Suchergebnisse

After the fall of communism, the healthcare systems of Central and Eastern European countries underwent enormous transformation, resulting in departure from publicly financed healthcare. This had significant adverse effects on equity in healthcare, which are still evident. In this paper, we analyzed the role of government and households in financing healthcare in eight countries (EU-8): Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. A desk research method was applied to collect quantitative data on healthcare expenditures and qualitative data on gaps in universal health coverage. A linear regression analysis was used to analyze a trend in health expenditure over the years 2000-2018. Our results indicate that a high reliance on out-of-pocket payments persists in many EU-8 countries, and only a few countries have shown a significant downward trend over time. The gaps in universal coverage in the EU-8 countries are due to explicit rationing (a limited benefit package, patient cost sharing) and implicit mechanisms (wait times). There is need to increase the role of public financing in CEE countries through budget prioritization, reducing patient co-payments for medical products and medicines, and extending the benefit package for these goods, as well as improving the quality of care.

The paper addresses a topic still largely under-researched in comparative welfare state literature: the role of right parties in the reform of last resort safety nets. More precisely, the study investigates minimum income schemes' reforms promoted during the Great Recession (2008–2013) by centre-right governments in three countries belonging to the European periphery: Italy, Portugal and Latvia. Despite common political orientation and increased problem pressure, these countries have gone through distinct reform trajectories in their social safety nets that may be labelled expansion (Latvia), retrenchment (Portugal), and continuity (Italy). Against this backdrop, the paper suggests that right parties display substantially different positions and pursue different reform strategies in anti-poverty policies. These differences can be explained by the diverse types of right parties and varying competition and coalition dynamics in the three countries.

Nowadays, the decline in agricultural land is more evident than in the previous decades, and land is becoming a valuable natural resource. Agricultural land often gives way to construction activities, leading to the degradation of land resources almost all over the world. Foreign direct investment also affects the decline in agricultural land. The aim of this paper is to determine the influence of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the situation in individual economies in Central Europe (the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Austria, Poland and Hungary). In general, foreign direct investment reflects the intention of a resident of one economy (the direct investor) to acquire a permanent interest in an entity resident in an economy other than that of the investor. The paper focuses on FDI values and numbers on Greenfields in given economies and consequently how FDI significantly influence macroeconomic indicators such as GDP and unemployment in selected economies. The analyzed period is from 2003 to 2018. Data are obtained through the Eurostat, OECD, The World Bank and UNCTAD. In the period of recession (2009-2010), the FDI and GDP values in the economies are expected to be on a downward trend compared to unemployment, which will be higher than in previous years.

The model of society put forward by Marxist theoreticians as descriptive of a post-revolutionary society had a quasi-constitutional status in countries that claimed to adhere to Soviet-type socialism, particularly those of Eastern Europe. As the model's main function was to legitimise the actions of those who wielded power, it acquired doctrinal significance. In the Eastern European countries, the history of the sociology of social structure and stratification clearly illustrates the conservative nature of official doctrine. However, the real mechanisms of society, in so far as they deviated from the official paradigm, upset doctrinal stability and may consequently have led, if not to a revision of the official dogmas, then to the acceptance of a certain degree of flexibility. In order to understand the development of the theoretical analysis of social stratification and social inequalities (the most sensitive area of debate) in totalitarian and post-totalitarian Soviet type societies, it must be noted that post-war sociology has reflected a continuing effort by sociologists to create an independent scientific framework for their discipline. This is why we try, in this article, to combine evaluating the attitudes of different Eastern European sociologists from across the political spectrum with the evolution and adaptation of their theoretical approaches and creativity.

This paper examines cross-national differences in the labour force attachment of two specific subgroups of mothers: the stay-at-home mothers (homemakers) and those on maternity or parental leave. The justification for focusing on homemakers is that these women constitute an untapped source of labour and are among those who would need to join the labour market in order to reach the EU employment target. As to those on leave, their temporary absence from work means that they will soon be facing a time when they have to decide whether or not to return to the labour market. They are therefore also a key group to consider. In this paper, the characteristics and labour market intentions of these two subgroups of women are analysed using data from the Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) for ten countries: five Western European countries (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany and Italy), and five Eastern European countries (Bulgaria, Georgia, Lithuania, Romania and the Russian Federation). This paper is structured as follows. It first reviews the literature on women's employment by focusing on both individual and macro-level factors, including values, education and family circumstances. It then moves on to a presentation of the data and methods, followed by the results of the data analysis. The paper concludes with a discussion of the results and their policy implications. ; This paper examines cross-national differences in the labour force attachment of two specific subgroups of mothers: the stay-at-home mothers (homemakers) and those on maternity or parental leave. The justification for focusing on homemakers is that these women constitute an untapped source of labour and are among those who would need to join the labour market in order to reach the EU employment target. As to those on leave, their temporary absence from work means that they will soon be facing a time when they have to decide whether or not to return to the labour market. They are therefore also a key group to consider. In this paper, the characteristics and labour market intentions of these two subgroups of women are analysed using data from the Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) for ten countries: five Western European countries (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany and Italy), and five Eastern European countries (Bulgaria, Georgia, Lithuania, Romania and the Russian Federation). This paper is structured as follows. It first reviews the literature on women's employment by focusing on both individual and macro-level factors, including values, education and family circumstances. It then moves on to a presentation of the data and methods, followed by the results of the data analysis. The paper concludes with a discussion of the results and their policy implications.

This article is concerned with the examination of the attitudes of the 'common man' in two regions of the globe, both with respect to basic relations between citizen and state and with respect to the extent to which 'globalisation' affects these relations. These questions have too long been discussed primarily at the level of elites or on the basis of assumptions or 'hunches' about what the reactions of the people at large may be. By providing at least some evidence pertaining to both these questions, the study thus aims at beginning to fill a gap which has long needed to be filled and at giving the debate on 'convergence' and on 'globalisation' some of the empirical basis which it badly needs.

Introduction: Reviewing 2014, Welcoming 2017, and Envisioning 2020 -- Towards adverse spillover effect? the judicialization of the EU and the changing nature of judicial governance after enlargement / Mariusz Jerzy Golecki -- Europeanization of the Hungarian legal order : from convergence to cancellation? / Tamas Dezso Ziegler and Balazs Horvathy -- The use of referendum in Central and Eastern Europe after EU accession / Sergiu Gherghina -- Special economic zones in Poland : a black hole swallowing state budget or a messiah for regional development? / Hiroshi Kaneko -- (Dis)trusting the European Union? on the evolving variety of Euroskepticism in Central and Eastern Europe / Boyka Stefanova -- Vaclav Klaus as a driver of Czech Euroskepticism / Vratislav Havlik and Ondrej Mocek -- Poland and the re-categorization of the Eurozone entry : from a legal obligation to a political issue / Anna Visvizi and Pawel Tokarski -- Emerging European geographies : the Erasmus Program and its effect on the East-West divide in time of economic crisis / Amelia Hadfield and Robert Summerby-Murray -- Slovenian soft power capabilities in the European context : missed opportunities of cultural diplomacy and Erasmus student exchange / Ana Bojinovic Fenko and Jure Pozgan -- The harmonization of laws on same-sex unions in Post-Communist Post-Accession countries / Alar Kilp -- Poland and the common security and defense policy : potential leader? / Laura Chappell -- Prague on a mission : emphasizing democracy promotion within EU foreign policy / Marek Neuman -- The forgotten chapter? post-accession development policy of Central and Eastern Europe / Simon Lightfoot and Balazs Szent-Ivanyi -- Slovak Parliament's involvement in the EU agenda : Kosovo's independence and the policy of non-recognition / Katarina Lezova -- The European Union and Russia during the two waves of enlargement : new political and implementation rationales on old issues / Sandra Fernandes -- EU-Russia cooperation on energy efficiency : an unexpected benefit of regional interdependence between Russia and the CEE member states? / Olga Khrushcheva -- The European Union's influence over media discourse on renewable energy sources in Russia / Marianna Poberezhskaya

Die gesellschaftlichen Veränderungsprozesse werden wesentlich durch den Aspekt der Finanzierbarkeit geregelt. Verfügungsrechte (prosperty rights), die den Zugang zur Nutzung von Ressourcen regeln, entscheiden über den Einfluss von Personen und Personengruppen: Wohlstand ermöglicht Macht. Aus diesem Grund wurde "Eigentum" zu einem wichtigen Begriff für den Forschungsbericht. Die Möglichkeiten, im Rahmen der Privatisierung Besitz erwerben zu können, sind direkt betroffen. Die Mangelsituation in den osteuropäischen Wirtschaften bewirken hohe Transaktionskosten. Privatisierungsprogramme sind Arbeitsergebnisse politischer Koalitionen und stellen Kompromisse dar. Die Neuordnung der Verfügungsrechte ist Resultat von Interessenkämpfen. Privatisierungsprogramme garantieren nicht notwendigerweise die Effizienz bei Anwendung. (pri)

The Hartha Formation is one of the important formations deposited during Late Campanian age.
The present study deals with four boreholes (EB-53, 54, 55 and 56) within the East Baghdad oil field to diagnoses the microfacies and interpret the depositional environments.
Six major microfacies were recognized in the succession of the Hartha Formation. Their characteristic grain types and depositional texture enabled the recognition of paleoenvironment. There are Orbitoides wackestone-packstone , Orbitoides - miliolid wackestone, Peloidal and Pellets - echinoderm wackestone to packstone, Peloidal wackestone to packstone, Pelletal wackestone to packstone, and Planktonic foraminifera wackestone-packstone.
Four associations' facies were recognized in this succession, which are shallow open marine, deep open marine, semi-resricted, and restricted. The distribution of these associations led to the recognition of three major depositional stages in the studied succession.
The first stage is represented by the semi-restricted facies within the lower part of the Hartha Formation, which is characterized by Orbitoides - miliolid wackestone to the northwest direction and developed to shallow open marine and deep marine to the southeast direction. In the second stage, the sea level was rising to deposit the deep open marine facies represented by planktonic foraminifera wackestone-packstone microfacies above the semi-restricted facies ,where the succession became characterized by Peloidal and Pellets - echinoderm wackestone to packstone microfacies of restricted association. The third stage is represented by the continuation of sea level rise. This caused the building of carbonate ramp of Shiranish Formation above the shallow open marine of Hartha Formation with conformable surface.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- LIST OF CHARTS, GRAPHS, AND TABLES -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PART ONE Social conditions: Children's welfare and families' access to basic social services -- CHAPTER 1 The social and economic cost of transition -- CHAPTER 2 Child health -- CHAPTER 3 Environment -- CHAPTER 4 Nutrition -- CHAPTER 5 Education -- PART TWO Child protection: Children in especially difficult circumstances -- CHAPTER 6 Children on the front line: Child refugees and victims of war -- CHAPTER 7 Child neglect, abuse, and exploitation

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Note on Terminology -- Preface -- 1. The Study of Ethnicity in Central-Eastern Europe -- Note -- 2. The Ethnic Structure of the Baltic States -- 2.1 The Ethnic Situation at the Turn of the Twentieth Century -- 2.1.1 The Ethnic Structure of Estonia -- 2.1.2 The Ethnic Structure of Latvia -- 2.1.3 The Ethnic Structure of Lithuania -- 2.1.4 The Ethnic Structure of Northern East Prussia -- 2.1.5 The Ethnic Structure of the Baltic Countries -- 2.2 The Ethnic Situation Between the Wars -- 2.2.1 The Ethnic Structure of Estonia -- 2.2.2 The Ethnic Structure of Latvia -- 2.2.3 The Ethnic Structure of Lithuania -- 2.2.4 The Ethnic Structure of Northern East Prussia -- 2.2.5 The Ethnic Structure of the Baltic Countries -- 2.3 The Contemporary Ethnic Situation -- 2.3.1 The Ethnic Structure of Estonia -- 2.3.2 The Ethnic Structure of Latvia -- 2.3.3 The Ethnic Structure of Lithuania -- 2.3.4 The Ethnic Structure of the Kaliningrad District -- 2.3.5 The Ethnic Structure of the Baltic States -- Notes -- 3. The Ethnic Structure of Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia -- 3.1 The Ethnic Situation at the Turn of the Twentieth Century -- 3.1.1 The Ethnic Structure of Poland -- 3.1.2 The Ethnic Structure of the Czech Lands -- 3.1.3 The Ethnic Structure of Slovakia -- 3.1.4 The Ethnic Structure of the Polish, Czech, and Slovak Territories Combined -- 3.2 The Ethnic Situation Between the Wars -- 3.2.1 The Ethnic Structure of Poland -- 3.2.2 The Ethnic Structure of the Czech Lands -- 3.2.3 The Ethnic Structure of Slovakia -- 3.2.4 The Ethnic Structure of the Polish, Czech, and Slovak Territories Combined -- 3.3 The Contemporary Ethnic Situation -- 3.3.1 The Ethnic Structure of Poland -- 3.3.2 The Ethnic Structure of the Czech Lands.