Suchergebnisse

Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGOs) wie Greenpeace, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch oder Attac stehen mittlerweile im Rampenlicht der Öffentlichkeit. Vor diesem Hintergrund beleuchtet der Übersichtsartikel diese internationalen Institutionen unter den folgenden Aspekten: Das erste Kapitel liefert eine Begriffsbestimmung und beschreibt in einem Rückblick die Geschichte der NGOs, die bis zum Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts zurückreicht. Im zweiten Kapitel skizziert ein empirischer Befund die Aktivitäten der verschiedenen NGOs und stellt ihre Rolle und Bedeutung als politische Akteure auf nationaler und vor allem internationaler Ebene dar. In einem abschließenden dritten Kapitel wird dann die Frage nach dem Rechtsstatus der NGOs im modernen Völkerrecht und kurz auch im nationalen Recht beantwortet. Zusammenfassend stellt der Autor fest, dass die Rolle und Bedeutung der NGOs in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten ganz erheblich gewachsen ist. Dies spiegelt sich in einer zunehmenden Zahl von Regelungen im völkerrechtlichen Primärrecht, vor allem aber im internen Recht zwischenstaatlicher Organisationen, also in dem Völkerrecht im weiteren Sinne zugehörigem Sekundärrecht, wider, die NGOs teils als abgeleitete und engbegrenzte Völkerrechtsubjekte, teils als Rechtssubjekte des Sekundärrechts ausweisen.

The paper uses historic and legal materials to analyse the contemporary theories that describe the correlation of customary law and legislation. The authors identify the applicability of these theories in studying regulation of Siberian peoples in the Russian Empire. The paper explores the role of the historical school of jurisprudence and the normative theory of law in determining the interplay between customary law and legislation in the 19th and 20th centuries in Russia. The authors make the conclusion that the implementation of judicial reform of 1864 was impeded in Siberia due to the state giving preference to customary law in governing the relations not regulated by legislation

Pancasila is a major cornerstone in the making of law (law and Legislation) with a new or replacement of law (political law), so that the values of the Deity, Humanity and Society (nationalistic; democratic; social justice) must be actualized into the substance of the law, the legal structure and legal culture to be built, is expected to strengthen national integration, democratization of law, achieve prosperity and social justice by putting pancasila, ranging from values, goals until the actualization of the various fields of existing law, whether criminal, civil, administrative and the other, as well as the internalization of the structures of law and legal culture of pancasila.

Abstract
This article assesses the applicability of the criteria for non-international armed conflict to the situation in South-Eastern Turkey. It demonstrates that the Kurdistan Workers' Party (also known as the pkk), as a party to the conflict, fulfils the three main criteria laid down in conventional international humanitarian law and developed by indicative factors in international jurisprudence for assessing the existence of a non-international armed conflict in the context of Common Article 3 to the 1949 Geneva Conventions: being an organised armed group, having the ability to engage in 'protracted violence', and complying with law of armed conflict. It establishes that the pkk qualifies as an organised armed group under responsible command and has the operational ability, structure and capacity to carry out 'protracted violence', to respect fundamental humanitarian norms of international humanitarian law and to control territory. The article also ascertains that Turkey is clearly bound by the provisions of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, including Common Article 3, and customary international humanitarian law. Accordingly, it concludes that the conflict between the pkk and the Turkish security forces qualifies as a non-international armed conflict within the meaning of both Common Article 3 and customary international humanitarian law.

The development of the franchising industry ad investments in the form of business format franchising in the country is significantly connected with the healthy commercial environment. The franchising agreements are very complex legal instruments, originated in the common law legal systems. Those contracts are the subjects to the considerable number of laws and regulation such as business and company law, law on torts and obligations, contract law, distributorship law, fiscal law, labor law, foreign investment law, competition law, intellectual and industrial property law, real estate and leasing law, law on finance and audit. Together with import of foreign franchise systems during the last years, Serbian economy has witnessed the number of domestic franchised concepts which have been emerged in the last period. The main legal context on doing franchising business in Serbia is offered in the paper. Assuming the commercial law and intellectual property rights as the crucial legal incentives for the investment in the form of franchising the author examines two separate categories of law and regulation relevant for franchising. The law and regulations which are applicable to the notion of the contract as the general institute of the obligation law are the first category of law examined in the article. Other is the regulation relevant for the franchising as the sui generis contract such as disclosure law, as the form of franchise specific regulation. Beside the review of the harmonized legislation on franchise law in international level as well as different national regulation relevant to franchising the author examine the main fields of Serbian law and regulations relevant for franchising agreement and its influence for further franchising growth in Serbian economy.

Governments and law enforcement agencies around the world seek to identify and confiscate the 'proceeds of crime' on the assertion that doing so will deter offending and symbolise to citizens and communities that 'crime does not pay'. In the UK such assertions have underpinned the enactment of legislation, the investment in law enforcement agents and the development of wide ranging new technologies to facilitate the identification of assets and their recovery. This paper critically considers two key concepts which fundamentally drive the post-conviction confiscation regime in the UK. First, 'criminal benefit' which is the amount that a defendant is adjudged to have made from 'criminal conduct'. Second, the 'available amount' which is the amount that the state hopes to recover from a defendant via the court ordered 'confiscation order'. In so doing, this paper explores the assumptions at the heart of the 2002 Proceeds of Crime Act and their application in practice, concentrating on the nature of the powers accorded to financial investigators and how these powers have been interpreted and applied. It is argued that far from representing the 'profit' generated from crime these values are constructs founded in the relationship between legislation, the discretional practice of police officers and financial investigators, organisational restrictions and constraints and informal negotiation and compromise between the defence and prosecution. This has implications for both conceptualising the nature of the post-conviction confiscation regime as well as for shaping what the state might expect to recover from defendants.