool under the terms of agreements on bilateral exhibition exchanges. Unfortunately, visual materials and objects of material culture in general are rarely involved in studies of public and cultural diplomacy as a source. This article aims to fill this gap.

National and European Foreign Policy explores the processes of interaction between the national and the European levels in foreign policy making in European Union states. The volume also assesses the mutual influence which the Member States exert on each other, independent of the EU institutions, thus tracing the extent to which Member State foreign policies are being Europeanized into more convergent, coordinated policies. With chapters examining France, Germany, Italy, UK, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Finland, Poland and Slovenia, the overarching questions the volume addresses centre on the nature of the relationship between the foreign policies of the Member States and 'European' foreign policy. Engaging with 'Europeanization' with theoretical rigour, the contributors to this volume examine the EU's impact on the foreign policies of Member States old and new, the impact of the Member States on the EU's external relations, and the influence of the Member States on each other's foreign policies. Providing interesting detail on changes in foreign policy thinking and national policies using the concept of Europeanization, National and European Foreign Policy will be of interest to students and scholars of European politics and policy formation, foreign policy and International Relations.

In 2015, Anggela Markel, as chancellor of Germany, implemented an "Open Door Policy" in dealing with the refugee crisis. Until its peak, in 2018, when Horst Seehofer, who was the German federal interior minister, implemented the "Fereiwillage Ruckkher" policy, which is a German policy that limits the arrival of refugees, using the concept of Rational Choice Theory, researchers explain the background and factors that influence changes in refugee handling policies. by Germany, in this study also discusses the Islamic view, namely the concept ahwan assyarrayn regarding the policy-making process. This study uses a qualitative method with desk research data collection techniques. The results of this study indicate, among others, that the background of the change in German policy in dealing with refugees is the emergence of threats to the stability of Social Security and Politics. The internal factor is the emergence of several conflicts that occurred in Germany and the many people who oppose the arrival of refugees, leading to political threats, namely Markel's position. This policy change was taken on the basis of 'rational' or rational choices used by Germany to reduce negative impacts, including to avoid an increase in the intensity of anti-refugee violence that occurred, to minimize the threat of disruption to security, social, political stability and its compatibility with the concept of decision making in Islam, namely the concept of ahwan as-syarrayn.Keywords: Open Door Policy, Fereiwillage Ruckkher. Anggela Markel. ahwan as-syarrayn