Suchergebnisse

Does Suárez's view that political authority rests on consent or agreement make him a herald of modern contractarian theories of the state, as Quentin Skinner has argued? Or does Suárez have a fundamentally different conception of political authority? The paper will argue the latter. Modern theories of coercive authority view it as a product of human artifice, with the functions both of facilitating cooperation through coordination and of threatening sanction to contain ill will. For Suárez, by contrast, coercive authority is divinely instituted, in various ways, and has the further function of enabling the proper human exercise of or response to forms of power that are not ordinary causation. In particular coercive authority acts as a channel and teacher for forms of power that are normative – that constitute various forms of the power of truth or of goodness. Coercive authority exists at the natural level as the authority of the state, channeling the power of natural reason in relation to the good of a community, and at the supernatural level as the authority of the Church channeling the power of grace. Central to the functioning of authority at both the natural and supernatural levels is the coercive direction of belief. This is a conception of authority that is very alien to modern political theory – thanks, in large part, to the influence of Hobbes.

Intergovernmental reformers have long attempted to remedy the system's more apparent defects, especially the recent buildup in federal-state-local relations as Washington's involvement became broader and deeper. These remedies have included incremental and procedural changes, rationalization of federal aid and program delivery instruments, and total overhaul of the system through functional realignment. Efforts in the past have proved only marginally successful, essentially due to the fact that Congress had become the dominant architect and defender of the system. The world of intergovernmental relations changed dramatically from 1978 on, due to the poor performance of the economy, antitax and antispending sentiment, public-sector retrenchment, and fiscal deterioration at the federal level. Decentralization, competition, and fragmentation characterize the contemporary do-it-yourself federalism. President Reagan's proposed swap, turnback, and trust-fund package of New Federalism seeks to capture these changes in a system realignment. I examine these changes in light of whither intergovernmental relations go in the 1980s.

Die Verhandlungen um die Reaktion der Staatengemeinschaft auf den Klimawandel beherrschen die internationale Bühne wie kaum ein zweites Thema. Die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen, auf denen diese Verhandlungen basieren, liefert das Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Was ist das für ein Gremium, wie funktioniert es und welche Kompetenzen hat es? Diese Fragen wurden – trotz der enormen öffentlichen Aufmerksamkeit, die den Sachstandsberichten des IPCC zuteil wird – aus völkerrechtlicher Sicht bisher nicht systematisch gestellt und beantwortet. Ulrike Bolle schließt mit der vorliegenden Untersuchung diese Lücke. Sie arbeitet Grundlagen, Organisation und Aufgaben des IPCC detailliert heraus und analysiert die Stellung des Gremiums im System des internationalen Klimaschutzes sowie seinen Einfluss auf die internationale Klimapolitik, auch unter dem Blickwinkel der Global Governance.

Die Verhandlungen um die Reaktion der Staatengemeinschaft auf den Klimawandel beherrschen die internationale Bühne wie kaum ein zweites Thema. Die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen, auf denen diese Verhandlungen basieren, liefert das Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Was ist das für ein Gremium, wie funktioniert es und welche Kompetenzen hat es? Diese Fragen wurden – trotz der enormen öffentlichen Aufmerksamkeit, die den Sachstandsberichten des IPCC zuteil wird – aus völkerrechtlicher Sicht bisher nicht systematisch gestellt und beantwortet. Ulrike Bolle schließt mit der vorliegenden Untersuchung diese Lücke. Sie arbeitet Grundlagen, Organisation und Aufgaben des IPCC detailliert heraus und analysiert die Stellung des Gremiums im System des internationalen Klimaschutzes sowie seinen Einfluss auf die internationale Klimapolitik, auch unter dem Blickwinkel der Global Governance.

Abstract This paper offers a comprehensive and updated review of the effects of intergovernmental grants. We focus on the main findings in the existing literature on the effects of intergovernmental grants on tax policy and choices, expenditure decisions, fiscal stability and behavioral choices, and political economy. The intricate nature of the subject, intrinsically, does not allow for an all-inclusive survey, but we aim to provide a thorough examination and update of the most salient effects of intergovernmental grants, while indicating areas for further research.

It is indeed fitting that the centennial year of the death of Cardinal John Henry Newman (1801–1890) should be marked by new attention to the life and writings of this remarkable man of letters who dominated the intellectual and religious life of nineteenth-century England and whose significance as a thinker transcends his time and culture. A brilliant definitive biography by Ian T. Ker is the new polestar without which no future scholarship on Newman will be undertaken, while Ker's satellite works, thematic and focused, translate to the broadest possible readership a Newman never before so fully and realistically portrayed in personality, achievement and genius.