Suchergebnisse

The article briefly outlines the evolution of the non material damage concept in Romanian civil law as well as the conversion hereof in other states' legislation especially of France and Italy. This legislation adjunction is not at all random considering the fact that these are EU member states and share a common juridical patrimony inherited from Roman law. The article also presents the analyses of the European Guidelines drafted by the European Group on Tort Law, principles aiming for the harmonisation of European legislation in matters relating to tort. The article concludes with an assessment of national current regulation on compensation of non material damage.

The authors of the penal code of 1932 modelled their reaction measures on the best contemporary standards. The system of criminal response was based on a double-track model, in German called zwei Spuren, in Italian – doppio binario, in which, along with penalties, there were also preventive measures. This system grew out of certain political and criminal assumptions of the sociological school, expressed most fully in the works of Franz von Liszt. Return in contemporary law, to the wide use of preventive measures, post and pre-penal, forces us to return to the sources and to critically examine the assumptions of the indicated approach, including the idea of an incorrigible criminal who should be isolated, not in relation to what he did, but because of who he is. Tracing the history of regulations, in particular their practical application should be a lesson for modern lawmakers.

The authors of the penal code of 1932 modelled their reaction measures on the best contemporary standards. The system of criminal response was based on a double-track model, in German called zwei Spuren, in Italian – doppio binario, in which, along with penalties, there were also preventive measures. This system grew out of certain political and criminal assumptions of the sociological school, expressed most fully in the works of Franz von Liszt. Return in contemporary law, to the wide use of preventive measures, post and pre-penal, forces us to return to the sources and to critically examine the assumptions of the indicated approach, including the idea of an incorrigible criminal who should be isolated, not in relation to what he did, but because of who he is. Tracing the history of regulations, in particular their practical application should be a lesson for modern lawmakers.

The law school curriculum, the practice of law, and the bar exam -- Course objectives and instructional learning outcomes -- Designing a law school course -- Effective teaching and learning in the classroom -- Effective online learning -- Progress monitoring aka formative assessment -- Summative assessment -- Engaging students in teaching and learning -- Engaging students outside the classroom -- Basics and mechanics : syllabi, attendance, tardiness, and classroom decorum -- Classroom materials : publishers, TWEN, and CALI -- Starting out-first week survival guide -- Developing a scholarly agenda -- The writing process -- The publication process -- The public scholar -- Faculty governance -- Academic freedom -- Tenure and status -- Hiring -- Hiring and retaining adjuncts -- Law school administration -- Legal rights of students -- Accreditation -- Bar examinations and licensure of graduates -- Rankings, tiers, and informal hierarchies -- Teaching contracts, outside work, summer terms, and intellectual property -- Conclusion.

"The book examines whether the jurisdiction of coastal States under international law can be extended to include powers of intervention towards vessels posing a significant risk to their coastal and marine environment, but which have not yet been involved in any incident or accident. The books sets out how it is that coastal State jurisdiction can indeed be seen as including powers of intervention towards High Risks Vessels before an incident or accident happens, on the basis of the precautionary principle. The precautionary principle requires taking action when a risk of damage to the environment is suspected, but cannot be confirmed scientifically.The book thus considers the potential opportunities for the coastal state under international law to regulate international shipping where they consider vessels to be an unacceptable risk to the environment, in order to prevent or minimise the risk of occurrence of the accident or incident leading to damage. The book acknowledges that this puts into question some very old and established principles of the law of the sea, most importantly the principle of freedom of navigation. But Bénédicte Sage-Fuller contends that this change would itself be a consequence of the evolution, since the end of WWII, of on the one hand international law of the sea itself, and of international environmental law on the other hand. During the writing process the author consulted maritime government departments and maritime safety agencies so as well as considering issues of jurisdiction the book also addresses the practical considerations inherent in protecting coasts from environmental harm"--

The term validity of legal norms usually means the obligation of legal norms for entities whose behavior is regulated by a legal norm. In legal theory, the concept of validity of law is used in a different sense. Kelzen's idea of the validity of law stems from his so-called gradation theory according to which each legal norm is valid on the basis of an immediately higher legal norm, while at the head of the hierarchy is the constitution as the highest legal norm, which bases its validity on the assumed norm. According to Kelzen, a legal norm derives its validity, that is, its obligation, not from its content but from its form. In this sense, legal norms are valid because they are ideally obligatory, regardless of the fact whether subjects are familiar with them and their content. Kelzen puts special emphasis on distinguishing the validity of law from the efficacy of law. While the validity of law means that legal norms are mandatory, that is, that subjects should behave in the manner described in the norm itself, the effectiveness of law means that the addressees actually behave in the manner prescribed by the legal norm. However, although Kelsen separates the validity and effectiveness of a legal norm, he still believes that there is a connection between validity and effectiveness because only an effective norm is considered valid.