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This article explores constitutional regulation as it relates to the foundation of economic relations. The proper norms and divisions of the basic laws (constitutions) of states are analyzed from the historical and legal point of view: the authors develop an idea of "economic constitutions." This conception is based on the ideas of American and European economists and lawyers, including the works of the Nobel-prize winner James Buchanan, the author of the conception of "constitutional economy." The analysis of the individual, the most obvious norms of "economic constitutions" is made in their evolution. The common regularities of formation, development, and functioning of "economic constitutions" are researched. "Economic constitutions" are considered as the immanent legal expression of material conditions of life of communities. The research is based on the criteria of the correspondence of "economic constitutions" with the demands of social economic development of state organized communities. The genesis of "economic constitutions" of the USA, France, Germany and other states, for example, Latin American states are researched. Special attention is paid to "economic constitutions" of socialist and postsocialist states, especially to the "economic constitution" of the Russian Federation. The peculiarities in the development of the newest "economic constitutions" based on the basic laws of Finland and Switzerland are revealed. The authors develop an idea that "economic constitutions" are not limited to the questions of the influence of a state on an economy and of the determination of the borders of state regulation. Economic rights and freedoms, questions of interrelations of labor and capital, financial system, taxation, etc. are considered as the components of "economic constitutions." Taken into account is that modern international standards are refused from the secondary role of the social economic rights of mankind. The conclusion is made about the interrelationship of the progress of "economic constitutions" and social economic rights in the information society that are able to ensure the fundamentally new level of a direct democracy in the management of a state.

This paper aims to show how the legacy of socialism with a human face represents a far more serious obstacle for the postsocialist transition than the heritage of rigid socialism. This is because an amalgamation of the perception of the autochthonous character of socialism accompanied by the perception of its soft, human face, creates an anti-capitalist mentality (Ludwig von Mises) that leaves an enormous impact on the long-term understandings of the concepts of individual, society, state, and reforms. This sort of mentality is deeply entrenched in Serbia, where a full-scale process of "debolshevization" has never been initiated. The continuity with socialist legacy is apparent in key segments of the ill-fated transition: political, institutional, economic, symbolical, and no less moral. ; Este artículo pretende mostrar cómo el legado del socialismo de cara humana representa un obstáculo mucho mayor para la transición post-socialista, que la herencia del socialismo rígido. Esto ocurre porque la percepción del carácter autóctono del socialismo, acompañado por la percepción de su cara humana, crea una mentalidad anticapitalista (concepto de Ludwig von Mises) que deja un enorme impacto en el entendimiento de los conceptos de individuo, sociedad, estado y reformas. Este tipo de mentalidad está profundamente arraigada en Serbia, donde un proceso de "desbolchevización" nunca se inició. La continuidad con ese legado socialista es notorio en segmentos clave de la transición: política, institucional, económica, simbólica y, no menos, moral. ; Este artigo pretende mostrar como o legado do socialismo humanizado representa um obstáculo muito mais sério para a transição pós-socialista do que a herança do socialismo rígido. Isso ocorre porque uma fusão da percepção do caráter autóctone do socialismo acompanhado pela percepção de sua face humana suave cria uma mentalidade anticapitalista (Ludwig von Mises) que deixa um enorme impacto nos entendimentos de longo prazo dos conceitos de indivíduo, sociedade, estado e reformas. Esse tipo de mentalidade está profundamente arraigado na Sérvia, onde um processo em escala de "desbolchevismo" nunca foi iniciado. A continuidade com o legado socialista é aparente em segmentos-chave da malfadada transição: política, institucional, econômica, simbólica e não menos moral.

Books reviewed:Anthropology and HistoryDeloria, Philip J, Playing IndianDiköTter, Frank, Imperfect Conceptions: Medical Knowledge, Birth Defects, And Eugenics In ChinaEdwards, Elizabeth, Raw Histories: Photographs, Anthropology And MuseumsFreeman, Derek, The Fateful Hoaxing Of Margaret Mead: A Historical Analysis Of Her Samoan ResearchHowe, K.R. Nature, Culture And History: The 'Knowing' Of OceaniaMacgaffey, Wyatt, Kongo Political Culture: The Conceptual Challenge Of The ParticularRestall, Matthew, The Maya World: Yucatec Culture And Society, 1550‐1850Rowse, Tim, Obliged To Be Difficult: Nugget Coombs' Legacy In Indigenous AffairsScott, Susan & Christopher J. Duncan, Biology Of Plagues: Evidence From Historical PopulationsAnthropology Of ReligionAigle, Denise, Et Al, La Politique Des Esprits: Chamanismes Et Religions UniversalistesBerti Daniela, La Parole Des Dieux: Rituels De Possession En Himalaya IndienFeuchtwang, Stephan, Popular Religion In China: The Imperial MetaphorKershaw, Eva Maria, A Study Of Brunei Dusun Religion: Ethnic Priesthood On A Frontier Of IslamMarchand, Trevor H.J, Minaret Building And Apprenticeship In YemenNye, Malory, Multiculturalism And Minority Religions In Britain: Krishna Consciousness, Religious Freedom, And The Politics Of LocationShankland, David, Islam And Society In TurkeyWerbner, Pnina & Helen Basu (Eds), Embodying Charisma: Modernity, Locality And The Performance Of Emotion In Sufi CultsGeneralBickel, Balthasar & Martin Gaenszle (Eds), Himalayan Space: Cultural Horizons And PracticesCobean, Robert H. & Alba Guadalupe Mastache (Trans. R. Vandenbosch), TepetitláN: A Rural Household In The Toltec Heart‐LandDe Soto, Hermine G. & Nora Dudwick (Eds), Fieldwork Dilemmas: Anthropologists In Postsocialist StatesDominy, MichèLe D. Calling The Station Home: Place And Identity In New Zealand'S High CountryFienup‐Riordan, Ann, Et Al, Hunting Tradition In A Changing World: Yup'Ik Lives In Alaska TodayFoner, Nancy (Ed.), Islands In The City: West Indian Migration To New YorkGruenbaum, Ellen, The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological PerspectiveGuss, David M, The Festive State: Race, Ethnicity And Nationalism As Cultural PerformanceHoutman, Gustaaf, Mental Culture In Burmese Crisis Politics: Aung San Suu Kyi And The National League For DemocracyKemper, Steven, Buying And Believing: Sri Lankan Advertising And Consumers In A Transnational WorldPaley, Julia, Marketing Democracy: Power And Social Movements In Post‐Dictatorship ChileLanguage And LinguisticsBowerman, Melissa & Stephen C. Levinson (Eds), Language Acquisition And Conceptual DevelopmentCasajus, Dominique, Gens De Parole: Langage, PoéSie Et Politique En Pays TouaregDedrick, John M. & Eugene H. Casad, Sonora Yaqui Language StructuresMethod And TheoryAbramson, J.A. Art In Non‐Literate Societies: Structural Approaches And Implications For Sociocultural And System TheoriesDe Munck, Victor, Culture, Self, And MeaningDresch, Paul, Wendy James & David Parkin (Eds), Anthropologists In A Wider World: Essays On Field ResearchGodbout, Jacques T. & Alain Caillé, The World Of The GiftGrainger, Roger, The Social Symbolism Of Grief And MourningRobertson, A.F. Greed: Gut Feelings, Growth, And HistorySahlins, Marshall, Culture In Practice: Selected EssaysSlater, Don & Fran Tonkiss, Market Society: Markets And Modern Social TheorySocial AnthropologyAkin, David & Joel Robbins (Eds), Money And Modernity: State And Local Currencies In MelanesiaAlexander, Claire E. The Asian Gang: Ethnicity, Identity, MasculinityCameron, Mary M. On The Edge Of The Auspicious: Gender And Caste In NepalFleisher, Michael L. Kuria Cattle Raiders: Violence And Vigilantism On The Tanzania/Kenya FrontierGammeltoft, Tine, Women'S Bodies, Women'S Worries: Health And Family Planning In A Vietnamese Rural CommunityGardner, Peter M. Bicultural Diversity As A Frontier Adaptation Among Paliyan Foragers Of South IndiaHerdt, Gilbert, Sambia Sexual Culture: Essays From The FieldJust, Roger, A Greek Island CosmosOsella, Filippo & Caroline Osella, Social Mobility In Kerala: Modernity And Identity In ConflictStone, Linda (Ed.), New Directions In Anthropological KinshipValeri, Valerio, The Forest Of Taboos: Morality, Hunting And Identity Among The Huaulu Of The MoluccasCorrectionPamela J. Stewart & Andrew Strathern (Eds), Identity Work: Constructing Pacific Lives

radu se analiziraju vrednosne orijentacije studenata. U istraživanju u kome su učestvovali studenti (N=635) Univerziteta u Rijeci primenjena je anketa. Glavna teza teorije modernizacije jeste da se promene u socioekonomskoj sferi društva reflektiraju na njegov sistem vrednosti. Zato u savremenim društvima slabe tradicionalne a jačaju moderne i postmoderne vrednosti. Specifičnost bivših socijalističkih društava odnosi se na to da je u njima, nakon protivrečnog procesa polumodernizacije, došlo do intenzivnog procesa retradicionalizacije. Tranzicija mlade generacije u odraslo doba događa se u konkretnom društvenom kontekstu za koji je karakterističan "sukob" suprotstavljenih vrednosti. Stoga je važno ispitati koje društvene vrednosti mladi prihvataju. Najpre se to odnosi na studentsku populaciju, s obzirom na to da je to resurs iz kog će se u budućnosti regrutovati društvena elita. U radu se problematizuju sledeća pitanja: U kojoj meri suprotstavljeni procesi modernizacije i retradicionalizacije društva ostavljaju traga na vrednosne orijentacije studenata? U kojoj meri se stavovi studenata razlikuju s obzirom na socijalne karakteristike njihovih porodica? Statistička obrada je obuhvatila univarijatnu, bivarijatnu i multivarijatnu analizu. Rezultati pokazuju da većina studenata prihvata postmoderne vrednosti (multikulturnost), a vrlo malo njih prihvata tradicionalne vrednosti (klerikalizam i etnocentrizam). Utvrđena je veza između tradicionalnih vrednosnih orijentacija i konzervativnih porodičnih obrazaca. S tim u vezi je zaključak da su rezultati u saglasnosti sa hipotezom o liberalizujućem efektu obrazovanja. ; This paper analyses the students' value orientations based on the survey conducted at the University of Rijeka (N=635). The main thesis of the theory of modernization is that changes in the socioeconomic sphere of society generate changes in its predominant value system. Therefore, in the modern societies, the weakening of the traditional and the strengthening of modern and postmodern values can be observed. This was particularly noticeable in the ex-socialist societies whose social and political transitions were generally followed by the process of intensive retraditionalization. The transition of younger generation to adulthood is taking place in the specific context of the postsocialist and post-war transformation of a society, which is characterized by the "clash" of opposing social values. Therefore, it is important to explore which social values are embraced by the young people. This is particularly important in the context of student population, because many of them will become representatives of the future social elites. The paper seeks to address the following questions: To what extent the opposing processes of modernization and re-radicalization of post-socialist societies effects students' expectance of different value orientations? To what extent different family backgrounds effect students' adoption of traditional, modern or postmodern values? Data analysis was carried out through univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistical procedures. The results of our research show that students chiefly support the postmodern values (multiculturalism) and chiefly do not support the traditional values (clericalism and ethnocentrism). Furthermore, the analysis has established a link between students' orientation to traditional values and existence of conservative patterns in their family background. The findings of our research support the main hypothesis of the theory of liberalizing effect of education. ; Zbornik rezimea / 24. Međunarodna naučna konferencija "Pedagoška istraživanja i školska praksa

Machine generated contents note:The argument --The themes --The broader context --Some methodological considerations --pt. OneThe origins of social democracy's family ideal: 1920s -- 1940s --Introduction --One.The re-imagining of adult-child relations between the wars --The Paradox of the Inter-War Years: `We Danced All Night' Through What Was A `Morbid Age' --Inter-war science: children's bodies and minds and child rearing --Heroes of behaviourism: F. Truby King and J.B. Watson --Susan Isaacs and the rejection of behaviourism --The child guidance movement --The influence of progressive education --Looking ahead --Two.Wartime influences: from the evacuation to the Children Act 1948 --The evacuation --The `Problem Family' and Social Democracy --The Children Act 1948 --pt. TwoCharacteristics of the `Golden Age': 1940s -- early 1970s --Introduction --Three.Rebuilding the family: 1940s -- 1950s --`To make men and women better than they are' (Herbert Morrison) --John Bowlby and D.W. Winnicott: imperfect visionaries --`Adjusting the bonds of love' --`Home is Where We Start From': The Home As A `Holding Environment' --Four.The `Long Sixties': 1958 -- 1974 --Parent-child relations and the changing perception of children --Dethroning Bowlby? --Second-Wave Feminism: The `Captive Wife' --Children's Rights and the Beginning of the End of `Progressive' Education --Some left-wing attitudes toward the family' --pt. ThreeInfluences and examples from the USA --Introduction --Five.Social science and American liberalism --Parenting democracy's children --The `Great Society': The `War on Poverty' and the `Will to Empower' --The `New Behaviourism' --Saving liberal individualism: Diana Baumrind and the Invention of `Authoritative' Parenting --pt. FourParental narcissism in neoliberal times: 1970s to the present --Introduction --Six.Aspects of neoliberalism: political, economic and social realignment --From the `Golden Age' to Modern Times --The Tribulations of `Post Democracy': The Rise of `Political Disenchantment' --Neoliberalism --Narcissism in the nursery: feminism, neoliberalism and the social liberationist agenda --Seven.Laying the foundations for parental narcissism --The New Right emerges: Sir Keith Joseph and the `Cycle of Deprivation' --The New Right, the Labour Party and the remoralising of Britain --The `New Behaviourism' and Problematising Children's Behaviour --Eight.The New Labour era, and beyond: narcissism comes of age --Neoliberal Children: The `Iconic' Child As Human Capital --The discipline of ASBO (anti-social behaviour order) culture: breeding childism --Parenting in New Labour's neoliberal universe --The ethics of the parenting programmes --Childism unveiled: Supernanny -- the dominatrix in the nursery --pt. FiveTherapeutic reflections --Introduction --Nine.Narcissism and the `Politics of Recognition': Concepts of the Late-Modern Self --A Late-Modern Point of Departure: The `Postsocialist' Condition and the Politics of Redistribution/Recognition --The self and identity politics --Individualisation, Identity and the Self: `A Fate, Not a Choice' --The therapeutic culture.

Предложенный вниманию читателя материал продолжает серию публикаций, целью которой является знакомство с результатами проекта «Сравнительный анализ развития человеческого потенциала в постсоциалистических странах Европы», осуществляемого Лабораторией сравнительного анализа развития постсоциалистических обществ НИУ ВШЭ. В работе, в частности, предложена оригинальная трактовка жизнеспособности общества как степени реализации потребностей населения в безопасности, образовании, здоровье, самореализации, демографическом и социальном воспроизводстве. При этом, учитывая ограниченность существующих оценок на базе таких общепринятых интегральных показателей, как Индекс человеческого развития ООН, авторы разрабатывают собственное операциональное определение жизнеспособности на основе классического определения «здоровья», предложенного Всемирной организацией здравоохранения в 1948 г. Проводится критический анализ рейтинга 32 стран Европы и СНГ, включая Россию, а также сформулированы основные положения возможной теоретико-методологической рамки для анализа успешности постсоциалистических трансформаций в русле цивилизационного подхода. ; In this paper we argue that the existing divergence of development paths in the postsocialist world appears to have been caused by reformers poor (and, perhaps, intentionally wrong) understanding of the certain cultural and historical contexts of these countries development, because such understanding was blindly focused on institutional building rather than setting the milestones for development and achieving certain goals in terms of societys well-being as a whole. However, since the 1990s the literature on development has accumulated a rich line of arguments in favor of non-European modernity and variability of development, and attempts to distinguish modernization from westernization (Eisenstadts multiple modernities, varieties of capitalism approach, and the renaissance of civilization theories). No wonder that such ideas have gained a lot of support in many developing countries, where the authors draw attention to the lack of explanatory power of existing social theories and their incompatibility with non-Western forms of modern society. However, in Russia, for instance, there are still many scholars and even decision makers, who regard the countrys previous historical experience and culture as a constraint, rather than a specific context to its modernization. But lets suggest that a certain society undergoes radical transformation, just as it happened once to all of the post-socialist states. The transformation is then followed by a lengthy period of adaptation from one arrangement of social and economic structures to another. During this period the new structures are kind of being implanted and accustomed to our common way of thinking and behavior, and make us gradually accept the new order of things. However, this process would not always go smoothly and the reason for this is that institutional change is to a larger extent shaped by the mentality of people, which, in turn, may even lead to either corruption and misinterpretation of new practices or even their rejection. This is what seems to have happened in Russia in the 1990s, when many people were first very optimistic about change, but couldnt and actually didnt want to give up some of the former practices incompatible with modern institutions (a usually ritualistic disregard for the legal and electoral systems, avoidance of competition, absence of respect for the private property, etc.). However, we do not claim that the system of social and economic relations that existed earlier was much better than the one, which was built on top of it. We only want to draw attention to the fact that the previous experience of life under autocracy of Tzarist Russia and state socialism could not go unnoticed. The question is, whether current state of the system is optimal for Russia and other post-socialist countries. This is a difficult problem to solve, especially given that in spite of the more or less similar reforms social and economic development in Russia and some CIS countries has spun off (and now follows) in the direction, which is certainly different from that of most countries in Central and Eastern Europe. And these differences concern not only and not so much the rate and the quality of their economic growth, but a certain environment, which determines the capacity for human development throughout every social stratum and, thus, makes social development sustainable. Yet if we evaluate the outcomes of the radical market change in most post-socialist countries from the standpoint of purely economic achievements, we are more likely to deal with a different story. For instance, having achieved somewhat higher economic efficiency thanks to enforcement of market and private property seemingly does not guarantee an even rise in well-being in every given society. At least, thats what follows from the CIS experience. While today the liberal push is being gradually transformed into a moderate social democratic development in some Vyshegrad countries, it has certainly broug

Масштабные политические и экономические изменения в конце прошлого века привели к системной трансформации российского и других посткоммунистических обществ. Успех или неудачи рыночных реформ и либеральной демократии требуют критического анализа основных теоретико-методологических подходов к их изучению. Причем, межстрановые различия касаются не только и не столько темпов или качества экономического роста, сколько сложившихся в разных странах условий социального воспроизводства, развития личности, творческого потенциала основных социальных групп населения. К сожалению, необходимо признать, что при весьма скромных экономических достижениях Россия и в этом аспекте сегодня заметно уступает многим посткоммунистическим странам. В связи с этим назрел ряд вопросов, требующих обсуждения и неизбежно затрагивающих такие проблемы, как социальная справедливость, равенство шансов и социальная солидарность. В этом номере журнала мы публикуем материалы посвященного этим проблемам круглого стола, который прошел в рамках XII-й Международной научной конференции по проблемам развития экономики и общества 7 апреля 2011 года. Выступления публикуются на основании производившейся во время обсуждения аудиозаписи ; The major political and economic transformations of the late twentieth century have led to a radical system change in Russia as well as other post-socialist societies. Yet the relative success of market reforms and the installation of liberal democracy in some countries and their apparent failure in the others still require a critical analysis of the basic theoretical as well as methodological approaches to the explanation of these developments. However, these inter-country differences concern not only and not so much the rate and the quality of their economic growth, but the formation of a particular environment which determines the capacity for social reproduction, personality growth and human development in every social stratum of population. It is even more so unfortunate that in this respect Russia still remains a lot more underdeveloped than other post-socialist countries in spite of its modest (yet often so much preached) economic achievements. All of this has given rise to a series of questions, which require further discussion and inevitably concern such problems as social justice, equal opportunity and social solidarity. This has been set a primary focus of a «round table» discussion, which took place at the XIIth International Academic Conference on Economic and Social Development at National Research University Higher School of Economics (April 7 th, 2011). The conversation has been transcribed from audio recording, which had been done during the event. The full agenda of this discussion consisted of the following questions: What is current situation with sustaining social justice, equal opportunity and social solidarity in postsocialist countries? What are the real costs and benefits of sustaining these principles from an economic point of view? From a social point of view? Is there an optimum condition and how can it be achieved? Are there existing models of socially just and solid state, which can prove adequate for the current social setting in Russia? Is welfare state possible in Russia? Is there a demand for its own New Deal? What stimulates and what constrains the sustaining of equal opportunity principle in Russias society? Is an inevitable large-scale immigration a factor that threatens the rise of social solidarity in contemporary Russia?

The paper analyzes the descriptive representation of women in post-communist countries, that is, the factors determining the representation of women in parliaments in postsocialist states. The main problem is that women are underrepresented in the analyzed sample of countries. With the average of 17 percent, the number of women falls behind the world's average and lags severely behind Western countries. The paper sets its primary goal: to test a set of theories developed from studies of women's access to political power in Western democracies. I wished to see how those theories fared in a significantly different context, the newly developing democracies of post-communist space. Three hypotheses were raised: 1. The main factor, determining the representation of women in parliaments of post-communist states is the design of electoral system; 2. The prevailing patriarchal attitude towards the role of women in the society is important, but not the essential factor; 3. Socioeconomic conditions do not explain the variance of the proportion of women found in legislative institutions of post-communist countries. Three last elections of 17 electoral democracies of post-communist countries have been included in the analysis. The model of legislative recruitment process has been used as the main theoretical framework. This process is highly influenced by cultural, political and socioeconomic contexts within which it occurs. The dependent variable in the research is the number of women legislators in parliaments. 3 independent variables – political, socioeconomic and cultural factors – have been divided into subfactors. Statistical analysis has been undertaken: correlation coefficients have been calculated and multivariate regression analysis has been made. Results demonstrate that the first hypothesis cannot be confirmed, but its statement is close to the truth. It appears that the main factor, determining the representation of women in post-communist countries, is fertility rate per woman. The higher the rate of fertility, the less women will be found in the legislatures. Electoral system is a very important variable. The proportional representation electoral system, characterized by high district magnitude and high electoral thresholds, is highly favourable to representation of women in parliaments. The second hypothesis, stating that patriarchal attitude towards women is important, but not the essential factor, has been confirmed. Countries where patriarchal attitude is prevalent, fare worse in representation of women. However, considering the remarkable differences between the attitudes of Western and post-communist countries, it could have been reasonable to expect that this factor would be the main determining the number of female legislators. However, this is not the case. Such attitude is common to all post-communist countries, so it probably operates as a main factor determining the relatively low number in post-communist states as a whole, and not as important in explaining the variation across the region. The third hypothesis, stating that socioeconomic factors do not affect the representation of women, has not been confirmed. Fertility rate, unemployment, and participation in labor force are all important factors explaining the variance of female MPs. The only factor that proved to be unimportant was level of development. So it can be stated, that the theories, developed in Western countries, with little nuances, are able to explain the variance of women MPs in post-communist states. The only difference is that fertility rate plays a particularly important role in post-communist context, and the relation between the participation of women in the labor force and the number of women in parliaments is negative. This can be due to the fact that participation in labor force refers to completely different things in Western and Eastern societies.

The paper analyzes the descriptive representation of women in post-communist countries, that is, the factors determining the representation of women in parliaments in postsocialist states. The main problem is that women are underrepresented in the analyzed sample of countries. With the average of 17 percent, the number of women falls behind the world's average and lags severely behind Western countries. The paper sets its primary goal: to test a set of theories developed from studies of women's access to political power in Western democracies. I wished to see how those theories fared in a significantly different context, the newly developing democracies of post-communist space. Three hypotheses were raised: 1. The main factor, determining the representation of women in parliaments of post-communist states is the design of electoral system; 2. The prevailing patriarchal attitude towards the role of women in the society is important, but not the essential factor; 3. Socioeconomic conditions do not explain the variance of the proportion of women found in legislative institutions of post-communist countries. Three last elections of 17 electoral democracies of post-communist countries have been included in the analysis. The model of legislative recruitment process has been used as the main theoretical framework. This process is highly influenced by cultural, political and socioeconomic contexts within which it occurs. The dependent variable in the research is the number of women legislators in parliaments. 3 independent variables – political, socioeconomic and cultural factors – have been divided into subfactors. Statistical analysis has been undertaken: correlation coefficients have been calculated and multivariate regression analysis has been made. Results demonstrate that the first hypothesis cannot be confirmed, but its statement is close to the truth. It appears that the main factor, determining the representation of women in post-communist countries, is fertility rate per woman. The higher the rate of fertility, the less women will be found in the legislatures. Electoral system is a very important variable. The proportional representation electoral system, characterized by high district magnitude and high electoral thresholds, is highly favourable to representation of women in parliaments. The second hypothesis, stating that patriarchal attitude towards women is important, but not the essential factor, has been confirmed. Countries where patriarchal attitude is prevalent, fare worse in representation of women. However, considering the remarkable differences between the attitudes of Western and post-communist countries, it could have been reasonable to expect that this factor would be the main determining the number of female legislators. However, this is not the case. Such attitude is common to all post-communist countries, so it probably operates as a main factor determining the relatively low number in post-communist states as a whole, and not as important in explaining the variation across the region. The third hypothesis, stating that socioeconomic factors do not affect the representation of women, has not been confirmed. Fertility rate, unemployment, and participation in labor force are all important factors explaining the variance of female MPs. The only factor that proved to be unimportant was level of development. So it can be stated, that the theories, developed in Western countries, with little nuances, are able to explain the variance of women MPs in post-communist states. The only difference is that fertility rate plays a particularly important role in post-communist context, and the relation between the participation of women in the labor force and the number of women in parliaments is negative. This can be due to the fact that participation in labor force refers to completely different things in Western and Eastern societies.

Books reviewed:Anthropology of ReligionJohn R. Hinnells, and Roy Porter (eds), Religion, health and sufferingFelicia Hughes‐Freeland, and Mary M. Crain (eds, Recasting ritual: performance, media, identityBirgit Meyer, Translating the devil: religion and modernity among the Ewe in GhanaCecilia Pennacini,Kubandwa: la possessione spiritice nell'Africa dei Grandi LaghiRowena Robinson, Conversion, continuity and change: lived Christianity in southern GoaMalcolm Ruel, Belief, ritual and the securing of life: reflexive essays on a Bantu religionMartin D. Stringer, On the perception of worship: the ethnography of worship in four Christian congregations in ManchesterBeatrice Vogt, Skill and trust: the Tovil healing ritual of Sri Lanka as culture‐specific psychotherapyArchaeology / Material CultureChris Gosden, and Jon Hather (eds), The prehistory of food: appetites for changeDavid J. Wilson, Indigenous South Americans of the past and present: an ecological perspectiveBrian R. Billman, and Gary M. Feinman (eds), Settlement pattern studies in the Americas: fifty years since Virú.Stephen D. Houston (ed.), Function and meaning in Classic Maya architectureJudith Perani, and Norma H. Wolff, Cloth, dress and art patronage in AfricaLidia D. Sciama, and Joanne B. Eicher (eds), Beads and bead makers: gender, material culture and meaningBiological AnthropologyRobin Dunbar, Chris Knight and Camilla Power, The evolution of culture: an interdisciplinary view.Michael A. Little, and Paul W. Leslie (eds), Turkana herders of the dry savanna: ecology and biobehavioural respeonse of nomads to an uncertain environmentDavid Magnusson (ed.), The lifespan development of individuals: behavioral, neurobiological and psychosocial perspectives – a synthesis.Tessa M. Pollard, and Susan Brin Hyatt, Sex, gender and healthCarig B. Stanford, The hunting apes: meat eating and the origins of human behavior.GenderFadwa El Guindi, Veil: modesty, privacy and resistanceL.L. Langness, Men and 'woman' in New Guinea.Rafael L. Ramirez, What it means to be a man: reflections on Puerto Rican masculi‐ nityIna Rösing, Geschletchliche Zeit, geschlechtlicher RaumGeneralSusan Bayly, Caste, society and politics in India from the eighteenth century to the modern ageGeri‐Ann Galanti, Caring for patients from different cultures: case studies from American hospitalsJames Paul Gee, An introduction to discourse analysis: theory and methodRamachandra Guha, Savaging the civilized: Verrier Elwin, his tribals, and IndiaDavid Macdougall, Transcultural cinemaJames M. Wilce, Eloquence in trouble: the poetics and politics of complaint in rural BangladeshModernity / postcolonialityBruce M. Knauft, From primitive to postcolooniial in Melanesian anthropologyTariq Modood, and Pnina Werbner (eds), The politics of multiculturalism in the New Europe: racism, identity and communityNiklas Luhmann, Observations on modernityJames Ferguson, Expectations of modernity: myths and meanings of urban life on the Zambian copperbeltPeter Pels, A politics of presence: contacts between missionaries and Waluguru in late colonial TanganykaSamuel M. Wilson, The emperor's giraffe, and other stories of cultures in contactHans Siebers, We are children of the mountain': creolization and modernization among the Q'eqchi'esLisa Rofel, Other modernities: gendered yearnings in China after socialismPolitical AnthropologyAnthony P. Cohen (ed.), Signifying identities: anthropological perspectives on boundaries and contested valuesElizabeth Keating, Power sharing: language, rank, gender, and social space in Pohnpe, MicronesiaVincent C. Peloso, Peasants on plantations: subaltern strategies of labor and resistance in the Pisco Valley, PeruGloria Rudolf, Panama's poor: victims, agents, and historymakersKatherine Verdery, The political lives of dead bodies: reburial and postsocialist changeKosaku Yoshino (ed.), Consuming ethnicity and nationalism: Asian experiencesLouise Young, Japan's total empire: Manchuria and the culture of wartime imperialismSocial anthropologyDonna Birdwell‐Pheasant, and Denise Lawence‐Zúñiga (eds). House life: space, place and family in Europe.James A. Boon, Verging on extra‐vagance: anthropology, history, religion, literature, arts … showbiz.Mary Douglas, Leviticus as literature.Elliot Fratkin, Ariaal pastoralists of Kenya: surviving drought and development in Africa's arid landsMaurice Godelier, Thomas R. Trautmann and Franklin E. Tjon Sie Fat (eds). Transformations of kinshipCharles W. Nuckolls, Culture: a problem that cannot be solvedJohn Carlos Rowe (ed.), 'Culture' and the problem of the disciplines

Zmiana instytucjonalna jest nieodłącznym procesem wpisującym się w rozwój społeczeństwa i gospodarki. Najistotniejszym procesem w ramach transformacji instytucji wydaje się dopasowywanie (się) instytucji formalnych i nieformalnych. Jest to niezbędne, aby system instytucjonalny działał sprawnie, aby generował odpowiednie bodźce na rzecz aktywności gospodarczej (niski koszt transakcyjny, przewidywalność, zaufanie). Efektem takich dostosowań jest ład instytucjonalny, który jest warunkiem trwałości rozwoju gospodarczego. Cechą instytucji jest długookresowe trwanie, choć jednocześnie odbywa się ich nieprzerwana ewolucja. Powstaje pytanie, w jaki sposób kształtuje się ład instytucjonalny, jaką rolę odgrywają w nim instytucje nieformalne. Za cel artykułu przyjęto określenie roli instytucji nieformalnych w kreowaniu ładu instytucjonalnego. Można wysunąć przypuszczenie, że instytucje nieformalne wraz z upływem czasu stają się trwałą podstawą ładu instytucjonalnego. W artykule wskazano również przejawy niesprawności systemu instytucji w Polsce, w tym instytucji nieformalnych. ; Institutional change is an integral process in the development of the society and economy. The seemingly most significant process in the transformation of institutions is the adjustment (also, mutual adjustment) of formal and informal institutions. This is critical to the proper functioning of the institutional system, so that it generates sufficient stimuli for economic activity (low transaction costs, predictability, trust). The result of such adjustments is institutional order which is a prerequisite of sustainable economic growth. One of the features of imitations is their longevity, even though they are constantly evolving. The question arises about how institutional order is formed and what the role of informal institution in this process is. The aim of the article is to determine the role of informal institutions in the formation of institutional order. It is possible that, given time, informal institutions become a solid foundation of institutional order. 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