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С принятием Федерального закона от 27.07. 2010 N 210-ФЗ «Об организации предоставления государственных и муниципальных услуг» и аналогичных законов субъектов Российской Федерации, органы местного самоуправления сформировали систему муниципальных административно-правовых актов, обеспечивающих их реализацию. В связи с чем, возникла необходимость осуществить не только мониторинг ее соответствия доктрине административного права, действующему законодательству, но и мониторинг правоприменения. Авторами статьи предпринята одна из первых попыток анализа муниципальных административно-правовых актов Администрации города Тюмени в сфере организации предоставления муниципальных услуг. Доктринальное толкование законодательства позволило выделить две основные категории муниципальных услуг (социальные бюджетные и исполнительно-распорядительные) и на основе сравнения дать им правовую характеристику. На момент окончания настоящего исследования установлено, что административно-правовое регулирование организации предоставления муниципальных услуг в муниципальном образовании городской округ города Тюмень находится в стадии завершения. Большую часть муниципальных административно-правовых актов составляют административные регламенты, предметом которых являются административные процедуры предоставления муниципальных услуг. Административная практика контроля надлежащего исполнения административных процедур предоставления муниципальных услуг, досудебного обжалования решений и действий (бездействия) органов, предоставляющих муниципальные услуги, их должностных лиц и муниципальных служащих, а также института дисциплинарной и административной ответственности находится в стадии становления и в перспективе станет актуальным предметом дальнейших научных исследований. ; Federal law «On the administration of state and municipal services provision» of 27.02.2012 № 201-FZ and the similar laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation having been adopted, local self-government authorities formed a system of municipal administrative and legal acts to provide the implementation of the aforesaid laws. Thus, the necessity to monitor both its compliance with the current legislation and the enforcement process has emerged. One of the first attempts to analyze the municipal administrative and legal acts of the Tyumen Administration in the sphere of the organization of municipal services provision has been undertaken by the authors of the article. The doctrinal interpretation of the legislation revealed two basic categories of municipal services and outlined their legal specifics. The first category includes social budget municipal services while the second involves executive-administrative municipal services. By the time of this research completion it has been determined that the administrative-legal regulation of the organization of municipal services provision in the municipal entity of the City of Tyumen is being currently finalized. The majority of the municipal administrative and legal acts comprises administrative regulations, the subject-matter of which is the administrative procedures of municipal services provision. The practice of administrative monitoring of the proper enforcement of the administrative procedures dealing with the municipal services provision, pre-trial appealing of the decisions or actions (inactions) of the bodies, providing municipal services, their functionaries and municipal civil-servants as well as the institution of the disciplinary and administrative responsibility is still being implemented and has a long-term topicality for the further scientific research.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belagunda-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 492 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 476 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 16 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 476 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 6 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 25 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 15 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 41 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 36 per cent loamy soils and 60 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 96 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 25 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 6 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 10 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 30 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is high (>337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 3 per cent area and medium (0.5-0.1 ppm) in 73 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 96 per cent of area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 64 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 280 (57) Guava - - Maize - 280 (57) Sapota - - Bajra - 280 (57) Pomegranate - 250 (51) Groundnut - 30 (6) Musambi - 250 (51) Sunflower - 250 (51) Lime - 250 (51) Redgram - 250 (51) Amla - 30 (6) Bengal gram - 250 (51) Cashew - - Cotton - 250 (51) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 280 (57) Jamun - - Tomato - 30 (6) Custard apple - 280 (57) Brinjal - 30 (6) Tamarind - - Onion - 30 (6) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 280 (57) Marigold - 280 (57) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 280 (57) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Belagunda-1 is located at North latitude 160 34' 39.551" and 160 33' 1.449" and East longitude 770 13' 46.099'' and 770 12' 21.566" covering an area of about 491.38 ha coming under Anura B, Heganagere and Belagundi villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Belagunda-1 micro watersheds of Belagunda subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 6 (17.14 %) were marginal, 18 (51.43%) were small, 6 (17.14 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 111 (57.51%) men and 82 (42.49 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.01%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 54.92 per cent illiterates, 43.53 per cent pre university education and 2.07 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 63.21 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 88.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 71.43 per cent possess TV, 65.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 22.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor and 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 15.29 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.60.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 3.08 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1333.33 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 94.78 per cent (53.47 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 5.22 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 91.43 percent possessed bank account and 91.43 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 2.86 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 36.84 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 10.53 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Paddy was Rs.31650.45 , 20807.91 and 25838.76 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 2.00 and 1: 1.40 respectively.  Further, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 89542.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 75285.71 comes from agriculture.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 9522.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 40.00 per cent depends on own funds and 42.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 145.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 145.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (97.14%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.57 per cent of the households and 14.29 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 102.86 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 34.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 0.00 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (68.57%), pulses (57.14%) and oilseeds (11.43%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (111.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (100.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (37.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (91.43%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (94.29%), high rate of interest on credit (91.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (45.71%), inadequate extension services (94.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(91.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belagunda-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 492 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 476 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 16 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 476 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 6 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 25 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 15 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 41 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 36 per cent loamy soils and 60 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 96 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 25 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 6 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 10 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 30 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is high (>337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 3 per cent area and medium (0.5-0.1 ppm) in 73 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 96 per cent of area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 64 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 280 (57) Guava - - Maize - 280 (57) Sapota - - Bajra - 280 (57) Pomegranate - 250 (51) Groundnut - 30 (6) Musambi - 250 (51) Sunflower - 250 (51) Lime - 250 (51) Redgram - 250 (51) Amla - 30 (6) Bengal gram - 250 (51) Cashew - - Cotton - 250 (51) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 280 (57) Jamun - - Tomato - 30 (6) Custard apple - 280 (57) Brinjal - 30 (6) Tamarind - - Onion - 30 (6) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 280 (57) Marigold - 280 (57) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 280 (57) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Belagunda-1 is located at North latitude 160 34' 39.551" and 160 33' 1.449" and East longitude 770 13' 46.099'' and 770 12' 21.566" covering an area of about 491.38 ha coming under Anura B, Heganagere and Belagundi villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Belagunda-1 micro watersheds of Belagunda subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 6 (17.14 %) were marginal, 18 (51.43%) were small, 6 (17.14 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 111 (57.51%) men and 82 (42.49 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.01%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 54.92 per cent illiterates, 43.53 per cent pre university education and 2.07 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 63.21 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 88.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 71.43 per cent possess TV, 65.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 22.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor and 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 15.29 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.60.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 3.08 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1333.33 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 94.78 per cent (53.47 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 5.22 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 91.43 percent possessed bank account and 91.43 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 2.86 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 36.84 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 10.53 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Paddy was Rs.31650.45 , 20807.91 and 25838.76 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 2.00 and 1: 1.40 respectively.  Further, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 89542.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 75285.71 comes from agriculture.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 9522.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 40.00 per cent depends on own funds and 42.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 145.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 145.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (97.14%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.57 per cent of the households and 14.29 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 102.86 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 34.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 0.00 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (68.57%), pulses (57.14%) and oilseeds (11.43%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (111.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (100.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (37.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (91.43%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (94.29%), high rate of interest on credit (91.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (45.71%), inadequate extension services (94.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(91.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Narayanpet-2Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 776 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 727 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 48 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 727 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 16 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 4 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 23 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 11 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 39 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 3 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 90 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 23 per cent is medium (51-100 mm/m), 4 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 16 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 76 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil and 18 per cent of area is low (337 kg/ha) in 81 per cent area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 58 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 36 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 502 (65) Guava - 2 (<1) Maize - 502 (65) Sapota - 2 (<1) Bajra - 502 (65) Pomegranate - 227 (29) Groundnut - 30 (4) Musambi - 226 (29) Sunflower - 226 (29) Lime - 226 (29) Redgram - 475 (55) Amla - 210 (27) Bengal gram 180 (23) 175 (23) Cashew - - Cotton - 226 (29) Jackfruit - 2 (<1) Chilli - 255 (33) Jamun - - Tomato - 30 (4) Custard apple - 254 (33) Brinjal - 30 (4) Tamarind - - Onion - 30 (4) Mulberry - 2 (<1) Bhendi - 255 (33) Marigold - 254 (33) Drumstick - 182 (23) Chrysanthemum - 254 (33) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Narayanpet-2 is located at North latitude 160 30' 5.473" and 160 28' 30.247" and East longitude 770 17' 44.111'' and 770 15' 5.067" covering an area of about 768.67 ha coming under Badiyala ªÀillage of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Narayanpet-2 micro watersheds of Kodlur subwatershed, Yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 6 (17.14 %) were marginal, 8 (22.86%)were small, 13 (37.14 %) were Semi medium and 8 (22.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 103 (51.76%) men and 96 (48.24 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (42.21%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 23.62 per cent illiterates, 78.39 per cent pre university education and 5.53 per cent attained graduation.  About, 5.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 94.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 3.02 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 65.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 85.71 per cent possess TV, 71.43 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 22.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 8.57 per cent possess tractor and 34.29 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.77, women available in the micro watershed was 1.46, hired labour (men) available was 11.86 and hired labour (women) available was 15.29.  In the study area, about 1.01 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1600.00 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (95.11 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Jowar and Cotton, and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.98 per cent.  Out of the sample households 97.14 percent possessed bank account. 2  About 100.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 5.56 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 88.89 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 5.56 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Jowar and Cotton was Rs.30866.96, 22324.79 and 25004.18 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.80, 1: 0.90 and 1: 1.20 respectively.  Further, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.14 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 87165.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 56257.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 9 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10457.14 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 60.00 per cent depends on own funds and 40.00 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 65.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 42.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 42.86 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (105.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 37.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (65.71%) and oilseeds (20.00%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (117.14%) wild animal menace on farm field (40.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (40.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (74.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), high rate of interest on credit (77.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (94.29%), inadequate extension services (20.00%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (65.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Shampurhalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 902 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 769 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 6 ha by railway, 68 ha by rock outcrops and 59 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 43 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (150 cm).  About 6 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 57 per cent area loamy and 22 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 10 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 26 per cent area low (51- 100 mm/m) and 45 per cent area very low (0.75%) in 37 per cent area.  15 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 70 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 35 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 50 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  About 62 per cent area is deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 132(15) 83(9) Guava - 87(10) Maize 87(10) 128(14) Sapota - 87(10) Bajra 87(10) 127(14) Pomegranate - 132(15) Groundnut - 126(14) Musambi 45(5) 87(10) Sunflower 45(5) 87(10) Lime 45(5) 87(10) Redgram - 132(15) Amla 87(10) 127(14) Bengal gram 45(5) - Cashew - - Cotton 45(5) 130(14) Jackfruit - 87(10) Chilli 87(10) 127(14) Jamun - 45(5) Tomato 87(10) 82(9) Custard apple 45(10) 169(19) Brinjal 87(10) 82(9) Tamarind - 45(5) Onion 87(10) 82(9) Mulberry - 87(10) Bhendi 87(10) 127(14) Marigold 87(10) 127(14) Drumstick - 132(15) Chrysanthemum 87(10) 127(14) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Shampurhalli is located at North latitude 160 53' 58.964" and 160 52' 17.5" and East longitude 770 3' 45.645'' and 770 2' 1.833" covering an area of about 590.86 ha coming under Yaragola and Vaddanahalli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Shampurhalli micro watersheds of Kollur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 46 farmers were sampled in Shampurhalli micro-watershed among households surveyed 20 (43.48%) were marginal, 13 (28.26%) were small, 6 (13.04 %) were semi medium, 3 (6.52 %) were medium farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 125 (55.80 %) men and 99 (44.20 %) were women. The average population of landless was 2.5, marginal farmers were 4.7, small farmers were 5.5, semi medium farmers were 5.2 and medium farmers were 6.  Majority of the respondents (44.20%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 55.36 per cent illiterates, 45.53 per cent pre university education and 2.23 per cent attained graduation.  About, 86.96 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 6.52 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 51.79 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 95.65 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.61 per cent possess TV, 17.39 per cent possess mixer grinder, 89.13 per cent possess mobile phones and 19.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 28.26 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.17 per cent possess tractor, 13.04 per cent possess bullock cart and 8.70 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 10.87 per cent possess local cow and 6.52 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, women available in the micro watershed was 1.62, hired labour (men) available was 11.12 and hired labour (women) available was 11.48.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 92.16 per cent (58.58 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 7.84 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 4.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 9.28 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Paddy, Green gram, Groundnut and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 90.41 per cent.  Out of the sample households 2.17 percent possessed bank account and 2.17 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 2.17 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Paddy, Green gram, Groundnut and Cotton was Rs.33860.41, 92284.45, 28578.29, 68794.02 and 37869.12 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.70, 1: 0.90, 1: 1.20, 1: 1.02 and 1:2.10 respectively.  Further, 67.39 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 13.04 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 94073.48 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 44528.26 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 32 horticulture trees and 145 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2956.52 for land development and Rs. 4456.52 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 12.77 per cent depends on own funds.  Regarding marketing channels, 89.13 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 89.13 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (71.74%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 73.91 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 34.78 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 34.78 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (84.78%) and oilseeds (32.61%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.30%) wild animal menace on farm field 3 (67.39%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (76.09%), inadequacy of irrigation water (10.87%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (84.78%), high rate of interest on credit (47.83%), low price for the agricultural commodities (69.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (76.09%), inadequate extension services (4.35%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (56.52%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yagapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 458 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 362 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 75 ha by rock outcrops and 22 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 7 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 362 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 5 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) and 74 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 13 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 64 per cent area very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 71 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 8 per cent is high (> 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area 5 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) and 74 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low ( 20 ppm) in 7 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient ( 0.6 ppm) in 40 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 56(12) Guava - - Maize - 56(12) Sapota - - Bajra - 56(12) Pomegranate - 9(2) Groundnut - 47(10) Musambi - 9(2) Sunflower - 9(2) Lime - 9(2) Redgram - 9(2) Amla - 47(10) Bengal gram - 9(2) Cashew - - Cotton - 9(2) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 56(12) Jamun - - Tomato - 47(10) Custard apple - 56(12) Brinjal - 47(10) Tamarind - - Onion - 47(10) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 56(12) Marigold - 56(12) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 56(12) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yagapur is located at North latitude 160 54' 58.168" and 160 53' 42.955" and East longitude 770 9' 3.054'' and 770 6' 57.985" covering an area of about 397.22 ha coming under Yakkihalli and Baggalamadu Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 respondents, 14 (40.00%) were marginal, 11(31.43%) were small and 5 (14.29%) were semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 90 (58.82%) men and 63 (41.18%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (39.22%) were in the age group of 35-60 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 49.02 per cent illiterates and only 3.92 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 50.33 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 80.00 per cent possess TV, 31.43 per cent possess mixer grinder and 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess plough.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.29 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.63, women available in the micro watershed was 1.20, hired labour (men) available and hired labour (women) available was 4.86.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 0.65 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 550.00 kms for about 6.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (35.41 ha), 77.94 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 16.34 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 3.00 bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 8.57 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Jowar and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.76 per cent.  The sample households possessed 91.43 per cent bank account and 28.57 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 62.86 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 90.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  Majority of the respondents (100.00 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Jowar and Green gram was Rs.32172.54, 19269.10, 71297.18, 22469.37 and 21568.85 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.20, 1: 0.80, 1: 1.10, 1: 2.10 and 1:1.10 respectively.  Further, 20.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 135674.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 47760.00 comes from agriculture.  The total number of horticultural trees grown (both field and backyard) by the sampled households were coconut (15) in the fields and forest species were grown 7 teak trees, 40 neem trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 485.71 for land development and Rs. 1428.57 for creation of irrigation facility.  Source of funds raised from own sources for land development was 11.43 and for irrigation facility was 2.86 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 65.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 14.29 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 51.43 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (48.57 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 77.14 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 71.43 per cent of the households and 37.14 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households. 3  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 62.86 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Cereals (97.14%), pulses (88.57%), oilseeds (74.29%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (80.00%) wild animal menace on farm field (60.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (74.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (65.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.14%), high rate of interest on credit (74.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (74.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (22.86%), inadequate extension services (2.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25.71%), Less rainfall (5.71%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (5.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Motanahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 936 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 918 ha (98%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 18 ha (2%) by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 98 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 29 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100- 150 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and about 60 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 10 per cent area of the microwatershed is medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 73 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%), about 41 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 36 per cent is low (20 ppm) in an area of about 15 per cent, about 31 per cent is medium (10-20 ppm) and about 52 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 92 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 16(2) 63(7) Guava - 16(2) Maize 16(2) 63(7) Sapota - 16(2) Bajra 16(2) 63(7) Pomegranate - 16(2) Groundnut - 16(2) Musambi - 16(2) Sunflower - 16(2) Lime - 16(2) Redgram - 79(8) Amla 16(2) - Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - 16(2) Jackfruit - 16(2) Chilli 16(2) - Jamun - - Tomato 16(2) - Custard apple - 16(2) Brinjal 16(2) - Tamarind - - Onion 16(2) - Mulberry - - Bhendi 16(2) - Marigold 16(2) - Drumstick - 16(2) Chrysanthemum 16(2) - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Motanahalli is located at North latitude 160 50' 12.798" and 160 53'48.923" and East longitude 770 13' 54.856'' and 770 11' 0.424" covering an area of about 903.31 ha coming under under Motahalli and Baggalamadu villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Motanahalli micro watersheds of Motanahalli subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Motanahalli micro-watershed among households surveyed 10 (29.41%) were marginal, 7(20.59%) were small, 9 (26.47 %) were semi medium and 3 (8.82 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 99 (54.40%) men and 83 (45.60 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (41.21%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 58.24 per cent illiterates, 36.27 per cent pre university education and 2.75 per cent attained graduation.  About, 85.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.65 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 63.74 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 82.35 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.65 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 44.12 per cent possess TV, 5.88 per cent possess mixer grinder, 105.88 per cent possess mobile phones and 14.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households possess plough, 17.65 per cent possess bullock cart and 55.88 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 38.24 per cent possess local cow and 8.82 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.79, women available in the micro watershed was 1.64, hired labour (men) available was 5.76 and hired labour (women) available was 5.61.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 63.17 per cent (43.34 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 30.10 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 8.00 live bore wells and 4.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 23.53 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundnut, Jowar, Paddy and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.87 per cent.  Out of the sample households 94.12 percent possessed bank account and 67.65 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 70.59 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100.00 per cent from cooperative/ Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 37.50 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundnut, Jowar, Paddy and Green gram was Rs.32597.19, 72052.08, 10476.69, 34489.51 and 24888.02 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.40, 1: 1.50, 1: 2.10, 1: 1.50 and 1:2.60 respectively.  Further, 47.06 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 208597.06 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 113229.41 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 23 horticulture trees and 48 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1352.97 for land development and Rs. 588.24 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 11.11 per cent depends on own funds and 2.78 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 70.59 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 11.76 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 58.82 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (47.06%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 76.47 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 76.47 per cent of the households and 20.59 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 85.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 94.12 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 52.94 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.12 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.12%), pulses (88.24%) and oilseeds (61.76%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (79.41%) wild animal menace on farm field (64.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (76.47%), inadequacy of irrigation water (58.82%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (76.47%), high rate of interest on credit (76.47%), low price for the agricultural commodities (73.53%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (73.53%), inadequate extension services (64.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(73.53%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Holandgira Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 678 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 587 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 43 ha is covered by rock outcrops and 49 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 587 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 150 cm).  About 11 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 76 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 18 per cent is medium (51-100 mm/m), 0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 17 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil and 69 per cent of area is high (>57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 47 per cent area, low (337 kg/ha) in 32 per cent area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 86 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 48 per cent area in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 113 (17) 367 (54) Guava - 66 (10) Maize 66 (10) 414 (61) Sapota - 66 (10) Bajra 66 (10) 414 (61) Pomegranate - 203 (30) Groundnut - 70 (10) Musambi 47 (7) 156 (23) Sunflower 47 (7) 156 (23) Lime 47 (7) 156 (23) Redgram - 476 (70) Amla 66 (10) 4 (<1) Bengal gram 104 (15) 306 (45) Cashew - - Cotton 47 (7) 156 (26) Jackfruit - 66 (10) Chilli 66 (10) 141 (21) Jamun - 47 (7) Tomato 66 (10) 4 (<1) Custard apple 47 (7) 160 (23) Brinjal 66 (10) 4 (<1) Tamarind 47 (7) - Onion 66 (10) 4 (<1) Mulberry - 66 (10) Bhendi 66 (10) 141 (21) Marigold 66 (10) 141 (21) Drumstick - 170 (25) Chrysanthemum 66 (10) 141 (21) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Holandgira is located at North latitude 160 50' 44.924" and 160 49' 4.393" and East longitude 760 58' 44.548'' and 760 57' 5.599" covering an area of about 690.33 ha coming under Holamkera and Bannahatti villages of Chithapura taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Holandgira micro watersheds of Hadagimadara subwatershed, Chithapura taluk & Kalaburagi District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 farmers were sampled in Holandgira micro-watershed among households surveyed 13 (36.11%) were marginal, 13 (36.11%) were small and 7 (19.44 %) were semi medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 110 (55.28%) men and 89 (44.72 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.7, marginal farmers were 5.3, small farmers were 5.5 and semi medium farmers were 6.7.  Majority of the respondents (52.26%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 59.30 per cent illiterates, 0.50 percent were functional literates, 40.21 per cent pre university education and 2.51 per cent attained graduation.  About, 83.33 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 2.78 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 62.31 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 58.33 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 11.11 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 97.22 per cent possess TV, 63.89 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 8.33 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 25.00 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 41.67 per cent possess plough and 80.56 per cent possess Weeder.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.33 per cent possess local cow and 2.78 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.83, women available in the micro watershed was 1.56, hired labour (men) available was 11.83 and hired labour (women) available was 9.94. 2  In the study area, about 2.01 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 320.00 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 65.99 per cent (39.08 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 34.01 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 12.00 live bore wells and 12.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 33.33 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Sugarcane and cropping intensity was recorded as 84.22 per cent.  Out of the sample households 91.67 percent possessed bank account and 27.78 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 27.78 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 60.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 120.00 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (90.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 45.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Sugarcane was Rs.35406.45, 39207.70, 47585.57, 30949.51 and 32109.45 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.60, 1: 1.30 and 1:2.40 respectively.  Further, 41.67 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 19.44 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 105138.89 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 77055.56 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 7 horticulture trees and 56 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10361.11 for land development and Rs. 1027.78 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 16.67 per cent depends on own funds and 47.22 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 30.56 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 86.11 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (91.67%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.67 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 119.44 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 75.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.22%), pulses (94.44%) and oilseeds (30.56%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (100.00 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (94.44%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (50.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (66.67%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chesmicals (63.89%), high rate of interest on credit (91.67%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94.44 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (83.33%), inadequate extension services (63.89 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.56%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Thanagunda Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 864 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 755 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 109 ha by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 87 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 78 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), 2 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 7 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 4 percent soils are sandy, 15 percent soils are loamy and 69 per cent is clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 72 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 2 per cent soils are medium (101-150 mm/m) and 7 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%), 37 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 49 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 73 percent is high (>337kg/ha) and about 14 percent is medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur content is low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 156(18) 573(66) Guava - 20(2) Maize 20(2) 709(82) Sapota - 20(2) Bajra 20(2) 709(82) Pomegranate - 573(66) Groundnut - 53(6) Musambi 136(16) 437(51) Sunflower 136(16) 437(51) Lime 136(16) 437(51) Redgram - 696(80) Amla 20(2) 149(20) Bengal gram 136(16) 417(48) Cashew - - Cotton 136(16) 417(48) Jackfruit - 20(2) Chilli 20(2) 586(68) Jamun - 136(16) Tomato 20(2) 33(4) Custard apple 136(16) 469(54) Brinjal 20(2) 33(4) Tamarind - 136(16) Onion 20(2) 33(4) Mulberry - 20(2) Bhendi 20(2) 586(68) Marigold 20(2) 586(68) Drumstick - 156(18) Chrysanthemum 20(2) 586(68) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Thanagunda is located at North latitude 160 48' 29.39" and 160 46' 19.75" and East longitude 770 4' 15.277'' and 770 1' 31.743" covering an area of about 863.23 ha coming under Tanagundhi and Thumakura Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 respondents, 18 (52.94%) were marginal, 6(17.65%) were small and 4 (11.76%) were semi medium, farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 81 (57.86%) men and 59 (42.14%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (40.71%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 52.14 per cent illiterates, 0.71 per cent were functional literates.  About, 73.53 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 20.59 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 55.71 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 70.59 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 85.29 per cent possess TV, 47.06 per cent possess mixer grinder and 88.24 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess plough.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.62, women available in the micro watershed was 1.38, hired labour (men) available and hired labour (women) available was 6.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (28.73 ha), 68.73 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 12.68 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 3 bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 8.82 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Green gram, Sorghum and Onion and cropping intensity was recorded as 104.20 per cent.  The sample households possessed 91.18 per cent bank account and 23.53 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 73.53 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 16.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 33.33 per cent from Cooperative bank. 2  Majority of the respondents (100%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Green gram, Sorghum and Onion was Rs.42441.95, 30371.62, 38012.81, 16255.04, and 51196.30 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.60, 1: 3.30, 1: 3.80, 1: 2, and 1:0.50 respectively.  Further, 17.65 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.88 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 78673.53 in micro-watershed, of which Rs. 38364.71 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown horticulture crops Mango (1) trees in the fields and forest species are 10 neem trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1735.29 for land development and Rs.88.24 for adoption of improved crop production.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, own sources for land development was 11.76 and soft loan for land development was 5.88 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 38.24 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 35.29 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 70.59 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (55.88 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 67.65 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.12 per cent of the households and 14.71 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 79.41 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 41.18 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Cereals (88.24%), pulses (64.71%), oilseeds (70.59%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (76.47%) wild animal menace on farm field (67.65%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (70.59%), inadequacy of irrigation water (67.65%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (70.59%), high rate of interest on credit (64.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (67.65%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (67.65%), inadequate extension services (47.06%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (70.59%) and Less rainfall (8.82%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kodlur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 200 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 199 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 1 ha cover by railway line. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 100 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 37 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm), 2 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 61 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) in the microwatershed.  Entire cultivated area is clayey soils at the surface.  Entire cultivated area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 2 per cent soils are medium (101-150 mm/m) and 61 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire cultivated area is very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands in the microwatershed.  Entire cultivated area has moderately (e2) eroded lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 29 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and about 70 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) and 78 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 94 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 5 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 73 percent is high (>337kg/ha) and about 14 percent is medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur content is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 89 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 11 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 199(100) Guava - - Maize - 199(100) Sapota - - Bajra - 199(100) Pomegranate - 3(2) Groundnut - 121(61) Musambi - 3(2) Sunflower - 3(2) Lime - 3(2) Redgram - 78(39) Amla - 124(62) Bengal gram 3(2) 68(34) Cashew - - Cotton - 5(2) Jackfruit - 124(62) Chilli - 124(62) Jamun - 124(62) Tomato - 121(61) Custard apple - 124(62) Brinjal - 121(61) Tamarind - - Onion - 121(61) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 124(62) Marigold - 124(62) Drumstick - 3(2) Chrysanthemum - 124(62) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kodlur is located at North latitude 160 29' 30.929" and 160 28' 29.229" and East longitude 770 18' 0.612'' and 770 16' 18.842" covering an area of about 209.18 ha coming unde Badiyala Village of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kodlur micro watersheds of Kodlur sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Kodlur micro-watershed among households surveyed 5 (14.71%) were marginal, 9 (26.47%) were small, 11 (32.35 %) were semi medium and 4 (11.76 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 71 (45.81%) men and 84 (54.19 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.8, marginal farmers were 4.6, small farmers were 4.9, semi medium farmers were 4.8 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (38.71%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 23.87 per cent illiterates, 78.06 per cent pre university education and 5.81 per cent attained graduation.  About, 14.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 70.59 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 9.03 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 73.53 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.82 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.35 per cent possess TV, 58.82 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.06 per cent possess mobile phones and 11.76 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 23.53 per cent of the households possess plough, 20.59 per cent possess bullock cart.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.34, women available in the micro watershed was 1.17, hired labour (men) available was 10.69 and hired labour (women) available was 22.07.  In the study area, about 0.65 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 700.00 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (63.79 ha) of the area is under dry condition. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 73.53 percent possessed bank account and 73.53 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 91.18 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 5.26 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 6.14 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 21.43 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Jowar was Rs.25663.10, 25267.86 and 32839.59, with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.98, 1: 1.03 and 1: 0.79 respectively.  Further, 17.65 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.88 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 68147.06 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 43970.59 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 21 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 20.59 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8852.94 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 58.82 per cent depends on own funds and 17.65 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 79.41 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 11.76 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 8.82 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.12 per cent of the households and 8.82 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.06 per cent of the households. 3  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 47.06 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (38.24%), pulses (44.12%) and oilseeds (32.35%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (44.12%) wild animal menace on farm field (35.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (44.12%), inadequacy of irrigation water (55.88%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.35%), high rate of interest on credit (79.41%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.35%), inadequate extension services (14.71%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (67.65%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Rogalapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 618 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 556 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 62 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 3 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 15 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 13 per cent area very low (57 kg/ha), 78 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 387(63) 91(15) Guava - - Maize - 477(77) Sapota - - Bajra - 478(77) Pomegranate - 387(63) Groundnut - 91(15) Musambi 292(47) 94(15) Sunflower 292(47) 94(15) Lime 292(47) 94(15) Redgram - 387(63) Amla - 478(77) Bengal gram 387(63) 91(15) Cashew - - Cotton 292(47) 185(30) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 478(77) Jamun - 387(63) Tomato - 364(59) Custard apple 387(63) 91(15) Brinjal 156(25) 321(52) Tamarind - 387(63) Onion 368(59) 91(15) Mulberry - - Bhendi 156(25) 321(52) Marigold - 478(77) Drumstick - 387(63) Chrysanthemum - 478(77) Mango - 62(10)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Rogalapur is located at North latitude 160 44' 14.656" and 160 42' 25.406" and East longitude 770 12' 38.501 and 770 10' 14.78" covering an area of about 617.94 ha coming under Pogalapura, Kuyyalura and Mushthuru villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Rogalapur micro watersheds of Haligeri subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 12 (34.29 %) were marginal, 10 (28.57%) were small and 10 (28.57 %) were Semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 106 (58.56%) men and 75 (41.44 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (37.57%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 51.93 per cent illiterates, 0.55 percent was functional literates, 9.39 per cent pre university education and 3.87 per cent attained graduation.  About, 68.57 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 22.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural laborers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 30.39 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 60.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 31.43 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 48.57 per cent possess TV, 22.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.43 per cent possess mobile phones and 51.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 2.86 per cent possess bullock cart and 20.00 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 34.29 per cent possess local cow and 8.57 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.17, women available in the micro watershed was 1.5, hired labour (men) available was 9.58 and hired labour (women) available was 7.25.  In the study area, about 0.55 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 700.00 kms for about 48.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 53.35 per cent (35.43 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 44.02 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 4.00 live bore wells and 5.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 11.43 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Cotton, Paddy, Groundnut and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 28.57 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 11.43 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 50.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 50 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 46.67 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, 20.00 per cent higher rate of interest and 33.33 per cent Forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Cotton, Paddy, Groundnut and Green gram was Rs.18334.91 , 33748.35, 37527.77, 45424.48, and 25758.41 with benefit cost ratio of 1: 1.2, 1: 2.1, 1: 3.4, 1:0.8 and 1:1.9, respectively.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The farmer has annual gross expenditure of Rs. 162406.36 in micro-watershed, of which Rs. 30228.57 is from agriculture itself.  Sampled households have grown 4 horticulture trees and 84 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1742.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, the sources of finance raised from bank as a loan and from own sources for land development were 11.43 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 60.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 31.43 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 82.86 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (62.86%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  About, 2.86 per cent of farmers practicing Farm Pond and 5.71 per cent of farmers practicing Bore Well Recharge Pit as soil and water conservation structures.  Fire wood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 60.00 per cent of the households and 28.57 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.43 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 54.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (22.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.43%) wild animal menace on farm field ( 85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (91.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (65.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (80.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (97.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.86%), inadequate extension services (34.29%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (65.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Constitution and by-laws of the association. ; Electronic reproduction. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 44

The Committee of Experts is an independent body composed of legal experts charged with examining the application of ILO Conventions and Recommendations by ILO member States. This annual report covers numerous aspects relating to the application of ILO standards