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This paper on moral sociology first examines the moral aspect of criticisms traditionally levelled at capitalism and then analyses the attempted response and justification of capitalism based on the supposed naturally beneficial effects of competition. Social contests inherent in human ways of life are not restricted to economics and are unlikely to possess spontaneously the moral virtue attached to them. The article thus explores more specifically the ethical nature of producer and consumer competition and concludes by proposing that the level and quality of self‐esteem engendered or fostered by a socio‐economic order be taken as a sort of moral yardstick.

The objective is to describe & critically examine the pertinent positions in favor of opening or closing the borders. A problem-driven rather than theory-driven perspective is utilized for two reasons. First, most theoretical models are neither consistent nor systematic, leading to discordant arguments on the topic. Second, positions either for or against open/closed borders are frequently echoes by & developed within the same theoretical perspective. Thus, offered here is a contrast of universalist favoring of (more) open borders with particularist positions supporting (more) closed borders. The conclusion considers the challenges in attempting to balance these arguments, why practical philosophy is problematic, & how these issues might be resolved. Also expressed in concluding is an argument for rejecting the conventional restrictive position, founded on tenets of relatively unbounded state sovereignty, self-determination, & non-interference, & for choosing instead "fairly open" borders.

This paper on moral sociology first examines the moral aspect of criticisms traditionally levelled at capitalism & then analyses the attempted response & justification of capitalism based on the supposed naturally beneficial effects of competition. Social contests inherent in human ways of life are not restricted to economics & are unlikely to possess spontaneously the moral virtue attached to them. The article thus explores more specifically the ethical nature of producer & consumer competition & concludes by proposing that the level & quality of self-esteem engendered or fostered by a socio-economic order be taken as a sort of moral yardstick. References. Adapted from the source document.