Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Microfinance became popular thanks to the success of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh and the Nobel Peace Prize. Today, this type of finance for the poor is considered a social innovation because of its values, which are in opposition to the dominant financial logic, but also because of its financing methodology, which aims to integrate people who do not have access to credit. In fact, over several decades of practice, microfinance has spread to other economic actors in the financial system (banking institutions, finance companies, fund managers, etc.). Thus, despite the contradictory credit granting logics of its two market actors, microfinance has been able to influence, through its practices, the way traditional finance operates. The mobilization of a recent literature review and a case study allows us to consider that the convergence of their interactions, in a formal political and regulatory context, explains the mission drifts of microfinance described in the literature. In this paper, we attempt to demonstrate the extent to which international donors and academics have fostered the process of microfinance-specific profit-sharing by showing that banks have adopted and adapted many of the practices of microfinance. We shed light on this point by using the case of microfinance in Côte d'Ivoire. This contribution also draws on the sociology of innovation, in particular the model of profit-sharing (Akrich, Callon, Latour, 1988) to describe the process of social innovation in which microfinance takes place. This theoretical model demonstrates that the diffusion of innovation is made possible by the success of its intrinsic qualities. The paper also describes, through the work of Bensebaa and Béji-Bécheur (2007), the process of institutionalization of norms coming from the solidarity economy sector to the conventional capitalist economy. Certain limits linked to the institutionalization process of this social innovation are presented in order to allow an understanding of the criticisms and limits of microfinance. ; La microfinance s'est popularisée grâce au succès de la Grameen Bank au Bengladesh et au prix Nobel de la paix. Aujourd'hui cette finance à destination des pauvres est considérée comme une innovation sociale en raison de ses valeurs en opposition avec la logique financière dominante mais aussi du fait de sa méthodologie de financement visant à intégrer des personnes n'ayant pas accès au crédit. En effet, en plusieurs décennies de pratique, la microfinance s'est diffusée vers les autres acteurs économiques du système financier (établissements bancaires, sociétés financières, gestionnaires de fonds, etc.). Ainsi, malgré les logiques d'octroi de crédit contradictoires de ses deux acteurs du marché, la microfinance a su influencer, par ses pratiques, le mode de fonctionnement de la finance classique. La mobilisation d'une revue de littérature récente et d'une étude cas, nous permet de considérer que la convergence de leurs interactions, dans un contexte politique et réglementaire formel, explique les dérives de mission de la microfinance décrites dans la littérature. Dans le cadre de ce papier, nous tentons de démontrer dans quelle mesure les bailleurs internationaux et les académiciens ont favorisé le processus d'intéressement spécifique à la microfinance en montrant que les banques ont repris et adapté plusieurs des pratiques de la microfinance. Nous éclairons ce point en nous appuyant sur le cas de la microfinance en Côte d'Ivoire. Cette contribution mobilise, par ailleurs, la sociologie de l'innovation, en particulier le modèle de l'intéressement (Akrich, Callon, Latour, 1988) pour décrire le processus d'innovation sociale dans lequel s'inscrit la microfinance. Ce modèle théorique démontre que la diffusion de l'innovation est rendue possible grâce au succès de ses qualités intrinsèques. Le document décrit également, à travers les travaux de Bensebaa et Béji-Bécheur (2007) le processus d'institutionnalisation de normes venues du secteur de l'économie solidaire vers celui de l'économie conventionnelle capitaliste. Certaines limites liées au processus d'institutionnalisation de cette innovation sociale sont présentées en vue de permettre la compréhension des critiques et des limites de la microfinance.

President Trump's border wall has evolved from an ambitious campaign promise into a real opportunity to explore presidential versus Congressional authority to determine how the president spends Congressionally appropriated funds. The president's arguments that he has the power to build the wall under either the National Emergencies Act or the funding provisions of 10 U.S.C. § 9705 or 10 U.S.C. § 284 lack merit—the cited non-emergency-tied statutes do not provide funding for the wall. The former authorizes the utilization of Treasury Forfeiture funds tied to specific law enforcement activities but excludes the ambitious and broad construction project the president proposed; the latter authorizes support only for counterdrug activities. The wall constitutes an unprecedented appropriation for a project without mooring in statutory language permitting only unspecified minor military construction projects. Nor does The National Emergencies Act authorize the president to use Congressionally appropriated funds to build a wall that congress has expressly declined to fund. Congress enacted the National Emergencies Act after Executive abuses during the Vietnam War and to curb—not encourage—presidential usurpation of Congressional spending power based on emergency rationales. Although the National Emergencies Act imposes scant substantive and procedural limitations on a president's ability to declare a national emergency and divert funds to address such an emergency, the Act does not allow the president to manufacture a basis for such a declaration where none exists. Even so, the chronology of events leading up to the emergency declaration demonstrates that the president's invocation of an emergency is a ruse. Additionally, the president's Executive Order cites 10 U.S.C. § 2808, which requires the declaration of a national emergency under the National Emergencies Act. That Act authorizes a president to undertake "military construction projects" when he declares a national emergency in accordance with that Act. But Section 2808 only applies where a national emergency "requires the use of the armed forces" and only authorizes military construction projects "necessary to support such use of the armed forces." The statutory language of 10 U.S.C. § 2808 makes it clear that effectuating immigration policy does not qualify as a military construction. It has been long settled that presidential power must stem from an act of Congress or from the president's own Article II powers. That dictum need not deprive a president of flexibility in the execution of powers delegated to her by Congress or in the execution of power delegated to her by the Constitution. Neither the foreign affairs power to recognize nations nor Commander in Chief authority to repel sudden attacks authorize the president to spend funds appropriated by Congress for other purposes. The Constitution did delegate to Congress the power to "provide for the common defense and general welfare" of the United States with the proviso that "no money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by law." That provision does not deprive Congress of the flexibility to delegate power to the president, but here Congress did not authorize these expenditures and expressly declined to provide funding for "the Wall" on two occasions. Thus, the president's use of Congressionally appropriated funds to build "his Wall" is in conflict with Congress's will and unlawful. So far, though lower courts have agreed with this result, a Supreme Court stay of the decision that enjoined the use of Defense Department funds in effect permits the president to finalize contracts and begin wall construction pending the resolution of the dispute on the merits in the Ninth Circuit and the Supreme Court. In its short decision that granted the stay, the Supreme Court signaled that if the case arrives via certiorari and the Court grants review, a majority will conclude that the Sierra Club plaintiffs have "no cause of action." If that transpires, the favorable outcome for the president will turn on the nature of the litigants not the legality of the Wall construction project. For those concerned with the preservation of constitutional limitations on the Executive, "better half a loaf than none at all."1

Introduction. Modern companies have to face the difficulties of the unstable world economy by being flexible to all the rapid changes. As a result, in the mid 70's the concept of strategic management appears in the business society. The concept builds on this definition of strategic planning, recognizing that although planning is the prelude of strategic management, it is insufficient if not followed by the deployment and implementation of the plan and the evaluation of the plan in action. Strategic management is a systems approach to identifying and making the necessary changes and measuring the organizations performance as it moves toward its vision. [1] Nowadays, Ukrainian companies should realize that the country moves towards the entrance in the European Union, which will lead to law transformations in the variety of business areas. Therefore, in order to have steadier chances to survive in the new-to-be regulations, domestic companies already have to begin building strategies for future EU entrance situation. Objectives. To identify the role of setting strategic objectives by Ukrainian companies with the main focus on European integration Methods. The appropriate literature (EU-Ukraine Association Agreement, Ukrainian Road Map, etc) was looked through, as well as official reports from the following resources: Eurointegration portal, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government Office for Coordination of European and Euro-Atlantic Integration. Such methods as analogy, method of the a priori, brainstorming and scenario were applied during the study research. Results. After analyzing the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement, it is clear that sides establish conditions for enhanced economic and trade relations leading towards Ukraine's gradual integration in the EU Internal Market.Ukrainian companies should take it for granted that Ukrainian Government must implement steps for law modification. [2] The first thing to be prepared for the improved changes is to follow the Road map of the legislative provision of the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, on the other side for 2018-2019. [2] The second thing is to set flexible long-term goals. Objectives are the specific measurable results of the initiative. An organization's objectives offer specifics of how much of what will be accomplished by when. Ukrainian enterprises must adhere to the advanced version of SMART objectives, which includes one more criteria and can be described as SMART + C Criteria.", where "Challenging" stands for C. Some domestic firms have already implemented the recycling process for their products in 2015-2017. They found it not only financially profitable, but also stood out as environmentally friendly, following the modern tendency. The owners claimed that the first years were quite complicated and profit will be achieved in a couple of years. In 2018, Ukrainian Government has proposed the new law for utilization, which later was successfully introduced by the President. Now those companies, which improved their waste management, have bonus time. Finally, local and foreign firms must take into consideration that strategic goals are better completed then they are based not only on business interests like to get more money and pay less taxes, but also on country interests, so that company is the first driving force towards the stated objectives. Conclusions. Creating objectives helps the organization keep focused on initiatives most likely to have an impact, as well as, keeping members of the organization working towards the same long-term goals. Ukrainian enterprises must include all three types of objectives: objectives that measure behavior change, community outcomes, and those that measure important parts of the planning process. Companies have to follow the EU standards of their fields now and search for them to be informed earlier than domestic rivals and possible foreign ones.Thesis Supervisor: Dergachova G.M., PhD of economic sciences

Die Anbindehaltung von Rindern wird von der Gesellschaft kritisch gesehen und stellt gemäß dem Stand der wissenschaftlichen Beurteilung kein tiergerechtes Haltungsverfahren dar. Als besonders problematisch gilt die ganzjährige Anbindehaltung, bei der die Tiere das gesamte Jahr über im Anbindestand stehen und keinen Zugang zur Weide oder einem Auslauf haben. Das Thünen- Institut für Betriebswirtschaft wurde vom BMEL beauftragt, die Folgen eines Verbots der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung von Milchkühen (bei gesetzter 10-jähriger Übergangsfrist) abzuschätzen. Aufgrund des Strukturwandels würde sich die Zahl der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltungen von den für das Jahr 2010 ermittelten Werten (31.500 Betriebe, 650.000 Kühe) bis zum Jahr 2027 auf 13.500 Betriebe mit rund 270.000 Milchkühen reduzieren. Diese Betriebe wären von einem Verbot betroffen. In der Struktur sind sie vergleichsweise klein, auf die Milchviehhaltung spezialisiert und verfügen oftmals über andere Einkommen neben der Landwirtschaft. Besonders hohe Anteile ganzjähriger Anbindehaltungen sind in Bayern und Baden-Württemberg zu finden. Betriebe mit ganzjähriger Anbindehaltung haben verschiedene Möglichkeiten, ihr Haltungsverfahren tiergerechter zu gestalten: Angebot von Weidegang, Bau eines Laufhofes, Umbau des Anbindestalls zum Laufstall und Neubau eines Laufstalls. Die Umsetzbarkeit dieser Maßnahmen hängt in einem hohen Maße von den standortspezifischen Bedingungen und betrieblichen Bedingungen ab. Dementsprechend variieren die Kosten je Kuhplatz für diese Maßnahmen. Bei einer Berechnung der Kostenänderungen in Cent/kg Milch wurden Kostenerhöhungen eines Ausstiegs aus der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung von 0,26 bis 13,42 ct/kg Milch für die betroffenen Betriebe ermittelt. Bei einem durchschnittlichen Auszahlungspreis der Molkereien von 27,2 ct/kg Milch im Jahr 2016 und 36,6 ct/kg im Jahr 2017 kann ein Verbot der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung für die betroffenen Betriebe somit erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Rentabilität haben. Um die negativen Auswirkungen eines Verbots der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit der Betriebe zu reduzieren, können verschiedene Fördermaßnahmen eingesetzt werden. Insbesondere das Agrarinvestitionsförderungsprogramm (AFP), tierbezogene Weideprämien sowie Beratungsmaßnahmen kommen hierfür in Frage. Die öffentlichen Mittel für eine flankierende Förderung innerhalb des Übergangszeitraums von 10 Jahren wurden auf insgesamt 222 bzw. 287 Mio. Euro geschätzt Diese Ausgaben ließen sich grundsätzlich mit den im Rahmen der zweiten Säule der EU-Agrarpolitik zur Verfügung stehenden Mittel finanzieren. Es ist zu erwarten, dass ein Verbot der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung auch mit einer flankierenden Förderung zu einer Beschleunigung des Strukturwandels führt. Ein sozialverträgliches Verbot der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung setzt voraus, dass eine ausreichende Übergangszeit zur Anpassung der Betriebe gewährt wird, das Verbot mit attraktiven Fördermaßnahmen flankiert wird und ggf. Härtefallregeln für auslaufende Betriebe angewendet werden. ; Tethering of cattle is viewed critically by society and, according to scientific assessment, does not constitute a welfare-friendly husbandry method. Permanent tethering, with the animals standing tied up in their stalls the entire year without access to pasture or an outdoor yard, is particularly problematic. The Thünen Institute of Farm Economics was commissioned by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) to assess the consequences of a ban on the year-round tethering of dairy cows (with a 10-year transitional period) for Germany. Due to structural changes, permanent tethering of dairy cows would be reduced from 2010 estimates (31,500 farms; 650,000 cows) to 13,500 farms with around 270,000 dairy cows by the year 2027. These are the farms which would be affected by a potential ban. They are comparatively small, specialised in dairy farming and often have other income sources besides agriculture. Particularly high shares of farms with permanent tethering can be found in Bavaria and Baden- Württemberg. Farms with year-round tethering have various options to improve animal welfare: provision of pasture access, construction of an outdoor yard, conversion of the tie-stall to loose housing and construction of a new loose housing. The feasibility of these measures depends to a large extent on site-specific conditions and the situation on the farm. Accordingly, the costs per cow for these measures vary. In a calculation of cost changes in cents per kg milk, cost increases of 0.26 to 13.42 ct/kg milk to cease permanent tethering were determined for the farms concerned. With an average price paid out by dairies of 27.2 ct/kg milk in 2016 and 36.6 ct/kg in 2017, a ban on year-round tethering can therefore have a significant impact on profitability for the holdings concerned. A number of support measures can be used in order to reduce the negative effects of such ban on the economic profitability of farms. In particular, farm investment support ("modernisation of agricultural holdings"), animal-welfare grazing premiums and advisory measures are suitable. The public funding necessary for support during the transitional period of 10 years was estimated at 222 to 287 million Euros, respectively. These expenditures could in principle be financed by means of the second pillar (the Rural Development Programmes) of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy. It is to be expected that even with accompanying support, a ban on permanent tethering will accelerate structural change. A socially acceptable prohibition of permanent tethering requires an adequate transitional period, attractive support measures for the restructuring of the affected dairy farms and, if applicable, that hardship rules be applied to farms that are being phased out.

It has long been a political aim to reduce the emissions caused by energy consumption, and in Denmark politicians aim to make Denmark a society independent of fossil fuels by 2050. To achieve this, it is necessary to increase sustainable energy production and reduce energy consumption. This will take time, so both areas must be considered already now, but it will be beneficial to work on reducing the consumption before the sustainable energy supply is fully developed, so that we can avoid expensive over-production. Some 30% of the total energy consumption in Denmark takes place in households, and 22% occurs in single-family houses, making this the largest single contributor to the total consumption after road transport (DEA, 2015a). There is a large potential for achieving energy savings in this sector, especially among the large number of single-family houses built in the 1960s and 1970s. Many of these were built before the introduction of actual regulations for energy consumption in buildings, and many will soon need considerable renovation due to their age. However, despite the potential for achieving savings and updating these houses built about 40-60 years ago, the renovation of the building stock is proceeding very slowly. This is partly due to problems with the process, in which the initiative rests very much with the house owners, and partly due to barriers to renovation that are currently unaddressed by policy makers. One of the problems addressed in this thesis is the process. In the hope that this could be improved, the use of a One-Stop-Shop (OSS) was investigated and tested. With an OSS, one contact person guides the house owners through all five phases of renovation: initial planning, thorough analysis, deciding on specific solutions, implementation, and verification through measurements. Although the case study suffered from a very high dropout rate, one renovation was successfully completed, and a second followed the project until the start of the fourth phase. While the study did not find evidence that the use of an OSS concept would motivate people to renovate, it did find that the use of this approach produced a better renovation with a larger energy saving. The initial evaluation helped the house owners identify a maintenance backlog, and the use of an independent advisor helped ensure quality throughout the process. Renovations are too often carried out for just one purpose: maintenance, to update functions or to reduce energy consumption. But a lot can be gained by combining these efforts, which can reduce expenses for planning and execution and avoid doing things twice. Research for this thesis demonstrated this approach by carrying out a renovation based on maintenance, but including the owners' wishes for functional improvements and better than mandatory energy improvements. The renovation resulted in increased comfort, a reduction of 53% for heating, and an increase in the value of the house corresponding to 77% of the investment. There are a lot of barriers that discourage people from embarking on a renovation, and one way to deal with these barriers is through targeted policy. The research created an overview of current policy in this field in Denmark and compared it with the known barriers and motivations, which were collected in a framework to make it possible to identify the areas where current policy falls short. Four points in need of improvement and attention were identified: focus, finance, plans and regulation. The focus must be moved to improving comfort instead of energy renovation as an investment, because this is doing the field a serious disservice. There is a need for more financial support in the form of cheap loans and non-symbolic subsidies, which can overcome the barrier of lack of finance and motivate more extensive renovations. House owners should receive long-term renovation plans for their house, which inform them of their maintenance backlog and inspire energy improvements. And finally, it will be necessary to use regulation to reach those who are not planning to renovate. This could be done for example by setting a maximum allowed energy consumption per m 2 in houses, though this would have to be backed up by subsidies to avoid creating major social imbalance.

At the request of Carmel Devco, Inc., Pape-Dawson conducted an intensive archaeological survey of the eastern portion of the proposed Carmel Development Project in northeastern Travis County, Texas. The project involves the construction of a new municipal utility district (MUD 2) within the 341-acre (138.1- hectare [ha]) project area. No impacts are planned adjacent to or within the floodplain of Wilbarger Creek and its tributaries, which composes approximately 70 acres (28.3 ha) of MUD 2. Thus, archaeological investigations were conducted within the remaining 271.4 acres (109.8 ha). The depths of impacts vary, but typically road construction impacts are 4 to 5 feet (ft) (1.22 to 1.52 meters [m]) deep, while underground utility installations may impact up to 12 ft (3.66 m) deep. A MUD is a political subdivision of the State of Texas authorized by the Texas Commission of Environmental Quality to provide water, sewage, drainage, and other services within the MUD boundaries. Based on MUD 2's status as a political subdivision of the state, compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas is necessary. As no federal funding or permitting is anticipated for this project, compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) will not be necessary. The investigation was conducted in compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas under Antiquities Permit No. 7519. The purpose of the investigations was to identify all historic or prehistoric cultural resources located within the project area and to evaluate the significance and eligibility of identified resources for designation as a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL). All work was done in accordance with the archaeological survey standards and guidelines as developed by the Council of Texas Archaeologists (CTA) and adopted by the Texas Historical Commission (THC). The investigations included a cultural resources background literature and records review and an intensive pedestrian survey with shovel testing. The background review revealed that portions of the project area have been previously surveyed, and two previously recorded sites (41TV2521 and 41TV2522) are within the project area. In addition, the Pfluger Cemetery (commemorated by an Official Texas Historical Marker) is adjacent to the project area, along with site 41TV2453. Pape Dawson's intensive archaeological survey included pedestrian survey and the excavation of 68 shovel tests on January 28 and 29, February 2 and 3, and June 7, 8, 15, and 16, 2016. The survey encountered extensive agricultural fields affording greater than 30 percent ground surface visibility; therefore, did not meet the CTA/THC standards, which require 1 shovel test per 3 acres for a project of this size. A total of ten shovel tests was positive for cultural material. Two previously recorded sites (41TV2521 and 41TV2522) were revisited and combined along with a third locus into one larger site, 41TV2521. In addition, archaeological site 41TV2527 and one isolated find were newly documented. Investigations found no evidence that adjacent site 41TV2453 extended into the project area. Sites 41TV2521 and 41TV2527 are likely part of the same historic landscape and date from the late-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. Archival research indicates these sites are associated with the Bohls and Dossmann families and their tenants or laborers. Sites 41TV2521 and 41TV2527 were evaluated according to the criteria in 13 Texas Administrative Code (TAC) 26.10. Both sites were recorded based upon encountering shallowly buried cultural material in shovel tests or on the surface in a disturbed context and each site lacks intact features. Neither site possesses unique or rare attributes concerning Texas history or has the potential to contribute to a better understanding of Texas history by the addition of new and important information. Archival research did not identify any specific individuals associated with sites 41TV2521 and 41TV2527 that are significant on the local or national level. Based on these criteria, neither site is recommended eligible for designation as an SAL, and Pape-Dawson recommends no further archaeological work at sites 41TV2521 and 41TV2527. Diagnostic artifacts, project records, and photographs will be curated at the Center for Archaeological Studies at Texas State University.

Without any doubt, the energy industry is one of the most critical assets for our today's society and even more compelling for our daily lives (Urciuoli et al, 2014; Mast, 2005). Any disruption can cause tremendous impacts on companies dealing with energy products, as well as on our economy. It is especially true when it comes to the oil and gas industry, which faces an array of risks and uncertainties. As a matter of fact, long and complex supply chains increase uncertainties that companies face (Manuj & Mentzer, 2008). In this context, the supply chain risk management (hereafter SCRM), the crisis management and resilience became relevant topics and have been discussed by previous researches. Christopher (2011) argues that the company with better logistics and supply chain management can improve and sustain their competitive advantage over the rival companies (Cited by Szusek and Hassen, 2012). Chima (2007) stated that oil and gas companies' main challenge is not the scarcity of the resource but rather the production and delivery of petroleum products to the final consumers at a competitive cost. Hence, a robust supply chain management is paramount, as it will enhance this objective. Thus, oil companies strive for a vertical integration as it enhances the control over the chain. Moreover, previous researches have highlighted the relevance of governmental implications to ensure the resilience of energy supply chain (Urciuoli et al, 2014). The purpose of this investigation is to determine how oil industry in Belgium deals with risks when sourcing crude oil from emerging markets, and in relation to those, what are the mitigation strategies to manage disruption to enhance a low-risk supply chain. We can assume, given the high dependency of Western countries and especially Belgium from the oil producing countries, that the governments and the oil corporations have established strong plans to not interrupt the flow of oil supply. In this master thesis, investigating through supply chain risk management practices when sourcing crude oil from emerging countries has led to an array of propositions generated from the empirical findings. First and foremost, it has been expressed that the hypothetically accepted notion of specific standards applied when sourcing crudes from the Middle East was rejected. Indeed, the interviewees highlighted the standardisations of procedures when sourcing from emerging countries do not differ from sourcing in more developed countries. In terms of risk management techniques, one of the principal strategies developed by oil companies is the vertical integration. Unanimously, the four interviewees pointed out the importance of vertical integration as a way to enhance the market's dynamics response but also to control costs. Besides, at every stages of the oil supply chain, formal techniques, strategic alliances and operational measures are performed by entities. It also seems that the supplier selection phase is of primacy to minimize risks related to suppliers from the emerging countries (or not). The case study has revealed that the level of due diligence is highly performed when it comes to supplier selection. Security is of major importance for the interviewees. In this study, the macro-environment factor also plays an important role in the supply chain risk management's decisions. As such, the four interviewees admitted their concerns about geopolitical risks carried by the Middle East countries. It has been demonstrated that countries where natural gas or crude oil commonly originated from, are politically unstable and foreign companies are at constant risk of terror attacks, and wars, e.g. in Qatar, Nigeria, Algeria and Egypt (Fernandes et al., 2010 and Vakhshouri, 2011). Researchers confirm that some risks cannot always be avoided and suggest to focus on the enhancement of resilience instead of trying to avoid them (Christopher and Peck, 2004; Rice et al., 2003; Sheffi, 2001, 2005). In this study, it has been evidenced that oil supply chain are resilient enough to not interrupt the continuous flow of oil supply to Belgium, and that can generally be extended to other Western countries. ; Master [120] en sciences de gestion, Université catholique de Louvain, 2016

Without any doubt, the energy industry is one of the most critical assets for our today's society and even more compelling for our daily lives (Urciuoli et al, 2014; Mast, 2005). Any disruption can cause tremendous impacts on companies dealing with energy products, as well as on our economy. It is especially true when it comes to the oil and gas industry, which faces an array of risks and uncertainties. As a matter of fact, long and complex supply chains increase uncertainties that companies face (Manuj & Mentzer, 2008). In this context, the supply chain risk management (hereafter SCRM), the crisis management and resilience became relevant topics and have been discussed by previous researches. Christopher (2011) argues that the company with better logistics and supply chain management can improve and sustain their competitive advantage over the rival companies (Cited by Szusek and Hassen, 2012). Chima (2007) stated that oil and gas companies' main challenge is not the scarcity of the resource but rather the production and delivery of petroleum products to the final consumers at a competitive cost. Hence, a robust supply chain management is paramount, as it will enhance this objective. Thus, oil companies strive for a vertical integration as it enhances the control over the chain. Moreover, previous researches have highlighted the relevance of governmental implications to ensure the resilience of energy supply chain (Urciuoli et al, 2014). The purpose of this investigation is to determine how oil industry in Belgium deals with risks when sourcing crude oil from emerging markets, and in relation to those, what are the mitigation strategies to manage disruption to enhance a low-risk supply chain. We can assume, given the high dependency of Western countries and especially Belgium from the oil producing countries, that the governments and the oil corporations have established strong plans to not interrupt the flow of oil supply. In this master thesis, investigating through supply chain risk management practices when sourcing crude oil from emerging countries has led to an array of propositions generated from the empirical findings. First and foremost, it has been expressed that the hypothetically accepted notion of specific standards applied when sourcing crudes from the Middle East was rejected. Indeed, the interviewees highlighted the standardisations of procedures when sourcing from emerging countries do not differ from sourcing in more developed countries. In terms of risk management techniques, one of the principal strategies developed by oil companies is the vertical integration. Unanimously, the four interviewees pointed out the importance of vertical integration as a way to enhance the market's dynamics response but also to control costs. Besides, at every stages of the oil supply chain, formal techniques, strategic alliances and operational measures are performed by entities. It also seems that the supplier selection phase is of primacy to minimize risks related to suppliers from the emerging countries (or not). The case study has revealed that the level of due diligence is highly performed when it comes to supplier selection. Security is of major importance for the interviewees. In this study, the macro-environment factor also plays an important role in the supply chain risk management's decisions. As such, the four interviewees admitted their concerns about geopolitical risks carried by the Middle East countries. It has been demonstrated that countries where natural gas or crude oil commonly originated from, are politically unstable and foreign companies are at constant risk of terror attacks, and wars, e.g. in Qatar, Nigeria, Algeria and Egypt (Fernandes et al., 2010 and Vakhshouri, 2011). Researchers confirm that some risks cannot always be avoided and suggest to focus on the enhancement of resilience instead of trying to avoid them (Christopher and Peck, 2004; Rice et al., 2003; Sheffi, 2001, 2005). In this study, it has been evidenced that oil supply chain are resilient enough to not interrupt the continuous flow of oil supply to Belgium, and that can generally be extended to other Western countries. ; Master [120] en sciences de gestion, Université catholique de Louvain, 2016

В статье дается анализ исходного состояния лесных дел в России, обусловленного принятием «Лесного кодекса РФ» (2006 г.), который привел к нарушению баланса лесных отношений между основными его субъектами. Монополия арендаторов в юридическом лице крупного бизнеса привел к вытеснению малого и среднего бизнеса, государственных форм управления лесами на всех его уровнях, к ускоренному истощению рентабельных ресурсов и расширяющемуся банкротству лесных предприятий. Принятые «стратегии развития ЛПК в России» оказались несостоятельными, особенно в Сибири и Дальневосточном Федеральном округе, имеющих важное геополитическое значение. Истоки кризиса находятся за пределами лесного сектора экономики. К числу причин относится продолжающийся разрыв в доходах между олигархически-бюрократическим кланом и большинством населения, что отражается на платежеспособности последнего и, как следствие, сдерживает развитие внутреннего рынка и реального сектора экономики, усиливает социальную напряженность и приводит к стагнации развития производства. Назрела необходимость выработки нового экономического курса, смены изжившей себя модели псевдорыночной экономики, перехода на прогрессивную систему налогообложения как элементарную меру социальной справедливости, а также к коалиционному правительству, используя пример правительства Е.М. Примакова, «реанимировавшего убитую младореформаторами экономику» в 1998 г. Решение наиболее значимых проблем социально-экономического развития возможно лишь в рамках организации стратегического индикативного планирования, что особенно важно для лесного сектора экономики в связи с долгосрочной спецификой лесовыращивания. Для этого требуется возродить лесоустройство, без которого невозможно упорядочить использование и воспроизводство лесов и откорректировать «стратегии развития лесопромышленного комплекса в России». В рамках их арендные отношения следует ограничить районами, где нет конкуренции на лесные ресурсы, во всех остальных необходимо перейти на «куплю-продажу» древесины на корню по рыночным ценам, что приведет к увеличению лесного дохода как главного источника интенсификации лесного хозяйства.The article provides an analysis of the initial state of forest situation in Russia which is due to the adoption of the «Forest Code» (2006), that resulted in the disruption of the balance of forest relations between its main entities. The tenants' monopoly in the legal entity of big businesses resulted in ousting of small and medium-sized businesses and of public forms of forest management at all levels, in the accelerated depletion of profitable resources and in expanding the bankruptcy of forest enterprises. The accepted «FIC development strategy in Russia» has failed, especially in Siberia and in the Far East Federal District, with both of them having a great geopolitical importance. The origins of the crisis lie outside the forest sector. Among the reasons for it there is an increasing income gap between the oligarchic-bureaucratic clans and the majority of the population which affects the purchasing power of the latter and, consequently, hinders the development of the domestic market and the real economy, increases social tensions and results in further production stagnation. There is a need to develop a new economic course, to change an outdated model of pseudo-market economy, to proceed to a progressive tax system as an elementary measure of social justice, as well as to a coalition government, using the example of the government headed by E.M. Primakov who was able to revive a dead economy killed by «young reformers» in 1998. The solution of the most important problems this country is facing in social and economic situation becomes possible only by developing the strategic indicative planning, which is particularly important for the forest industry sector because of some specific features of reforstation taking a long time. This requires that the forest management will be restored, which is essential to set both the forest use and reforestation in order and to correct the «strategy of timber industry complex development in Russia». Within the above strategy all leasing relationship should be limited to regions where there is no competition for forest resources while in the other regions it is necessary to proceed to standing timber «purchase and sale» relations at market prices, which will help to increase forest revenues as the main source of forestry intensification.

In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden Migrationsdiskurse in der deutschen Grenzregion zu Polen im Vorfeld der EU-Erweiterung zum 1. Mai 2004 exemplarisch in drei deutschen Grenzstädten, der jeweils westliche Teil der ehemals gemeinsamen, seit 1945 durch eine nationalstaatliche Grenze mit dem jeweils zeitspezifischen Grenzregime geteilten, deutsch-polnischen Zwillingsstädte Frankfurt (Oder) – Słubice, Guben – Gubin und Görlitz – Zgorzelec, analysiert. Ausgewählt wurde der Untersuchungsraum mit Blick auf die tiefgreifenden europäischen Transformationsprozesse seit den späten 1980er Jahren, die für die örtliche Bevölkerung gravierende lebensweltliche Strukturumbrüche zur Folge hatten. Die Region wurde mit der Vereinigung der beiden deutschen Staaten überdies zu einem zentralen Aktionsraum nationaler und internationaler Migrationspolitik; ihr wurde eine wichtige stellvertretende Funktion betreffend die Zutrittsregelung zugewiesen. Mit der EU-Erweiterung waren für die Region neuerliche, unmittelbare Veränderungen verbunden, die vor Ort gerade auch aufgrund damit (mutmaßlich) einhergehender Migration eher als Bedrohung denn als Chance gedeutet wurden. Den diskurstheoretischen Hintergrund der Untersuchungen stellen in erster Linie die Arbeiten von Michel Foucault und die von Siegfried Jäger darauf aufruhend konzipierte Kritische Diskursanalyse bereit. Diskurs wird – grob vereinfacht – als Fluss von sozialen Wissensbeständen und Bewusstseinsinhalten durch die Zeit verstanden, der individuelles und kollektives Handeln von Menschen bestimmt; Diskurse sind der Ort, an dem (Be-)Deutungen von Menschen ausgehandelt, verändert und der Wirklichkeit zugewiesen werden. Der Forschungszugang versteht sich als Teil der Neuen Kulturgeographie, die konsequent nicht-essentialistisch und erkenntnistheoretisch nicht-fundamentalistisch ist. Die Datenbasis der empirischen Analysen repräsentieren zwei Ebenen bzw. Teilsektoren des Diskurses. Zum einen die Berichterstattung der jeweils monopolartigen regionalen Tageszeitung in Frankfurt (Oder), Guben und Görlitz (Märkische Oderzeitung/Frankfurter Stadtbote, Lausitzer Rundschau/Lokalausgabe Guben, Sächsische Zeitung/Görlitzer Zeitung). Zum anderen ein Sample von insgesamt 17 Experteninterviews mit lokalen Funktionsträgern, die mit Blick auf ihr, an ihre spezifische professionelle und/oder ehrenamtliche Tätigkeit gebundenes, praxisgesättigtes Sonder- bzw. Insiderwissen zum Thema Migration ausgewählt und befragt wurden. Die durchgeführten Analysen verdeutlichen unter anderem die Bedeutung diskurssemantischer Grundfiguren des deutschen Migrationsdiskurses im Sinne politisch und alltagskulturell konservierter migrationskritischer Vorstellungsinhalte und Bedeutungszuweisungen zu Kategorien des Fremden und Konstruktionen von Wir und/vs. Sie. Ebenso explizieren sie eine gravierende Diskrepanz zwischen dem lokalen Staat und der Lebenswelt der lokalen Bevölkerung. ; The present doctoral thesis analyses migration discourses in the German border region neighbouring with Poland preliminary to the EU enlargement on the 1st of May, 2004. With three case studies, it looks at German border towns, more specifically at the western part of German-Polish twin cities that were formerly united, but divided after 1945 by national borders and the rule of contingent border regimes: Frankfurt (Oder) – Słubice, Guben – Gubin and Görlitz – Zgorzelec. The space of investigation was chosen due to the profound European transformation processes since the late 1980's that led to severe structural changes in the social environment of the regional population. With the unification of the two German states, this region also became one of the principal labs for national and international migration policy; it functioned as a proxy for the regulation of entry. With the EU enlargement, this region faced new, direct changes that, on the local level, were rather seen as a threat than as an opportunity, not least because of the (expected) intensified migration. As for the theoretical background, this investigation draws mostly from the works of Michel Foucault and the Critical Discourse Analysis that Siegfried Jäger conceptualised based on Foucault's writings. To put it simple, discourse is described as the flow of social knowledge and of the scope of perceptions in the course of time which determines individual and collective actions; discourses are the place where meanings and interpretations are negotiated, transformed and assigned to reality. This research approach is part of the New Cultural Geography which is consistently non-essentialist and epistemologically non-fundamentalist. The data of the empirical analyses represents two levels or sub-sectors of the discourse: On the one hand, the news coverage of the quasi-monopolised regional newspapers in Frankfurt (Oder), Guben and Görlitz (Märkische Oderzeitung/Frankfurter Stadtbote, Lausitzer Rundschau/local edition Guben, Sächsische Zeitung/Görlitzer Zeitung); on the other hand, a sample of 17 interviews with local experts who were selected and interviewed based on their specific profile as professionals and/or volunteers and their insider knowledge on the topic of migration that is informed by their practical experiences. The analyses demonstrate inter alia the importance of basic semantic figures in the German migration discourse: Assumptions and assigned meanings critical to migration that are preserved in political discourses as well as in the every-day culture and that are reflected in categories of the other or the construction of us in contrast to them. They also reveal the remarkable discrepancy between the local state and the social environment of the local population.

Цель: Целью статьи является представление важности очередных этапов процесса допуска к использованию пожарных транспортных средств в аспекте безопасности пожарных подразделений пожарной охраны. Введение: Конечные потребители, решившие покупать конкретное противопожарное оборудование в первую очередь ожидают, что оно исполнит как минимум три главные условия: безопасности, эргономичности и функциональности. Кроме того, высокая эффективность и надёжность оснащения и оборудования, используемого во время спасательно-гасящих действий подразделениями пожарной охраны, необходимы для успеха проводимых действий и обеспечения безопасности как спасаемых людей, так и самих спасателей. Чтобы удовлетворить требования и потребности подразделений пожарной охраны, в Польше была введена система допусков. В данной статье, на примере пожарных транспортных средств, представлены очередные этапы процесса допусков изделий к использованию, а также их важность для безопасности пожарных. Кроме рассмотрения действующих правовых актов о допуске пожарных транспортных средств к использованию, были также представлены главные предположения и ход процесса предоставления допуска. Обращено также внимание на суть надзора за выданными допусками, который осуществляется в процессе контроля допусков. Были также рассмотрены вопросы использования свидетельств допуска, ответственности за изделие и внесение в него изменений, которые могут отражаться в записях свидетельства допуска. Методология: В статье была проанализирована предметная литература. Содержание было разработано на основе действующих нормативных актов относительно введения пожарных машин для использования, а также их классификации, разделения и маркировки. Литература включает также процедуры, разработанные Сертификационным Департаментом CNBOP-PIB. Выводы: Система допусков, с конкретно определёнными требованиями и процедурами, представляет собой эффективный инструмент выбора пожарных транспортных средств, поступающих на польский рынок. Значение этой системы для безопасности подразделений пожарной охраны существенное. Так как она предоставляет заказчикам широкую информацию на тему определённых продуктов, помогая таким образом принять им решение относительно покупки транспортного средства, введенного в эксплуатацию на условиях, отвечающих актуально действующим правовым актам и требованиям конечных потребителей, но в главном требованиям безопасности.Aim: The purpose of this article is to expose the importance of the admittance process for firefighting vehicles from the viewpoint of firefighters' safety. Introduction: During the selection process, involving firefighting equipment, end users focus on the satisfaction of three conditions; safety, ergonomics and functionality. Moreover effectiveness and equipment reliability during operations are prerequisites, which must be satisfied, to achieve successful outcomes and ensure the safety of incident victims and firefighters. In order to satisfy demands and needs of Fire Service establishments, Poland introduced an admittance process. This article has identified sequential stages of the admit tance process, involving equipment destined for use, using vehicle acquisitions for illustrative purposes and discussed the significance of the process from the viewpoint of firefighters' safety. In parallel with discussions about current legislation dealing with admittance of equipment, the article exposed main assumptions used and the course of the admittance process. Attention was also drawn to the issue of supervision over the granting of certificates od admittance, performed as part of the admittance control mechanism. Additionally, the article discussed issues associated with the use of certificates od admittance, product liability and introduction of modifications to equipment, which may be reflected in certificates of admittance. Methods: The authors carried out an analysis of literature dealing with the topic. The article was based on sources of law, which are cur rently in force and apply, not only to bringing into use but also classification, division and rules of designation. Moreover, procedures developed by CNBOP-PIB Certification Department formed part of the literature source. Conclusions: The admittance process, based on specific requirements and procedures, is an effective tool for selection of firefighting vehicles, from those available on the Polish market. The importance of this system to the safety of Fire Service personnel is significant. It provides users with important information about products. Such information simplifies purchasing decisions involving vehicles introduced for use in accordance with current legislation, which, not only satisfy user expectations but above all address requirements concerning safety.

L'area dei Monti Sicani costituisce uno dei comprensori in cui è stata realizzata la maggiore estensione di rimboschimenti di conifere della Sicilia occidentale, nell'ambito della politica di salvaguardia del territorio dal dissesto idrogeologico intrapresa dallo Stato e continuata dalla Regione. Lo stato qualitativo di queste formazioni è carente a causa di diverse ragioni: frequenti incendi, pascolo eccessivo, elevata frammentazione degli habitat naturali, mancanza di adeguati interventi selvicolturali. Da queste considerazioni emerge la necessità di conoscere e gestire più adeguatamente tali boschi attraverso la realizzazione di Piani di Gestione Forestale, strumento operativo-applicativo per eccellenza della pianificazione che permette di analizzare il territorio forestale in tutte le sue componenti e suddividerlo secondo criteri oggettivi in unità colturali (particelle) per ognuna delle quali sono definiti specifici interventi di gestione. Il presente contributo descrive i risultati della realizzazione di un piano di gestione della biomassa forestale dei boschi demaniali del comune di Bivona (AG), realizzato nell'ambito del progetto europeo PROFORBIOMED. Gli obiettivi del piano possono essere riassunti in due punti fondamentali: la rinaturalizzazione dei rimboschimenti e la stima della biomassa, da destinare a fini energetici, presente e prelevabile dalla realizzazione degli interventi selvicolturali previsti nel piano. Tali interventi riguardano in gran parte la realizzazione di diradamenti a carico dei soprassuoli artificiali di conifere al fine di aumentare la loro stabilità strutturale e favorire l'affermazione e lo sviluppo della rinnovazione naturale. I risultati ottenuti hanno evidenziato la possibilità di realizzare una filiera corta per l'uso energetico della biomassa residuale che permetterebbe la valorizzazione economica di una risorsa che non potrebbe avere destinazioni più remunerative date le scarse qualità tecnologiche del materiale legnoso dalle specie presenti. La realizzazione di un sistema di valorizzazione della biomassa avrebbe ovviamente delle ricadute sociali ed economiche importanti per le comunità locali, oltre agli inestimabili vantaggi sugli ecosistemi forestali. Il modello sviluppato per il territorio di Bivona potrebbe essere preso come riferimento per la redazione di altri piani di gestione e di ipotesi di filiere locali corte in altri contesti territoriali siciliani e mediterranei. ; The area of the Sicani Mountains is one of the districts in which the greater extension of conifer reforestations of western Sicily has been realized, as part of the policy for territorial safeguard against hydrogeological instability launched by the State and continued by the Region. The qualitative situation of these stands is poor due to several reasons: frequent fires, excessive grazing, great fragmentation of natural habitats, lack of adequate forestry. These considerations clearly show the need of more adequately knowing and managing these forests through the realization of Forest Management Plans, the operational – practical planning tool par excellence, that allows to analyse the forest area in all its components and to divide it into cultural units (parcel) according to some objective criteria. For each parcel specific management prescription are defined. This paper describes the results of the implementation of a forestry biomass management plan for the state-owned forests of the municipality of Bivona (AG), realized within the scope of the European PROFORBIOMED project. The goals of this plan were mainly two: the renaturalization of reforestations and the estimation of biomass to be destined to power production, available and obtainable from the silvicultural operations envisaged in the plan. These interventions mainly consist in thinning cuts carried out on the artificial conifer forests in order to increase their structural stability and favour the affirmation and development of natural regeneration. The results obtained have highlighted the possibility to implement a short supply chain for the use of residual woody biomass for power production, allowing for the economic promotion of a resource that cannot have a more profitable use, given the poor technological qualities of the wood. The implementation of a biomass exploitation system would obviously have some important social and economic consequences for the local communities, apart from the invaluable advantages for the forest ecosystems. The model developed for the territory of Bivona could be taken as a reference for drafting other management plans and possible short local chains in other Sicilian and Mediterranean territorial contexts.

Buildings are at the centre of our social and economic activity. Not only do we spend most of our lives in buildings, we also spend most of our money on buildings. The built environment is not only the largest industrial sector in economic terms, it is also the largest in terms of resource flow1. The rising energy costs, the growing concern about environmental issues and the approaching exhaustion of world energy resources are urging the entire European Community and the several national governments to improve energy management. Special attention is usually paid to public administrations, as European and national legislations often point out that these bodies must provide energy efficiency measures, as well as for the reasons mentioned above, also in order to represent an example for the entire community and for citizens as well. But it is also very important to find out how to foster and encourage energy efficiency improvements and saving measures in private dwellings to achieve the double advantage of reducing the global energy consumption level within the private sector and increasing investments, favoring the creation of additional cash flows as well. The possible combination of such multiple benefits makes the building sector a crucial field for policy makers at EU and national levels. Hence a policy framework that supports national markets in unlocking these potentials is strongly needed. With overall European policy aimed at significantly decarbonizing its economy by 80% to 95% by 2050, the building sector must undoubtedly play a key role. And any strategy to tackle the challenge in this field will clearly require both a significant amount of financial investments and long-term political commitments. The main goal of the present research is to propose an optimized methodology and cost effective decision-making process - based on the main facts emerging from the adoption of the key energy policies and financial instruments currently in force at European level (particularly in Italy and Denmark) - also to outline the next policy steps in improving the energy performance of buildings. After a global overview of the policies adopted at European level, the analysis focuses on the two different regulations implemented at the national level by Italy and Denmark. Furthermore, to define the best mixture of energy retrofit measures for the different geographical areas of Italy - applying a methodology based on simple and available data to improve residential buildings' energy efficiency - the work started with the analysis of the several reports produced by ENEA (the Italian Research Agency for Energy Efficiency) since year 2007. These were based on the data collection performed in order to assess the effectiveness of the Italian government's financial policies established to support energy saving actions in private dwellings. The first steps of such a top-down analysis are then carried out both through manual cost/benefit spreadsheets, as well as with the implementation of a linear programming analysis tool. The study defines different linear programming models, depicting different optimization problems (e.g. energy saving maximization vs. retrofit cost minimization), along with the respective different background scenarios. Such investigations are therefore carried out through the implementation and development of Dantzig's simplex algorithm. Moreover, to carry out a global comparison between the overall Italian and Danish situations, also achieving a deeper single-dwelling-focused analysis, further studies are developed through a Building Energy Optimization tool, implementing the EnergyPlus dynamic energy simulation software. Thence, the research moves on to a more specific analysis, shifting to a bottom-up approach and involving in the enquiry a comparison between the different assessment settings (climatic, political, economic, cultural) depicted both by Italy and Denmark. Two different dwelling models are defined for the above countries, focusing the analysis on those building typologies most representative of such European nations and thence different retrofit solutions are depicted and analyzed. The results obtained by means of this dynamic assessment are then used to group the respective energy savings vs. retrofit cost considerations within a global cost-effectiveness assessment. Finally, some "guidelines" are outlined to address the challenge of renovating the existing building stock, also in order to keep pace with the aims of both the nations and the European Union.

Die vorliegende Arbeit hat die Analyse von Akteurskonstellationen und Machtverhältnissen im Kontext neoliberaler Formen der städtischen Raumproduktion zum Gegenstand. Konkret werden die ökonomischen und politischen Logiken und Dynamiken im Prozess der Stadterweiterung in Santiago de Chile untersucht, und zwar am Beispiel der Planung und Implementierung privater Megaprojekte. Diese Projekte, die sich an den Prinzipien des New Urbanism orientieren, haben in Santiago seit Mitte der 1990er einen regelrechten Boom erlebt und sowohl die physisch-materielle als auch die institutionelle Landschaft grundlegend verändert. In der Literatur wird diese Form der privaten Stadtentwicklung bislang vor allem als eine unmittelbare Auswirkung von Prozessen der Globalisierung und Neoliberalisierung interpretiert. In dieser Arbeit wird diese Diskussion aufgenommen und theoretisch und empirisch vertieft. Zunächst wird ein theoretischer Rahmen erarbeitet, der sowohl Elemente der Urbanen Politischen Ökonomie wie auch poststrukturalistische Ansätze berücksichtigt, um so im Prozess der Raumproduktion die Schnittstellen von Materialität und Diskurs in den Blick nehmen zu können. An zwei Fallbeispielkommunen in Santiago, wo sich eine Vielzahl von Megaprojekten in Entwicklung befinden, werden die Planungs- und Aushandlungsprozesse mit Hilfe von Methoden der qualitativen Sozialforschung (Leitfadeninterviews, Teilnehmende Beobachtung und Textanalyse) rekonstruiert und in Bezug auf die Fragestellung interpretiert. Festgehalten werden kann, dass der Boom der Megaprojekte eng mit der unter Pinochet eingeschlagenen Politik der Neoliberalisierung zusammenhängt. Es sind im Wesentlichen diejenigen ökonomischen Gruppen, die stark von der Politik der Glokalisierung und Privatisierung profitiert haben, die seit den 1980er Jahren sukzessive in das Geschäft der Landentwicklung eingestiegen sind. Die Megaprojekte stellen dabei eine spezifische Strategie dar, mit der drei Geschäftsfelder mit Bezug zur gebauten Umwelt – Bodenspekulation, Immobilienproduktion und Capital Switching – auf innovative Art und Weise verknüpft werden, was als 'strukturelle Spekulation' bezeichnet wird. Wiewohl die Landentwickler und die dahinter stehenden ökonomischen Gruppen es geschafft haben, ihre Verwertungsinteressen in Form der sogenannten Konditionierten Planung in die institutionelle Landschaft einzuschreiben, wird bei einer genauen Rekonstruktion der Entwicklung des Phänomens sowie der konfligierenden Interessen und Strategien deutlich, dass dies zu internen Widersprüchen und Konflikten zwischen unterschiedlichen Landentwicklern und Kapitalfraktionen einerseits und verschiedenen staatlichen Institutionen andererseits geführt hat. Was diese empirischen Befunde auf theoretischer Ebene anzeigen, ist, dass Globalisierung und Neoliberalisierung im Bereich der Stadtentwicklung weder Prozesse ohne Subjekt noch Einbahnstraßen sind. Ökonomische Logiken werden von politischen Dynamiken gebrochen, ebenso wie dies umgekehrt der Fall sein kann. An der Schnittstelle zwischen Politik und Wirtschaftsinteressen in Bezug auf Stadtentwicklungprozesse befindet sich das Planungssystem, innerhalb dessen die vielfältigen Konflikte ausgetragen werden und deren Ausgang kontingent ist. ; The present study deals with analyzing the actor constellations and power relations in the context of neoliberal forms of urban space production. Specifically, the economic and political logics and dynamics in the process of urban expansion in Santiago de Chile are examined using the example of the planning and implementation of private megaprojects as case studies. These projects, which are based on the principles of New Urbanism, have experienced a boom in Santiago since the mid-1990s and changed both the physical-material as well as the institutional landscapes fundamentally. In the literature this form of private urban development has so far been interpreted mainly as a direct impact of processes of globalization and neoliberalization. In this work, this discussion is taken up and deepened both theoretically and empirically. First, a theoretical framework is developed, which takes into account elements from Urban Political Economy as well as post-structuralist approaches in order to analytically address the intersection of materiality and discourse in the process of space production. In two case study communities in Santiago, where a large number of mega projects are developed, then the planning and negotiation processes are reconstructed and interpreted, with the help of methods of qualitative social research (semi-structured interviews, participant observation and text analysis). In terms of results, it can be noted that the boom of megaprojects is closely related to the neoliberalization policies under Pinochet. Especially those economic groups that greatly benefited from the glocalization and privatization strategies since the 1980s have been entering successively the business of land development. The megaprojects are in that context a specific strategy to innovatively connect three aspects with respect to the production of the built environment – land speculation, real estate production and capital switching – what is referred to as 'structural speculation'. While the land developers and connected economic groups have managed to inscribe their investment interests in the institutional landscape through the so-called 'conditioned planning', a fine grained reconstruction of the development of the phenomenon and of the conflicting interests and strategies at play reveals internal contradictions and conflicts between different land developers and fractions of capital on the one hand and various government institutions on the other side. What these empirical findings imply on a theoretical level is that globalization and neoliberalization in the field of urban development processes are nor one-way streets nor processes without a subject. Economic logics are broken by political dynamics and vice versa. At the interface of politics and business interests in urban development lies the planning system within which multiple conflicts are articulated whose outcomes are always contingent.

Цель: Целью разработки является проведение, в соответствии с принятой методикой, анализа события (тематического исследования), которое возникло в объекте, который классифицируется в группу объектов о большой площади поверхности и великокубатурных зданий. Целью разработки является также проведение оценки спасательных действий и определение выходящих из неё выводов. Предметный анализ касается пожара, который возник 29 июня 2009 г. в городе Лысе. Тушением пожара занимались крупные спасательные силы Государственной Пожарной Службы и Добровольной Пожарной Службы. Методология: Анализ проведен на основе материалов доставленных Воеводским Штабом Государственной Пожарной Службы в Варшаве, материалов (собственных) собранных во время осмотра на месте, проведенного Операционной Группой Главной Коменды Государственной Пожарной Службы, исследования события разработанного командой KG PSP в 2010 г [2]. В связи с тем, что в настоящее время существуют более подробные урегулирования аналитического процесса [1] чем в период разработки анализа [2], а также появились изменения в урегулиропваниях, которые касаются анализируемой области, этот материал отличается от исходного документа одникаково по форме, области, структуре, постановлениям, оценкам и выводам. В анализе представлено состояние, существующее перед возникновением события в области: технических и строительных условий, операционной и превентивной охраны, обстоятельств возникновения события, сообщения о нём спасательной службе, расположения спасательных сил, распознания, принятых решений, проведенных спасательных действий, технических действий после окончания спасательных действий. В заключении находится подробная оценка проведенных спасательных действий и выводы выходящие из проведенного анализа. Анализ включает исходные данные в форме таблиц, рисунков, схем и фотографий, документируюищих ситуацию как во время проведенных спасательнио-гасящих действий, так и во время технических действий, позволяющих работником попасть в завод с целью передачи сырья, полупродуктов и продуктов для утилизации. Выводы: Разработанные выводы имеют особенное значение, потому что охватывают потребность предпрининятия действий в области законодательства (изменений в техническо-строительных правилах), организации действий, обучения, готовности учреждений и их заведомления. Значение для практики: Из-за характера события и его специфики, разработка должна быть использована в процессе обучения и профессионального развития. ; Objective: The purpose of this article is to carry out, according to the used methodology, the analysis of the event (case study), which took place in a building classified to the group of large volume and space buildings. The paper assesses the rescue actions and formulates conclusions. The analysis describes a fire, which took place on 29 June 2009 in Lyse (Poland) and required the involvement of large resources of the State Fire Service as well as the volunteers. Introduction: The analysis was based on materials provided by the Regional Headquarter of the State Fire Service in Warsaw, materials collected during the site visit by Operational Group of the National Headquarters of the State Fire Service and the event analysis developed by experts in 2010 [2]. Due to the fact that currently more specific rules regarding the analytical process are in use[1] than during the preparation of the analysis [2], as well as some changes in the regulations appeared, this material differs from the source document, in form, scope, structure, findings, assessments and conclusions. The analysis presents the state that existed before the occurrence of the event in terms of: technical and construction conditions, preventive and operational provisions, circumstances of the event, alarming of the control center, resources dispatching, reconnaissance, decisions taken, rescue activities and technical operations carried out after the end of rescue operations. A detailed assessment of rescue activities and conclusions resulting from the analysis, were presented in the summary of the paper. The analysis was enriched with source data depicted in a tabular form and drawings, diagrams and photographs proving the situation of both fire and rescue operations as well as technical activities that enabled the employees to reach the raw materials, intermediates and finished products in order to use them for recycling purposes. Conclusions: Developed conclusions are of particular importance because they indicate the need for activities both in the area of legislation (amendments to the technical and building regulations), organization of rescue activities, training, operational preparedness of fire units and alarming of them. Importance for practice: Due to the character of the event and its specificity, this document should be used in the training process and professional improvement of rescuers.