Suchergebnisse

In 1993, the Supreme Court of Canada was asked to decide on the constitutional legitimacy of legislation prohibiting all prisoners from voting in federal elections. Given that the case ended up in our highest court, the parties must have considered it a fairly thorny problem to resolve. Apparently they were mistaken. In a mere 95 words, fewer than the average grade two writing assignment, the Court pronounced that the solution should have been obvious. Here is the judgment in its entirety: We are all of the view that these appeals should be dismissed. The Attorney General of Canada has properly conceded that s. 51(e) of the Canada Elections Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. E-2, contravenes s. 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms but submits that s. 51(e) is saved under s. 1 of the Charter. We do not agree. In our view, s. 51(e) is drawn too broadly and fails to meet the proportionality test, particularly the minimal impairment component of the test, as expressed in the s. 1 jurisprudence of the Court. Cut to 2002, almost 10 years later, and the Court is faced with virtually the same problem. This time, however, the legislation has been tinkered with.Instead of applying to all prisoners, the new legislative provision denies the right to vote in federal elections only for prisoners serving sentences of two years or greater. The federal government maintains that the new version is valid. Again, it is Richard Sauvé who is the lead challenger. The case is indexed as Sauvé v. Canada (Chief Electoral Officer). I imagine someone like Stephen Spielberg calling it The Neverending Return of Sauvé. Just like the plot in a movie sequel, the decision has mushroomed into something much more cumbersome and less likely to entertain. Two lengthy judgments, split 5-4, highlight the complexity. The Chief Justice, speaking on behalf of Arbour, Binnie, Iacobucci, and LeBel JJ., found the legislation remained unconstitutional. Justice Gonthier, carrying Bastarache, L'Heureux-Dubé, and Major JJ., thought it was now a reasonable limit and so saved by section 1 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Sauvé (No. 2) provides an excellent example of how judgments are as much essays about our time as they are legal decisions. Rather than concentrating on a critical diagnosis of the judgments, this paper, in the manner of Marshall McLuhan's "probes," instead makes a number of observations about the case: the growing rift amongst Court members that is played out both linguistically and rhetorically; the dialogue metaphor in a new guise; public opinion and media representation of the Court; the growing moral and ethical relativism of section 1 analysis; and finally, a look at broader questions about voting and the nature of rights-based litigation. Framing these discussions and providing a counterpoint to the gravitas of the Supreme Court decision are short excerpts from the Special Committee on Electoral Reform that was given the task in 1992 to deal with a number of electoral issues, including whether prisoners should have voting rights.

IN HIS INTRODUCTION to the book, Goldstein describes his intended audience as 'Straight people who know little about the queer community, and gay people who know even less about the progressive tradition.' His 'main aim is to reach those who aren't aware of the rich connections between radical thought and queer sensibility.' The other, presumably less desirable audience for the book is composed of 'heterosexuals willing to acknowledge their anxieties about homosexuality.' If Paglia and Sullivan do exert a disproportionate media influence, I think part of the reason can be traced to statements like this. They would never make this kind of implied demand on their heterosexual readership. One could argue that this reluctance illustrates their fundamental allegiance to the status quo; mostly, though, it attests to a healthier relationship to the non-gay world than Goldstein's. There is room for adversarial politics, but to view every heterosexual as a candidate for deprogramming and reeducation, to assert the necessity of their '[examining] their anxieties,' is to invite an oddly legitimate kind of backlash. WHAT LITTLE controversy The Attack Queers has managed to stir up has centered on Sullivan's charges that Goldstein deliberately misquotes and misrepresents his work. Aside from Sullivan's desire to protect his reputation--a couple of the misquotations are pretty egregious--most of the quibbling is probably moot. Goldstein specializes in a kind of pugilistic and peremptory journalism; his style isn't particularly balanced or scholarly. (Sullivan isn't exactly fair with his ideological opponents, either.) Goldstein doesn't engage Sullivan's or Paglia's work on its own terms; he's too busy sliding from slyly decontextualized quotations to their imagined cultural or social significance to bother. This approach yields insights about these writers' popular appeal, but it isn't rigorous or fair-minded enough to serve as the scorched-earth indictment of their work he seems to intend. And because he never quotes his targets at length and doesn't offer up a bibliography, it is almost impossible to put his citations in context. Just a little digging, however, shows a surprising disregard for accuracy. Goldstein is writing about the limitations assimilation puts on gay identity; his claim is that liberal society's increased tolerance is conditional, part of a bargain, and that the gay-baiting theatrics of a Sullivan or Paglia are the ultimate fulfillment of this Faustian pact. Their public disloyalty to the gay community and their acceptance of the social and sexual status quo is, he argues, the same thing demanded of all homosexuals, writ large. The 'attack queers' are popular because their loyalty is to their predominantly heterosexual audience and not to some conception of a gay community; their tithe is paid out by routinely 'attacking' their homosexual peers. And although Goldstein never explicitly states this, throughout the book he keeps insinuating that their ultimate loyalty is to their careers and the fulfillment of their own ambitions. Reading The Attack Queers, one begins to wonder if Goldstein isn't perhaps more outraged by the homocons' success than he is by their ideas.

Bibliography: leaves 197-204. ; As part of the process of South Africa's transition to democracy, the government, the media, and other institutions have recognized the need to understand and recover African Traditional Religion as the indigenous religion of this country. Much remains to be done to entrench this recognition. There is a growing demand for literature that will document and analyse African Traditional Religion not only as an indigenous religious heritage but also as a contemporary living religion in South Africa. This thesis seeks to address the need for recognition, documentation and analysis of African Traditional Religion with specific focus on the role of ritual speech in AmaXhosa religious practice way of religious practice. Written from the perspective of an academic and a practitioner, the thesis attempts to further a clearer understanding of amaXhosa practice of African Traditional Religion as well provide a useful resource for students of African Traditional Religion. In historical, anthropological, and other academic literature on African Traditional Religion in South Africa, scholars have tended to focus on one aspect of religion, such as sacrifice, the divination techniques of sangomas, or the veneration of ancestors in rituals dealing with death. This thesis argues, however, that a more comprehensive perspective on African Traditional Religion can be gained by focusing on the meaning, power, and performance of ritual speech that runs through all of these religious practices. Ukuthetha, or, ritual speaking which produces ukuvuma, ritual acceptance, agreement, or consensus, lies at the heart of amaXhosa religion. Distinguished from ordinary speech by its heightened intensity and its performance which occurs within a sacred time and place, ukuthetha, or ritual speech, is the medium linking the physical and spiritual world within the amaXhosa worldview. As this thesis focuses on the analysis of amaXhosa ritual speech, chapters on ukuthetha which occur during ritual performances associated with sacrifice, divination, and funerals provide a profile of different types of speech acts within the framework of African Traditional Religion. These speech acts are examined against the background of two theoretical perspectives. One theory, associated with Maurice Bloch, argues that ritual speech is a form of social control, limiting what can be said. The other theory, associated with Stanley Tambiah, maintains that ritual speech is creative performance, expanding the scope of what can be said. The thesis tests these theoretical perspectives against the evidence of amaXhosa ritual speech, finding aspects of both social control and creative performance in African Traditional Religion. Although the analysis of amaXhosa ritual speech in this thesis focuses primarily on religion in the traditional rural context, a chapter on tradition and change considers new challenges for ritual speech in sacrifice, divination, and funerals within urban environments. Adapting to new contexts, the signifying practices of ukuthetha maintain the integrity of amaXhosa religion. By focusing on the meaning and power of ritual speech in different ritual settings and social contexts, this thesis hopes to contribute to our understanding of the continuity and coherence of African Traditional Religion in South Africa.

Tesis (M. Sc) -- CATIE, Turrialba (Costa Rica), 2002 ; 17 ilustraciones. 11 tablas. ; 43 referencias inician en la página 79 ; En dos municipios de Honduras, en San Pedro Sula y Puerto Cortés, al norte de Honduras, en dos procesos diferentes que fueron llamados popularmente como "municipalización de cuencas hidrográficas" y ante la necesidad de asegurar el suministro del agua, ellas desarrollaron procesos de adquisición, control y manejo de estas áreas estratégicas, bajo modalidades diferentes. Estas acciones incluyeron en algunos casos la compra de los terrenos, mancomunidad de municipios, firma de convenios, protección y manejo, hasta la aplicación de incentivos a los productores, propietarios ó usuarios de las áreas instaladas en las partes estratégicas de donde proviene el agua. En algunos casos, se iniciaron acciones para recuperar, restaurar, proteger y manejar la parte alta y media de la cuenca, hasta el punto de presa o toma de aguas. Las medidas implementadas en ambos municipios han sugerido favorecer la calidad y cantidad de agua superficial y subterránea que fluye de esas vertientes. Ambos casos citados se presentan ante la opinión pública como casos ejemplares y exitosos de control municipal sobre el recurso hídrico. Sin embargo, en el marco del presente trabajo de investigación que incluyó giras de campo, talleres de investigación social en las partes altas de la Sierra del Merendón, y de la cuenca del Río Tulián, revisión de documentación y un FODA (taller de investigación social para determinar la fortaleza, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas) desarrollado con las fuerzas vivas de ambos municipios, se detectan evidencias de degradación en las áreas en donde nace el agua con diferencias generales en ambos municipios. ; In two Honduran municipalities, San Pedro Sula y Puerto Cortés, in both places, different process were developed, they are called municipalisation of watershed areas that means the acquisiton, control and management processes of these strategic areas, upon different ways, including land purchase, union of municipalities, signing of agreements with farmers, area protection and management of areas, as well the implementation of incentives to the producers, owner or users located in the strategic parts (high stream) where the water comes from. In some cases, municipal actions began to recover, restore, protect and manage the high and middle parts of the watershed, up to the origin of the water source. The measures implemented in both municipalities have suggested to favour the quality and quantity of superficial and underground water derived from these hillsides. Both cited case studies were presented to the public opinion as success cases of municipal control over water resources. However, the present study which included field visits, social research workshops in the high parts of the Merendón mountain and the Tulián river basin, revision of documents and a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis were developed with the living forces of both municipalities, indicates that the water resources in both scenarios present degradation in the areas of water origin, with general differences in both municipalities.

Tesis (M. Sc) -- CATIE, Turrialba (Costa Rica), 2002 ; 17 ilustraciones. 11 tablas. ; 43 referencias inician en la página 79 ; En dos municipios de Honduras, en San Pedro Sula y Puerto Cortés, al norte de Honduras, en dos procesos diferentes que fueron llamados popularmente como "municipalización de cuencas hidrográficas" y ante la necesidad de asegurar el suministro del agua, ellas desarrollaron procesos de adquisición, control y manejo de estas áreas estratégicas, bajo modalidades diferentes. Estas acciones incluyeron en algunos casos la compra de los terrenos, mancomunidad de municipios, firma de convenios, protección y manejo, hasta la aplicación de incentivos a los productores, propietarios ó usuarios de las áreas instaladas en las partes estratégicas de donde proviene el agua. En algunos casos, se iniciaron acciones para recuperar, restaurar, proteger y manejar la parte alta y media de la cuenca, hasta el punto de presa o toma de aguas. Las medidas implementadas en ambos municipios han sugerido favorecer la calidad y cantidad de agua superficial y subterránea que fluye de esas vertientes. Ambos casos citados se presentan ante la opinión pública como casos ejemplares y exitosos de control municipal sobre el recurso hídrico. Sin embargo, en el marco del presente trabajo de investigación que incluyó giras de campo, talleres de investigación social en las partes altas de la Sierra del Merendón, y de la cuenca del Río Tulián, revisión de documentación y un FODA (taller de investigación social para determinar la fortaleza, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas) desarrollado con las fuerzas vivas de ambos municipios, se detectan evidencias de degradación en las áreas en donde nace el agua con diferencias generales en ambos municipios. ; In two Honduran municipalities, San Pedro Sula y Puerto Cortés, in both places, different process were developed, they are called municipalisation of watershed areas that means the acquisiton, control and management processes of these strategic areas, upon different ways, including land purchase, union of municipalities, signing of agreements with farmers, area protection and management of areas, as well the implementation of incentives to the producers, owner or users located in the strategic parts (high stream) where the water comes from. In some cases, municipal actions began to recover, restore, protect and manage the high and middle parts of the watershed, up to the origin of the water source. The measures implemented in both municipalities have suggested to favour the quality and quantity of superficial and underground water derived from these hillsides. Both cited case studies were presented to the public opinion as success cases of municipal control over water resources. However, the present study which included field visits, social research workshops in the high parts of the Merendón mountain and the Tulián river basin, revision of documents and a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis were developed with the living forces of both municipalities, indicates that the water resources in both scenarios present degradation in the areas of water origin, with general differences in both municipalities.

This study in contemporary history describes the transformation of the public sphere in Sweden during the period 1969-1999, and analyses the role of information technology and politics in the process. The overall aim of the study is to explain how, and why, the public sphere in Jürgen Habermas sense has deteriorated during a period of rapid technological and political change, when increasing attention has been given to information technology as a new tool for improving democracy and empowering citizens. Theoretical inspiration is drawn from two perspectives within the modern history of technology and sociology of technology; the LTS (Large Technical Systems) and STS (Science, Technology and Society) approaches, as well as from the regime theory concept within political science. This multidisciplinary framework provides the theoretical basis for the study, including terms as socio-technical systems, system builder, technification, interpretative flexibility, stabilization, closing and regime change. In addition, the analysis draws upon previous research in economic history, where focus often has been on the important role of institutions. The term path dependence is central in this tradition. The starting point for the study is the process of a mutual legitimization between citizens and political actors that traditionally has taken place within the public sphere. In return for citizens support and trust, political actors have granted format rights to the public space. Two aspects of this interdependence are addressed: Freedom of speech and citizen's access to public information, and their access to arenas where an exchange of political ideas and opinions is taking place. In the study, the former is a question of the legal system and the limits to freedom of speech in new medias such as the Internet, while the latter concerns citizen's technical means and possibilities to connect to electronic networks. Research interest is concentrated on the formal political system, focusing both actors and structural factors such as technological development, media convergence, ideological change and international integration in the transformation process. Four case studies of institutional changes during formative moments, within what is defined as the legal and the technical infrastructures, are conducted and represent the empirical base of the thesis. The case studies are centered on Swedish governmental commissions, on the government itself and on proceedings in the parliament, and concerns formation and transformation of computer law, as well as the deregulation and privatization of the technical infrastructure. In the latter process Televerket (Swedish Telecom) has been an influential promoter of competition and institutional separation between tele- and data communications, representing a major regime change in favour of market relations in the technical infrastructure. In the area of computer law, the Swedish regime dominated by SCB (Statistics Sweden) was incorporated into a joint European data protection regime, resulting in limitations of freedom of speech on the Internet. These regime changes have also transformed the role of the state, constituting a "net watchers state". Another important finding is that promotion of democracy and improvement of access to the public sphere, never was on the agenda in the political transformation processes studied, although a parallel discourse on democracy and information technology existed throughout the period studied.

[ES] Organizar racionalmente los cientos de títulos dedicados a la Lengua de Italia de la orden de San Juan publicados entre los siglos XVI y XX resulta complicado, siendo más útil una aproximación cronológica. El principal punto de referencia se sitúa en las historias generales clásicas del siglo XVI ampliamente documentadas, con espíritu aristocrático y laudatorio hacia la orden (Giacomo Bosio, 1594-1602, Bartolomeo Dal Pozzo, 1589) continuadas en el XVIII (Giandonato Rogadeo, 1782), que culminan con Paolo Maria Paciauli (1780), autor de una construcción teórica que desde la Edad Media delineaba los rasgos de la civilización de la Europa católica. La idea de que los caballeros de la orden de Malta encarnaban los principios espirituales y aristocráticos exigibles a la nobleza italiana destinada al gobierno de las distintas unidades políticas de la península itálica, queda reflejada en muchos escritos de estos siglos. Por otra parte, la defensa de privilegios y derechos propios, junto a las relaciones de los hechos de armas, especialmente de las naves maltesas, y los ruoli o listados de caballeros y sus dignidades, constituyen una parte importante de las ediciones relativas a la orden. Tras casi haber desaparecido su poder político en el siglo XIX, y manteniéndose una línea historiogràfica centrada en aspectos heráldicos y genealógicos, ha sido preciso esperar hasta fines del siglo XX para que la historiografía académica ponga sus ojos en unos archivos preciosos para el estudio del mundo rural, de las relaciones de poder y otros muchos aspectos descuidados en las historias tradicionales de la orden de Malta. ; [EN] The essay of a rational organization of hundreds of titles devoted to Tongue of Italy of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem is a difficult task, and a chronological approach seems to be more useful. The main reference point is located in classic general histories from the XVIth century (Giacomo Bosio, 1594-1602, Bartolomeo Dal Pozzo, 1589), their continuation in the XVIIIth (Giandonato Rogadeo, 1782), and the milestone established by Paolo Maria Paciauli (1780), who was the builder of a theoretical construction drawing the lines of the catholic Europe's civilization. This idea focusing on the knights of Malta as representatives of spiritual and aristocratic principles that were exigible to Italian nobility destined to the government of various political units of the peninsula, is showed by many writings from these centuries. Meanwhile, the defence of the privileges and the rights of the Order, the stories of war deeds, mainly the skirmishes of the Maltese ships, and the ruoli (listings of knights and their dignities in the Order), all these are the main part of editions relative to the Order. The political power of Malta nearly disappeared during the XIXth century, but a historiographical stream continued focused on heraldic and genealogical matters. Only at the end of the XXth century the academic historians had discovered the precious archives of Malta, very useful for rural studies, for the relationships of power, and for many aspects that were neglected by traditional histories of the Order.

The Cambridge International Dictionary of English, explains the word "Design" as a "pattern used to decorate something". Whilst this very narrow-minded definition can spark a debate on the meaning of design, it does however imply, that something has to made or manufactured, following a process-chain which started with an idea, followed by the design, and finally, the new product. As Functional Design is closely linked to inter alia manufacturing and building, Designers' freedom to express themselves, are often limited by the capabilities of craftsmen who have to give physical substance to Designer's ideas. The recently completed Manufacturing and Materials national FORESIGHT report [1] from the Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology (DACST) of the South African Government shows that manufacturers wishing to compete internationally should focus on integrated product, process and production system design, to speed up production time. This is all encapsulated in Concurrent Engineering, where design and approval are configured into a parallel, iterative process. Whilst it is not only dependent of technologies, technology and enabling tools such as Rapid Prototyping, applied in an integrated process, are crucial in the successful application of Concurrent Engineering. In the past a series of technologies, e.g. CAD, CAM and NC manufacturing was identified to solve these problems. Rapid Prototyping, Solid Freeform Fabrication or Generative Manufacturing - which are all synonyms for new methods of building physical parts directly from CAD data - represent the latest trends in manufacturing technology. However, all these techniques represent only a technological view on how product development can meet the tremendous challenges of the future. In fact, not merely the use of a single technology provides better products faster for the market, but the integration of a large number of technologies and methodologies. Therefore, aspects of information processing, cost, quality and time management, team work, organisational issues and many other enabling technologies like data highways, multi-media or distributed databases have to be taken into account as well. Rapid Prototyping is being used more and more as a key enabling technology in reducing the time to market for new products, by identifying possible design flaws prior to tooling and manufacturing, and is providing the common focus for multidisciplinary groups, around which to resolve design and development questions. Barkan and Iansti present RP as a means of rapid learning at every stage of the design process. Adopting this view on the whole of the development process, one comes to the conclusion that the use of RP to enable Rapid Product Development, is a fundamental challenge that must be addressed by all manufacturers to remain competitive in today's global market place. 35 In defining manufacturing, one tends to think about plastic products, casting, tooling concerned, and mass production. Whilst this represents the latest trends in manufacturing, one of the oldest methods of manufacturing however, is the conversion of basic raw materials into accommodation, shelters, etc. In adopting Rapid Prototyping and related technologies into the built and architecture environment, numerous new opportunities open up. The paper describes a fresh approach into an age-old industry. ; Mechanical Engineering

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die bis zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt von der Autorin dokumentierte islamische Importkeramik des hohen Mittelalters vorgestellt, die an verschiedensten Fundplätzen auf der Iberischen Halbinsel und den Balearen zu Tage kam. Eine komplette Materialvorlage ist im Rahmen einer Dissertation an der Otto-Friedrich Universität Bamberg in Zukunft beabsichtigt. Bisher konnten ca. 300 Einzelfragmente ausgesondert werden, die zu einem beträchtlichen Teil noch unpubliziert sind. Hinzu kommt die erneute Aufnahme bereits bekannter Funde, so daB ein systematischer Katalog zusammengestellt wird, auf dessen Grundlage sowohl eine stilistische als auch technische Analyse durchführbar wird und die Zuschreibung der Einzelstücke zu den Töpferzentrenn der islamischen Luxuskeramik im Nahen und Mittleren Osten sowie in Nordafrika ermöglicht. Die vorläufige Fundverteilung ergibt folgendes Bild: In den Küstenstädten Valencia, Dénia und Almería zeigt sich eine lokale Verbreitung, wobei die Stücke mit deutlichem Schwerpunkt zwischen das 11. und den Beginn des 12. Jhs. datieren. Ihr Vorkommen ist mit den starken Handelsbewegungen während der T?ifa-Zeit in Verbindung zu bringen und macht die Einfuhr gehobener Importwaren für die wohlhabendere Oberschicht erkennbar, was auBerdem durch entsprechende Schriftquellen und andere Fundgattungen belegt wird. Das Spektrum dieser auf der Iberischen Halbinsel sonst nicht erhältlichen keramischen Erzeugnisse reicht von den wohl weniger wertvollen mehrfarbigen Schalen aus Nordafrika über fä?imidischen Goldlüster bis zu aus dem Fernen Osten eingeführten Celadonen und zeugt von einer intensiven und weitreichenden Handelstätigkeit. Demgegenüber nimmt das Vorkommen der hier untersuchten Funde in das Landesinnere stark ab. GroBere Komplexe sind nur aus dem portugiesischen Mértola (beim derzeitigen Arbeitsstand noch nicht vorgestellt) und dem Kalifenpalast Madînat az-Zahrâ? bei Córdoba bekannt. Am letztgenannten Fundplatz konnte schon zu Beginn des 20. Jhs. ein homogener Komplex mit ca. 50 Fragmenten geborgen werden, die ohne Zweifel direkte Entsprechungen in der mesopotamischen Goldlüsterkeramik des 9. und 10. Jhs. aus dem GroBraum Sâmârra besitzen. Hier handelt es sich um sehr konkrete Funde, die einem genauen zeitlichen Rahmen und einem durch die kalifale Politik bestimmten Import zuzuordnen sind. ; En este trabajo en progreso se presenta una parte de la vajilla islámica medieval de importación, encontrada en la Península Ibérica y en las Islas Baleares. Se han podido identificar alrededor de trescientos fragmentos, muchos ya publicados en breves informes, pero sobre todo una gran cantidad de material inédito. El objetivo de este nuevo análisis y de la recatalogación sistemática es realizar una valoración tanto estilística como técnica con el fin de poder establecer una adscripción de ellos a los centros de producción de vajilla de lujo conocidos en el ámbito islámico en la Alta Edad Media. Tras situar los hallazgos actualmente documentados se obtiene un mapa preliminar de distribución. En el caso de las ciudades costeras de Valencia, Denia y Almería la difusión local de la muy apreciada loza dorada debe ponerse en relación con la llegada de grandes cantidades de productos a grupos urbanos de alto poder adquisitivo, cosa que no es una excepción. Las piezas se datan entre el siglo XI y comienzos del XII, y su presencia está estrechamente en conexión con la intensa actividad comercial que se desarrolla en la Península en tiempos de los Reinos de Taifas. El rico espectro de los diferentes tipos cerámicos, que abarca desde las probablemente menos valiosas producciones del norte de África hasta las más ocasionales cerámicas de Celadón procedentes de China, dan a ver un mercado abierto y complejo. Frente a lo anterior, disminuye fuertemente esta presencia en el interior, donde la mayor parte del registro conocido hasta este momento procede de la portuguesa Mértola, si bien no ha podido ser incluida en el presente estudio. En Madinat az-Zahra encontramos piezas con paralelos directos entre las producciones mesopotámicas del siglo IX y probablemente del siglo X de Sâmârra; se trata de importaciones bien caracterizadas, propias de un muy concreto marco temporal que se circunscribe al período califal.

All of this digging pays off, unearthing a river of aper#231;us and scathing insights that provoke thought. There's a brilliant riff on George Gilder as chief ideologue of the new class struggle, that is, the one that pits Entrepreneurial Man against the resentful world of old money, which conspires through its control of the media, universities, and the liberal foundations to get the poor to join in unholy alliance against the forces of creative destruction. A bon mot captures the fatuousness and empty sentimentality of the new 'people's capitalism': 'all Capra, no CIO.' Just for the sneaky pleasure of it, one wants to thank Frank for ferreting out an ad like this one from Merrill Lynch: 'Corporations like to refer to themselves as `families.' Shouldn't it be the other way around?'; or for bringing to our attention cover stories like the one entitled 'Free Agent Nation' (appearing in Fast Company, the sassiest of these market populist publications), which, topsy turvy, re-imagines the now casualized white-collar salartariat as brash, empowered, in-your-face folk not about to take any guff from their corporate employers. The Street is a boulevard open to all, a veritable 'socialism of the stock exchange.' Generation X, Frank shows us, is sold the privatization of Social Security in the idiom of coolness; investing as the ultimate act of generational rebellion. Frank uses his favorite management Punchinello, Tom Peters, to let us in on just how crazy things can get. In the culminating, 'extremist' phase of market populism, Peters, once the promoter of 'excellence,' has mutated into the Darth Vader of corporate death, a kind of market terrorist, a true believer that 'destruction is cool,' so cool he recommends that management create a new post, a CDO or 'Chief Destruction Officer.' A fair amount of what Frank applauds as genuine economic democracy, that is, the public oversight and regulation of the 'free market,' arose out of what might be crudely characterized as the war between new money and old. The antitrust movement, the 'money trust' investigations of 1913, the Pecora hearings of the early thirties, Louis Brandeis's war on railroad monopolies, New Deal-era securities and banking legislation, the attack on the public utility holding company, Keynesian fiscal policy, even the justly ridiculed Sherman antitrust act (which nonetheless Bill Gates is now compelled to wrestle with) drew inspiration and energy from various sources. But segments of the business community were always prominent among them. Taking the longer view, it is nearly impossible to exaggerate the antiquity and stature of Entrepreneurial Man within the American public imagination. A century and a half before anyone dreamed up market populism, he was there at the birth of the movement for 'free soil, free labor, free men' and other allied struggles for economic democracy. It's hardly necessary to genuflect in gratitude to recognize that the 'business community' frequently fails to act communally, that its multiple fissures generate diverging tendencies, some more and some less friendly to the unrestricted free market.

Globalization is the new master concept beloved of media commentators. But already there is great discontent among social scientists with the content and use of this concept. In the space of less than a decade globalization discourse and research has moved well past the stage of invocation of a 'buzzword', of obeisance to the power of the internet and global finance, or of predictions of the demise of the state. These are all features that can readily be discerned still in the press and among politicians and hyperglobalizing advertisers and finance‐sector 'gurus'. These groups seem still to be locked into the first wave of globalization euphoria consequent upon the supposed 'triumph' of capitalist neoliberalism after the collapse of communism and the slightly later advent of the internet. Second and third waves of enquiry have since arisen in which scepticism about globalization (in the second) is giving way to more detailed empirical enquiry into the actual processes and transformations that might or might not be occurring. We need a new critical perspective that is able to place globalization as the latest form of an older discourse on modernity and capitalism and which is able to move well beyond the over simplification of the present. Through a critical realist perspective we can begin to develop a more empirically powerful criticism of geopolitics and political economy and begin to see the possibilities of local empowerment in the face of the rhetoric and politics of the hyperglobalizing project.La mondialisation est le nouveau concept de prédilection des médias. Mais déjà, sa teneur et son usage suscitent un mécontentement considérable dans le milieu des sciences sociales. En moins d'une décennie, discours et recherches sur la mondialisation ont largement dépassé l'invocation d'un mot à la mode, l'hommage rendu à la puissance d'Internet et de la finance mondiale, ou les prédictions du recul de l'État. On perçoit encore facilement tous ces traits dans la presse et chez les hommes politiques, les publicitaires hyper‐mondialisateurs et les 'gourous' de la finance; en effet, ces groupes restent bloqués, semble‐t‐il, au stade de la première vague d'euphorie liée au phénomène né du soi‐disant 'triomphe' du néolibéralisme capitaliste après l'effondrement du communisme et l'arrivée presque simultanée d'Internet. Sont apparues depuis une deuxième puis une troisième vague d'investigations; le scepticisme à l'égard de la mondialisation (dans la deuxième) y fait place à une étude empirique plus détaillée sur les processus et transformations réels qui pourraient ou non voir le jour. Nous avons besoin d'une nouvelle perspective critique qui permette de positionner la mondialisation comme la forme la plus récente d'un discours antérieur sur la modernité et le capitalisme, et d'aller outre la simplification excessive qui nous connaissons actuellement. Grâce à une approche réaliste, nous pouvons commencer àélaborer une critique de géopolitique et d'économie politique plus solide sur le plan empirique, et à distinguer les possibilités d'attributions de pouvoirs à un niveau local, en dépit des discours et de la politique caractéristiques du projet d'hyper‐mondialisation.

Die vergangenen Jahrzehnte deuten auf eine intensive Veränderung in den Beschäftigungssystemen. Doch herrscht Unklarheit darüber, wie tiefgreifend sich in Zukunft diese Entwicklung fortsetzen wird. Im aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Diskurs um den Wandel der Arbeitswelt stellen der Niedriglohnsektor, der dritte Sektor und die "neuen Selbständigen" die Bühnen für zukünftige beschäftigungspolitische Strategien dar. Die Arbeitsmärkte von Künstlern und Publizisten bieten in ihrer Vielfältigkeit dabei reichhaltiges Anschauungsmaterial. Viele Künstler und Publizisten arbeiten als ehrenamtliche Mitarbeiter im Kulturbereich, erzielen Einkünfte durch niedrig bezahlte Dienstleistungen oder treten auf den Markt als die "neuen Selbständigen". Dabei bewegen sie sich häufig zwischen Sequenzen von Erwerbs- und Nichterwerbszeiten und arbeiten traditionell unter Arbeitsbedingungen, die nicht dem Normalarbeitsverhältnis entsprechen. Ihre Beschäftigungsverhältnisse und ihr Erwerb beruhen häufig nicht auf unbefristeten Vollzeitarbeitsverhältnissen. Somit vollzieht sich ihre Arbeit oft in einem organisatorischen Umfeld, das weder der lohnabhängigen noch der selbständig unternehmerischen Tätigkeit entspricht. So lautet die Kernfrage des vorliegenden Essays, inwieweit Arbeitsmärkte der Künstler und Publizisten zukunftsweisend für Beschäftigungssysteme sein können und Hinweise auf prinzipielle Veränderungen in anderen Berufs- und Tätigkeitsfeldern geben. Insbesondere die Analyse der in diesem Segment angebotenen Lösungsstrategien für die zunehmenden Unsicherheiten von Beschäftigungsverhältnissen können für eine zukünftige Wissens- und Mediengesellschaft von Bedeutung sein. Die empirische Grundlage dieser Arbeit bildet eine Analyse der Daten des Mikrozensus 1995 in Deutschland. In einer vergleichenden Analyse des Gesamtarbeitsmarktes und der Entwicklung der Künstler- und Publizistenarbeitsmärkte werden strukturelle Veränderungen in der Erwerbsarbeit nachgezeichnet. Dabei werden die Funktionsprinzipien dieser Teilarbeitsmärkte anhand einzelner Merkmale wie beispielsweise der Qualifikations- und Finanzstrukturen, der Lohnmechanismen und Modelle der sozialen Sicherung diskutiert. Abschließend werden die arbeitsmarkt- und beschäftigungspolitischen Instrumente aufgezeigt, die den wachsenden Unsicherheiten und Risiken in den Beschäftigungsverhältnissen begegnen können. Im Gegensatz zur klassischen Vollbeschäftigungsstrategie wird die regulative Idee der Übergangsarbeitsmärkte vorgeschlagen, die Lösungen für die Veränderungen in den Beschäftigungssystemen bereitstellt. ; In recent decades there have been signs of major changes in employment systems, although there is no agreement on the extent and direction of these changes. Current debates are focusing on the potential of the low wage sector, the non-profit-sector and self-employment for future employment strategies. An illustrative example of these developments can be found in the labour markets for artists and journalists. Many artists and journalists work as volunteers in the cultural sector, gain their revenues in the low paid services sector, or enter the market as "new self-employed". Often they move between employment and non-employment under conditions which do not correspond to the "standard employment relationship" (Normalarbeitsverhältnis). Their working conditions and earnings are often not based on permanent full-time jobs. Their work is often characterised by an organisational environment that corresponds neither to classical wage dependency nor to autonomous entrepreneurship. By examining the economic and employment conditions of artists and journalists we can ask: To what extent does their experience represent a model of future employment that can provide insights into substantial changes in the overall employment system? Our analysis of strategies to protect against uncertain working conditions in this segment can indicate important policy lessons for a future information- and media- society. The empirical part of the paper analyses data drawn from the national labour force survey (German Mikrozensus 1995). In comparing the labour markets for artists and journalists in the context of the total labour market, we indicate prospective structural changes in the employment system. The mechanisms of these occupational labour market segments are discussed on the basis of individual characteristics, such as the level of qualification and financial structures, the wage mechanisms as well as models of social security. Finally the paper illustrates how labour market and employment policy can react to increasing uncertainties and risks in employment conditions. In contrast to the standard "full employment" strategy, the paper suggests the regulatory idea of transitional labour markets which suggests policy responses to changes in the employment systems.

Over the past two decades, converted loft spaces have emerged as an important element of the North American inner‐city landscape. Originating within the specific social and economic conditions of Manhattan's SoHo (South of Houston) District in the 1970s, lofts have come to exemplify a conjunction between culture and economy in the restructuring of the contemporary city. In the gentrification literature, however, the idea of 'culture' and its role in urban change remains weakly conceptualized as 'arts‐related investment' and 'heritage preservation'. In this paper I untangle this relationship and realign the cultural with socio‐spatial practice to examine the production of a loft landscape in inner‐city Montréal. This case study illustrates the weak role played by capital accumulation strategies in the production of this landscape in Montréal and highlights the importance of a North‐America‐wide cultural construction of the SoHo loft and its reproduction in other cities. I argue that the media serves as a site and agent in the re‐coding of inner city industrial landscapes by repeatedly representing lofts as the 'authentic' domain of the avant‐garde. In the case of Montréal, the reconstruction of a loft landscape further depends on local cultural forms that map and translate the loft lifestyle and aesthetic in the local material environment and build relationships between local conditions and identities, and SoHo. Finally, drawing on interviews with Montréal loft tenants, I illustrate how inner‐city identities are constructed through socio‐spatial practices.Durant les deux dernières décennies, les espaces de lofts aménagés sont devenus un élément important du paysage des centres‐villes d'Amérique du Nord. Ayant leur origine dans les conditions économiques et sociales spécifiques au district de SoHo à Manhattan (au Sud de Houston) dans les années 1970, les lofts en sont venus à exemplifier une conjonction entre la culture et l'économie dans la restructuration de la ville contemporaine. Cependant, dans la littérature sur l'embourgeoisement, l'idée de 'culture' et son rôle dans le changement urbain ne sont que peu théorisés en tant que 'investissement qui se rapporte aux arts' et 'préservation du patrimoine'. Dans cet article, j'éclaircis ce rapport et réaligne le cultural à la pratique socio‐spatiale afin d'examiner la production d'un paysage de lofts dans le centre de la ville de Montréal. Ce cas d'étude illustre le rôle minime des stratégies d'accumulation du capital dans la production de ce paysage à Montréal et souligne l'importance d'une construction culturelle du loft de SoHo, connue dans toute l'Amérique du Nord, et de sa reproduction dans d'autres villes. Je soutiens que les médias servent de lieu et d'agent de recodification des paysages industriels des centres‐villes en représentant régulièrement les lofts comme le domaine 'authentique' de l'avant‐garde. Dans le cas de Montréal, la reconstruction d'un paysage de lofts dépend aussi des formes culturelles locales qui tracent et traduisent le mode de vie et l'esthétique du loft dans l'environnement matériel local et qui construisent des rapports entre les conditions et identités locales et SoHo. Finalement, me basant sur des entrevues avec des occupants de loft à Montréal, je montre comment les identités du centre‐ville sont construites par les pratiques socio‐spatiales.

[ES] La televisión es actualmente el medio «estrella» de comunicación de masas en el entorno social de Occidente, y en nuestro país la oferta televisiva ha aumentado notablemente en los últimos años. Para algunos, la televisión ha pasado a ser el objeto predilecto de las críticas más variadas y «chivo expiatorio» de todos los males de la sociedad; para otros, esta «caja» no es más que un inocuo electrodoméstico que informa y entretiene; finalmente son pocos los que creen que la televisión debe comenzar a ser considerada como una oportunidad para la democratización del poder y la cultura, para la amplificación de los sentidos, para la potenciación del aprendizaje. De lo que no cabe duda es de que la televisión hoy es un instrumento privilegiado de socialización y de transmisión de ideologías y valores. Y ante esta realidad, la institución escolar y familiar ha estado asistiendo impasible al proceso de penetración de la «cultura televisiva», sin ofrecer a las nuevas generaciones formas de interpretación y de análisis crítico. Se ha acusado a la televisión de los muchos males que aquejan a la sociedad actual y se le atribuyen incluso responsabilidades en el fracaso escolar. Es decir, se reconoce su enorme poder pero se educa como si no existiese. Por esto, desde este artículo ofrecemos algunas pautas de actuación orientadas a conseguir que padres y educadores abandonen esas actitudes apocalípticas y tremendistas ante la televisión y comiencen a ver en este medio más a un cómplice que a un temido adversario. Educar desde la familia y la escuela, es la única forma de conseguir una adecuada integración de la televisión en la vida de nuestros niños. ; [EN] Television, nowadays for the time being, is the main star of the mass media in the social environment of the western countries, and in our country TV options have remarkably increased in recent years. For some, TV has become the favourite target of the most varied criticisms and the scapegoat of all that is bad in our society. For others, this «box» is only a harmless appliance that gives information as well as entertainment. Finally, only a few believe that TV should be considered as an opportunity to democratize power and culture, to broaden our senses and to strengthen human learning. Little doubt exists today that TV is an exceptionally good instrument to socialize and transmit values and ideologies. Knowing this, the school and family institutions have impassively contemplated the way TV has imposed its «TV culture » without offering the new generations other ways of interpretation and critical analysis. TV has often been accused of many bad things that damage today's society and it has also been accused of being responsible for school failure. Moreover, its power is enormous, al though people are educated as if that power did not exist. This article therebore offers some ways of acting, orientated so that parents and educators will give up their tremendous and apocalyptic attitudes against TV, and consider it a companion rather than a feared enemy. Family and school education is the best way to achieve a suitable integration of TV in our children's lives.

Book reviewed in this article:KIE DAUDAI: Notes and Sketches From Cape York By Edwina Toohey.COLLINS, THE COURTS AND THE COLONY: Law and Society in Colonial New South Wales 1788–1796 By J. F. Nagle.COLONIAL TECHNOLOGY: Science and the Transfer of Innovation to Australia By Jan Todd.FASHIONING AUSTRALIA'S FORESTS By John Dargavel.WITH FOND REGARDS: Private Lives Through Letters Edited by Elizabeth Riddell.SEX, POWER AND JUSTICE: Historical Perspectives on Law in Australia Edited by Diane Kirkby.SINGLE MOTHERS AND THEIR CHILDREN: Disposal, Punishment and Survival in Australia By Shurlee Swain with Renale Howe.MINORITIES: Cultural Diversity in Sydney Edited by Shirley Fitzgerald and Garry Wotherspoon.FAIR ENOUGH: Egalitarianism in Australia By Elaine Thompson.MEMORY AND HISTORY IN TWENTIETH CENTURY AUSTRALIA Edited by Kate Darian‐Smith and Paula Hamilton.THE GUNNERS: A History of Australian Artillery By David Homer.AUSTRALIAN BRASS: The Career of Lieutenant General Sir Horace Robertson By Jeffrey Grey.THE WAR IN THE AIR 1914–1994 Edited by Alan Stephens.BACKGROUND TO THE ANZUS PACT: Policy‐Making, Strategy and Diplomacy, 1945–55 By W. David Mclntyre.STRATEGIC INVOLVEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIP: Australia's Post‐1975 Relations with Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam By Ngaosyvathn Pheuiphanh. Australia‐Asia Papers No. 68.AUSTRALIA'S SPIES AND THEIR SECRETS By David McKnight.TRICONTINENTAL: The Rise and Fall of a Merchant Bank By Hugo Armstrong and Dick Gross.INSTITUTIONS IN AUSTRALIAN SOCIETY Edited by John Henningham.ELECTION!: How and Why Australia Votes By Dean Jaensch.THE PEOPLE'S SAY: Elections in Australia By the Australian Electoral Commission.AUSTRALIAN POLITICAL IDEAS Edited by Geoff Stokes.SEEDS OF PROGRESS: An Agricultural Scientist in Southeast Asia By Professor L Ross HumphreysCOAXES OF KAIPARA By Michael BassetTHE ENLIGHTENMENT By Ulrich Im Hof. Translated by William E. Yuill.GLADSTONE AND THE LIBERAL PARTY By Michael Winstanley.INSIDE BABYLON: The Caribbean Diaspora in Britain Edited by Winston James and Clive Harris.GESCHICHTSDISKURS: Anfange Modernen Historischen Denkens, Vol. 2. [Historical Discourse: The Beginnings of Modern Historical Thinking] Edited by Wolfgang Küttler, Jörn Rilsen and Ernst Schulin.BISMARCK AND MITTELEUROPA By Bascom Barry Hayes.BÜRGER BESONDERER ART: Evangelische Pfarrer in Preussen 1850–1914 fly Oliver Janz.MÜTTER‐REICH: Zurdeutschen Erzählprosa der Dreißiger Jahre By Elisabeth Galvan.AUSLÄNDER, AUSSIEDLER, ASYL: Eine Bestandsaufnahme By Klaus J. Bade.FALLEN SPARROWS: The International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War By Michael Jackson.THE EUROPEAN RESCUE OF THE NATION‐STATE By Alan S. Milward.THE END OF COMMUNIST POWER: Anti‐Corruption Campaigns and Legitimation Crisis By Leslie Holmes.FDR AND THE NEWS MEDIA By Betty Houchin Winfield.PACIFIC COOPERATION: Building Economic and Security Regimes in the Asia‐Pacific Region Edited by Andrew Mack and John Ravenhill.THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PACIFIC ISLANDS FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE By Anthony B. van Fossen.RETHINKING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS By Fred HallidayTHE FORCE OF LAW: International Law and the Land Commander Edited by Hugh SmithRELIGION IN THIRD WORLD POLITICS. By Jeff Haynes.BUILDING INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY: Cooperation for Peace Case Studies Edited by Kevin Clements and Robin Ward St. LeonardsINTERNATIONAL TERRITORY: The United Nations 1945–95 By Adam Bartos and Christopher Hitchens.NATIONALISM By Elie Kedourie.POLITICAL THOUGHT SINCE 1945: Philosophy, Science, Ideology Edited by Leonard Tivey and Anthony Wright. Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1992, pp. x+222.POLITICS, ANCIENT AND MODERN By Pierre Vidal‐Naquet. Translated by Janet Lloyd.