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AbstractThis article begins from the observation that there have been a number of developments in international investment law-making and the jurisprudence of investor-state dispute settlement tribunals involving the protection of the environment and human rights. As for law-making, this article explores the evolving substance of international investment agreements as well as regulatory developments in the area of business and human rights that are of relevance to the international investment law framework. The article then turns to consider the emergence of human rights and environmental issues in the recent jurisprudence of investment tribunals and appraises how such issues have been dealt with—both in procedural and substantive terms—by arbitral tribunals. Finally, it questions whether investment tribunals are appropriate venues for the adjudication of non-investment matters like environmental and human rights issues, and highlights best practices that could be adopted by future tribunals. Overall, the article concludes that the piecemeal approach adopted to date provides a step in the right direction but is ultimately inadequate given the multiple challenges that our planet currently faces. Rather, a more ambitious agenda that is concerned with promoting good investment, as opposed to mitigating bad practices, should be pursued.

This document, developed by CDC's Public Health Law Program (PHLP), presents a model set of Minimum Competencies in Public Health Emergency Law for mid-tier public health professionals. This model was prepared at the request of CDC's Office for Public Health Preparedness and Emergency Response (OPHPR) and the Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPH), and in response to the call for the development of a legal preparedness competency framework in the 2008 National Action Agenda for Public Health Legal Preparedness. ; Last Updated September 17, 2012. ; The findings and conclusions in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ; Mode of access: World Wide Web (Acrobat .pdf file: 362.29 KB, 21 p.). ; Includes bibliographical references.

AbstractAs scholars in the Global Administrative Law project have recognized, doctrines familiar from domestic administrative systems are beginning to appear, in nascent forms, in some areas of international law. This article makes a first attempt to examine the appearance of one such doctrine, the duty to give reasons for administrative decisions, in international case-law. The existence of and rationales for this duty have been contentious in many domestic jurisdictions. The article thus considers the extent to which these debates have been replicated amongst adjudicators at the international level. The focus is on cases in the areas of WTO law, investment law and human rights law. It is found that the case law is not yet extensive, and (perhaps as a result) that no coherent picture emerges. In contrast to domestic systems, the areas examined in international law demonstrate some agreement on the desirability of the duty. However, different international adjudicators have recognized different rationales for the duty, with only limited consensus even within each area of international law studied.

In the aftermath of the Communist Era, Czechs and Slovaks sought to enter the European Union (EU) in order to participate in Western European markets and polities. To gain entry, they had to reform their labor laws based on EU protocols. This study analyzes changes in labor law in the Czech Republic by focusing on differences between statutes and regulations in the Communist and Post-Communist Eras. The study is framed by international approaches to law that locate sources of legal change in international organizations and protocols. In reforming Czech labor law, EU labor law standards were established through internal political processes that were themselves shaped by EU requirements rooted in pluralism and the rule of law. [Copyright 2008 Elsevier Ltd.]

Disquisitions and disputations / Dire Tladi -- Peremptory norms as a legal technique rather than substantive super norms / Robert Kolb -- Peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens) and the fundamental values of the international community / Patrícia Galvão Teles -- Jus cogens and the international community 'of states' as whole / Jean Allain -- Modification of peremptory norms of general international law / Mehrdad Payandeh -- Peremptory norms and interpretation in international law / Sâ Benjamin Traoré -- Aspects of the invalidity of treaties on account of conflict with jus cogens / Gentian Zyberi -- Jus cogens' preferred sister obligations erga omnes and the international court of justice - fifty years after the barcelona traction case / Martha M Bradley -- Legal consequences of serious breaches of peremptory norms in the law of state responsibility observations in the light of the recent work of the international law commission / Helmut Phillip Aust -- African state practice and the formation of some peremptory norms of general international law / Tiyanjana Maluwa -- Is there any regional jus cogens in Europe? The case of the European convention on human rights / Pavel Šturma -- The treatment of peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens) in the inter-American human rights system / Juan José Ruda Santolaria -- Jus cogens and (in)application of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties in the jurisprudence of the international court of justice / Catherine Maia -- The unilateral invocation of jus cogens norms / Michael Wood -- Is the right to self-determination jus cogens reflections on the chagos advisory opinion / Julia Sebutinde -- Jus cogens and compensation / Rosalind Elphick with John Dugard -- Peremptory norms and resolutions of the united nations security council / Daniel Costelloe -- Ending the splendid isolation ... jus cogens and international and international economic law / Makane Moïse Mbengue and Apollin Koagne Zouapet -- Environmental protection as a peremptory norm of general international law is it time? / Nilufer Oral -- The prohibition of terrorism as jus cogens / Aniel de Beer -- The jus cogens status of the prohibition on the use of force what is its scope and why does it matter? / Olivier Corten and Vaios Koutroulis -- The friendly relations declaration and peremptory norms / Jorge E. Viñuales -- The right to self-determination and peremptory norms / Ki-Gab Park -- Sovereign equality as a peremptory norm of general international law / Hannah Woolaver -- A jus cogens human rights exception to head of state immunity fact, fiction or wishful thinking? / Kobina Egyir Daniel.

Chapter 1. Introduction 1 -- Chapter 2. Law, Enforcement and Securities Market Development -- Chapter 3. China's Securities Market and Anti-securities-fraud "Law on the Book -- Chapter 4. Public Enforcement Initiated by the CSRC and Its Regional Offices -- Chapter 5. Complementary Public Enforcement Proceedings -- Chapter 7. Securities Law of 2019 and the Enhanced Private Enforcement Regime -- Chapter 8. Conclusion.

The number and types of space activities and space actors continue to increase, posing new and unique challenges for space governance and policy. Presently, a comprehensive, periodic, and systematic measure of states' efforts to comply with existing international space law and norms does not exist, suggesting a critical need to ensure robust and informed policymaking as space activities and actors increase. The evidence-based policymaking and programming movement, alongside the rise of ratings and rankings research, suggest the utility of such an assessment to informing policymaking and identifying compliance or partial or noncompliance of spacefaring countries. Numerous ratings and rankings assessments measure country-level trends across various sectors, including but not limited to business, democracy, economics, human rights, governance, and prosperity. However, none currently measure the behaviour and policies of countries regarding the exploration and use of outer space. An annual space report, published by the Space Security Index, does provide an overview of space activities and trends according to various thematic areas, but neither provides a historical nor baseline comparison of states' behaviour. This dissertation endeavours to propose a set of criteria, grounded in international space treaties and United Nations-level principles, resolutions, and guidelines, for which space policy stakeholders can apply to countries and develop a comparative understanding of their levels of compliance with binding international space law and non-binding space norms.