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Law is an instrument that can be used by central government to influence its environment, including other levels of government. A number of fundamental questions are examined about the nature of legal influence on local authorities in GB. Legislation affects local authorities in a variety of ways: making direct reference to local authority organizations & the services they provide; affecting all large organizations, public or private; & through affecting the organizations & individuals with which local authorities interact. In the 1970s, considerable legislation was concerned with the financial aspects of local services. Relatively few laws make substantive changes in the legal framework within which local authorities operate. However, particular items of legislation can produce such substantive changes in public policies & in the powers of government organizations. 6 Tables, 43 References. HA

The provision of subsidized child care has grown to become a sizeable economic activity in Sweden during recent decades. This paper examines the changed financial relation between central & local governments & the impact of child care grants on local government behavior. We find that during an earlier regime, with a system of matching grants, local governments responded strongly to the incentives of the rules. This resulted in both intended & unintended outcomes, as well as a distortion of information to the central government. Experiences from a recent transition of regime toward a kind of closed block grant system, illustrates new types of adaptive behavior but also the problem of finding a formula for a fair allocation of resources among local governments. When designing a block grant system a distinction must be made between expenditures & resource needs; cost expenditure data do not necessarily reflect resource needs in cases where there are national categorical equity goals related to social services of a merit-want character. 2 Tables, 7 Figures, 18 References. Adapted from the source document.

Impact of legislation concerned largely with financial aspects of local services on local authorities; 1970-79; Great Britain

This study argues that the situation in large parts of sub-Saharan Africa resembles what Hedley Bull describes as 'neomedieval.' Its basic argument is that the general weakening of the states in Africa, combined with the increasing 'privatization' of Africa's external relations, bring into question whether the traditional government-to-government system of relations between Africa & the European Union (EU) is still an adequate framework to use when addressing the challenges raised by neomedievalism. Based on an analysis of the (EU's) policy responses to the many conflicts in the region; to the increasing use of mercenaries; & to the trafficking in drugs, arms, & human beings, the essay concludes that the biggest obstacles to developing common EU policies to tackle African neomedievalism are the narrow national interests of the European states, combined with their lack of interest in the region. Adapted from the source document.

The guest in this episode of The Health Leader Forge is Katie Fullam Harris, the Senior Vice President of Government Relations and Accountable Care Strategy for MaineHealth, in Portland, Maine. Katie oversees the development, implementation and coordination of state and federal advocacy on behalf of the MaineHealth System, and also leads the development and implementation of strategy that supports improved access and value for health care consumers and purchasers and the alignment of incentives for providers in the MaineHealth System. Prior to coming to MaineHealth, Katie worked in a variety of not-for-profit, government, and for-profit institutions. In this podcast, Katie and Bonica discuss her career journey, then transition to talk about what it's like to manage government relations and health policy for the largest integrated health system in the state of Maine, and the challenges of trying to move a large system towards paying for value. They conclude with a discussion about influence and leadership.

SUMMARYNon‐governmental organisations (NGOs) and local governments differ in their ways of working and are subjected to very different conditioning factors. However, some NGOs engaged in community‐based sanitation are increasingly collaborating effectively with the local governments in South Asia. NGOs considered in this article have taken advantage of a more conducive environment to develop some well‐designed community‐based sanitation programmes in low‐income areas, in conjunction with the local government. Some NGOs have also participated in the development of government policies related to sanitation that have enabled the replication of their approaches. In making the transition from distrust between NGOs and local governments to working towards common ends, NGOs have demonstrated their comparative advantages and focused on developing productive relationships with both the local government and the communities in which they work. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ABSTRACTLaw is an instrument which can be used by central government to influence its environment, including other levels of government. This paper examines a number of fundamental questions about the nature of legal influence upon local authorities in Britain. Legislation affects local authorities in a variety of ways: through making direct reference to local authority organisations and the services they provide; through affecting all large organisations, public or private; and through affecting the organisations and individuals with which local authorities interact. In the 1970s a large proportion of legislation was concerned with the financial aspects of local services. Relatively few laws make substantive changes in the legal framework within which local authorities operate and much legislation can be categorised as 'anodyne'. However, particular items of legislation can produce such substantive changes in public policies and in the powers of different organisations within government.

This work traces the main dimensions of the relationship between central and local government, concentrating upon the role played by law in shaping that relationship. It demonstrates how the issues raised are linked to the system of parliamentary democracy, and to the tradition of public law.

PurposeThis paper attempts to interpret Foresight in the light of the Triple Helix concept.Design/methodology/approachThe paper explores, in the light of the Triple Helix framework, the architecture of a Technology Foresight project which was carried out in Piemonte (Italy) in 2006, where government, firms, universities, research organizations and financial institutions were gathered to discuss on the long‐term implications of policy decisions and to develop strategic visions that could help policy making and priority setting.FindingsDrawing on its participative approach, Foresight can be seen as a way of catalyzing the multidisciplinary relationships among the three different spheres of the Triple Helix model, thus bringing them to dialogue and to share a common space for building visions on long‐term challenges. Participation of stakeholders with different backgrounds, dynamics of overlapping opinions, emergence of hybrid organizations and exchange of formal roles are some of the elements characterizing a Foresight exercise that reflect a Triple Helix configuration.Originality/valueThe value of the paper is in exploring a Foresight exercise through the lenses of the Triple Helix model.

AbstractRelationships between nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and government agencies have been variously described in the nonprofit literature as cooperative, complementary, adversarial, confrontational, or even co‐optive. But how do NGO–government relationships emerge in practice, and is it possible for NGOs to manage multiple strategies of interaction at once? This article examines the experience of three leading NGOs in Mumbai, India, involved in slum and squatter housing. We investigate how they began relating with government agencies during their formative years and the factors that shaped their interactions. We find that NGOs with similar goals end up using very different strategies and tactics to advance their housing agendas. More significant, we observe that NGOs are likely to employ multiple strategies and tactics in their interactions with government. Finally, we find that an analysis of strategies and tactics can be a helpful vehicle for clarifying an organization's theory of change.

На примере модельного проект на основе ГЧП в форме концессии для обеспечения студентов и аспирантов бюджетным жильем (общежитиями) в Санкт-Петербурге рассмотрен алгоритм взаимодействия бизнес сообщества и власти в социальной сфере в рамках реализации Концепции социально экономического развития Санкт-Петербурга до 2020. Рассмотрены основные зоны ответственности, риски при реализации таких проектов, проведен анализ преимуществ для каждого участника, включая потребителя конечного продукта – жителей Санкт-Петербурга.