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The conversation raises the question of the universal understanding of philosophy in order to question about the level of the contemporary's ability to understand philosophy in accordance with its original way of being. The statement of the question is connected with the catchy oddities of the current situation. We are talking about the current desire of the philosophizing community to justify the benefits of philosophy, and its substantive presence in the academic environment through the development of "competence philosophies". The spreading philosophies of "what you want", with a departure in the partial moments of a given problem, communicate a system of certain truths. But is it being introduced into a philosophical state? And do they preserve philosophy itself? Also, today, there are enough proposals to convey philosophical thought in a world separation from institutionalization. But, by all means, a fashionable and famous thinker. Or philosophize along with something attractive. With a scandal, for example. Basically, such offers are in demand. Therefore, thinking "for the money" is actively scattering. I will call this philosophy through subscription.At the same time, the applications offer spicy or hot topics with the prefix: a philosophical meeting, a philosophical view, a philosophical understanding. What do the joint stays of people who associate with the philosophy attached to the vital lead to? The aim of the article is to study the level of a contemporary's ability to understand philosophy in accordance with its original way of being. The main tasks are: 1) assessment of the current situation of actively spreading innovative teaching of philosophy; 2) analysis of the thinking of a person who is in a position where, on the one hand, "competence-based philosophy" and "craft philosophy" are being strengthened, on the other hand, the philosophy of the academy is removed from classical universities as unnecessary - under the conditions of the global market; 3) view of philosophy as an absolute unity.Research methods: The research is based on the metatheoretical method, since it allows one to describe philosophy in an inalienable way, in accordance with its nature. Avoiding methodological confusion, metatheory makes it possible to examine philosophy formally and encourage thinking, testing its power.For reflection, the comparability of the experiences of philosophy in itself and of the involved philosophy is proposed.

The conversation raises the question of the universal understanding of philosophy in order to question about the level of the contemporary's ability to understand philosophy in accordance with its original way of being. The statement of the question is connected with the catchy oddities of the current situation. We are talking about the current desire of the philosophizing community to justify the benefits of philosophy, and its substantive presence in the academic environment through the development of "competence philosophies". The spreading philosophies of "what you want", with a departure in the partial moments of a given problem, communicate a system of certain truths. But is it being introduced into a philosophical state? And do they preserve philosophy itself? Also, today, there are enough proposals to convey philosophical thought in a world separation from institutionalization. But, by all means, a fashionable and famous thinker. Or philosophize along with something attractive. With a scandal, for example. Basically, such offers are in demand. Therefore, thinking "for the money" is actively scattering. I will call this philosophy through subscription.At the same time, the applications offer spicy or hot topics with the prefix: a philosophical meeting, a philosophical view, a philosophical understanding. What do the joint stays of people who associate with the philosophy attached to the vital lead to? The aim of the article is to study the level of a contemporary's ability to understand philosophy in accordance with its original way of being. The main tasks are: 1) assessment of the current situation of actively spreading innovative teaching of philosophy; 2) analysis of the thinking of a person who is in a position where, on the one hand, "competence-based philosophy" and "craft philosophy" are being strengthened, on the other hand, the philosophy of the academy is removed from classical universities as unnecessary - under the conditions of the global market; 3) view of philosophy as an absolute unity.Research methods: The research is based on the metatheoretical method, since it allows one to describe philosophy in an inalienable way, in accordance with its nature. Avoiding methodological confusion, metatheory makes it possible to examine philosophy formally and encourage thinking, testing its power.For reflection, the comparability of the experiences of philosophy in itself and of the involved philosophy is proposed.

"Appeals to need abound in everyday discussion. People make claims about their own needs all the time, and they do so in a way that suggests these should have a certain moral force. Needs also play an important role in contemporary popular discourse about social justice, climate change, obligations to future generations, dealing fairly with refugees, treating animals humanely, and critiques of consumerist lifestyles - to name just a few of the many examples. The idea of need is present in an increasing number of debates and domains. There is interest in need from several disciplines, not just philosophy, which also include psychology, economics, political science, social work and sociology. This volume, then, offers a fine introduction to an increasingly important concept in day-to-day life. In a new Foreword, Gillian Brock discusses the continuing significance of several innovative chapters in the book, indicating how they presaged new directions in philosophical conversation. Soran Reader (1963-2012) was Reader in Philosophy at Durham University. She was the author of Needs and Moral Necessity (2007). Gillian Brock is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Auckland and a recent Fellow at the Edmond J Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard University. She has published widely on ethics, political and social philosophy, and several applied ethics fields, along with a number of more inter-disciplinary areas. Her latest book is Justice for People on the Move (2022)"--

I / Preliminary Distinctions -- 1. Language and Linguistic Utterances -- 2. Descriptive Statements -- 3. The Use and Mention of Signs -- II / Theories of Meaning -- 1. Realistic Semantic Theories -- 2. Behavioristic Theories of Meaning -- 3. Quine's Philosophy of Language -- 4. Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Language in the Philosophical Investigations -- III / Theories of Grammar -- 1. Traditional Grammar -- 2. Logical Grammar -- 3. Generative Grammar -- IV / Language and Reality -- 1. The Thesis of the Role Language Plays in Experience -- 2. The Role of Vocabulary -- 3. The Role of Grammar -- 4. The Epistemological Problematic of the Relativity Thesis -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Logical Symbols.

The rich, we know, pass into heaven only with great difficulty. M.I.T. and its component parts are well-endowed, receive solicitous attention from the richest foundations, and capitalize on the magic of the hardware sciences. Moreover, academic research organizations that claim a rationale beyond mere housekeeping must be viewed suspiciously; their rationalization comes glibly. Withal, the Center for International Studies of M.I.T. has risen above these conditions over the years. The pragmatic theory of making meaning out of process and shaping process from meaning is manifest in this statement of the Center's philosophy, from its Eighth Annual Report.

Citation: Habiger, Francis Joseph. Philosophy of war. Senior thesis, Kansas State Agricultural College, 1898. ; Morse Department of Special Collections ; Introduction: This subject was chosen for reasons confronting us at the present time of which at the close of a war, when impulse and emotion are subsided, conscious consideration may better be attained. The steps that we have taken in the late war are either toward imperialism or humanitarianism: either for the better or for the worse. These steps should set us thinking, for, on entering the threshold of a new century, our determination should be stronger than ever, to reason out better the problems before us. Such proposals as the "Czars Manifesto" should be weighed carefully, thought over by every citizen wishing to give a lending hand to progress. The question before us is, "Can war be dispersed with, and if so when and under what circumstances?" But before answering so great a question, it may be well for us to reflect and trace the cause and effect of war, and its substitutes. We may divide war, as Ruskin does into war of play, of dominion, and of defense; but the better way seems to be When treated as evolved from a chronological standpoint of evolution; namely into wars of defense, conquest, religion, political, difficulties, and for humanitarian sentiment.