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凌友詩. ; 本論文於1997年9月15日呈交. ; 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 1998. ; 附參考文獻 ; 中英文摘要. ; Ling Youshi. ; Chapter 第一章 --- 緖論 ; Chapter 第一節 --- 本論文的研究焦點與研究目的 --- p.1 ; Chapter 第二節 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.8 ; Chapter 第三節 --- 本論文主要內容 --- p.21 ; Chapter 第四節 --- 系統論及其在本論文中的應用 --- p.25 ; Chapter 第五節 --- 歷史制度學派及其在本論文中的應用 --- p.30 ; Chapter 第六節 --- 本論文研究範疇(Scope) --- p.34 ; Chapter 第七節 --- 本論文的資料來源 --- p.39 ; Chapter 第二章 --- 中國政治系統的意識形態與政治文化 --- p.40 ; Chapter 第一節 --- 蘇維埃國家的意識形態與政治文化 --- p.42 ; Chapter 第二節 --- 政治文化與中央地方關係 --- p.49 ; Chapter 第三節 --- 經濟改革與政治改革對政治文化的影響 --- p.55 ; Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.58 ; Chapter 第三章 --- 中國政治系統的權力結構-中央政府與地方政府 --- p.61 ; Chapter 第一節 --- 分工性地方分權 --- p.64 ; Chapter 第二中 --- 央集權的立法體制 --- p.68 ; Chapter 第三節 --- 中央政府對地方政府的授權方式 --- p.71 ; Chapter 第四節 --- 民主集中制的廣泛應用 --- p.73 ; Chapter 第五節 --- 「條條」與「塊塊」 --- p.84 ; Chapter 第六節 --- 體制改革與權力結構 --- p.88 ; Chapter 第七節 --- 小結 --- p.96 ; Chapter 第四章 --- 中國政治系統的權力結構- 共產黨對地方政府的領導 --- p.98 ; Chapter 第一節 --- 政治、思想組織的領導 --- p.99 ; Chapter 第二節 --- 組織的領導一地方黨委和黨組 --- p.103 ; Chapter 第三節 --- 人事方面的領導一「黨管幹部」 --- p.109 ; Chapter 第四節 --- 政治體制改革對「共產黨領導」的影響 --- p.114 ; Chapter 第五節 --- 改革開放後加強黨的領導 --- p.121 ; Chapter 第六節 --- 小結 --- p.131 ; Chapter 第五章 --- 政治系統的秩序與凝聚力的來源-集團政治 --- p.132 ; Chapter 第一節 --- 對兩個有關中央控制地方的研究的補充 --- p.136 ; Chapter 第二節 --- 共產黨作為一個「集團」在政治分析上的重要性 --- p.139 ; Chapter 第三節 --- 省級精英研究一領導幹部的出身背景 --- p.144 ; Chapter 第四節 --- 省級精英研究一領導幹部的仕進模式 --- p.153 ; Chapter 第五節 --- 省級精英研究一領導幹部的交叉任職 --- p.163 ; Chapter 第六節 --- 在經濟建設的同時加強黨的建設 --- p.170 ; Chapter 第七節 --- 小結 --- p.176 ; Chapter 第六章 --- 經濟管理權下放的意涵及影響 --- p.178 ; Chapter 第一節 --- 權力下放在整個政治系統裡的意義 --- p.179 ; Chapter 第二節 --- 八〇年代下放的經濟管理權 --- p.184 ; Chapter 第三節 --- 經濟管理權下放後的地方現象 --- p.189 ; Chapter 第四節 --- 從地方投資行為看地方利益的性質 --- p.193 ; Chapter 第五節 --- 地方問題的成因及其根本解決 --- p.200 ; Chapter 第六節 --- 小結 --- p.211 ; Chapter 第七章 --- 地方分歧的典型個案 --- p.212 ; Chapter 第一節 --- 七八年後中央處理地方分歧的原則 --- p.213 ; Chapter 第二節 --- 上海要求調整財稅分成 --- p.216 ; Chapter 第三節 --- 八五年海南汽車倒賣事件 --- p.222 ; Chapter 第四節 --- 葉選平邀集各省代表反對中央經濟緊縮政策 --- p.229 ; Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- ...

This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses intergovernmental relations of local governments in Croatia. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Croatia. To access the full version of the report on Croatia, other practices regarding intergovernmental relations of local governments and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.

This discussion paper is one of five discussion papers for the Thailand public financial management report. It focuses on efficiency and equity in the financing of health services, and the evolving role of central and local government in the health sector. Over the last few decades, Thailand has seen significant improvements in health outcomes, reflecting sustained public investment in both infrastructure and human resources. Thailand has also succeeded in expanding the coverage of health protection schemes, culminating in the introduction of the Universal Coverage (UC) scheme in 2001. These efforts have broadened access to health services, contributed to greater and more equitable utilization, and helped reduce the financial burden and the risk of impoverishment associated with health care expenses. However, there are fewer data on broader measures of health system performance, including dimensions of quality. Overall, available evidence suggests a mixed picture. For instance, while there has been improvement in the management of chronic conditions, a significant number of cases remain undiagnosed or untreated. Similarly, Thailand has seen recent improvement in 2-year survival rates from cancer and heart attacks, but still lags far behind Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. While the achievements of Thailand's health system are undeniable, this paper highlights three key challenges: (i) inequalities in utilization and spending; (ii) mounting cost pressures; and (iii) fragmentation of financing and unresolved issues concerning the respective roles of central and local government. This paper provides evidence of regional differences in diagnosis and management of chronic disease, and of survival rates from cancer and heart attacks. These data do not suggest a strong relationship between the health system and spending on the one hand, and on quality or health outcomes on the other. Indeed, efficiency may be a greater concern, with over-provision now a growing problem in some parts of the health system. However, more evidence is needed on these issues. For example, while high levels of spending and utilization in the Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme (CSMBS) are often noted, it is less clear whether this is associated with better outcomes (e.g. higher cancer survival rates or improved health outcomes for the elderly). The implications of geographic disparities in spending in the Social Security Scheme (SSS) and the CSMBS also warrant further attention.

This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses intergovernmental relations of local governments in Malaysia. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Malaysia. To access the full version of the report on Malaysia, other practices regarding intergovernmental relations of local governments and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.

This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses intergovernmental relations of local governments in Canada. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Canada. To access the full version of the report on Canada, other practices regarding intergovernmental relations of local governments and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.

This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses intergovernmental relations of local governments in Argentina. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Argentina. To access the full version of the report on Argentina, other practices regarding intergovernmental relations of local governments and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.

This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses intergovernmental relations of local governments in Australia. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Australia. To access the full version of the report on Australia, other practices regarding intergovernmental relations of local governments and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.

This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses the intergovernmental relations of local governments in Albania. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Albania. To access the full version of the report on Albania, other practices regarding intergovernmental relations of local governments and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.

This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses the intergovernmental relations of local governments in Austria. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Austria. To access the full version of the report on Austria, other practices regarding intergovernmental relations of local governments and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.

This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses intergovernmental relations of local governments in Ethiopia. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Ethiopia. To access the full version of the report on Ethiopia, other practices regarding intergovernmental relations of local governments and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.