Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Quarrying represents one of the oldest and most important human activities; the impacts of which have largely influenced vegetation and landscape. Despite its character as a vital and non-renewable resource, the soil has been poorly studied with regard to either the impact resulting from the exploitation of quarries or its restoration after exploitation. In the plain of La Crau (south-eastern France), numerous dry alluvial quarries were exploited in the 1970s. Their exploitation lasted about ten years and they were then rapidly abandoned. At that time, there was no legal obligation to restore sites after their abandonment. In this context, following various modes of exploitation (e.g. exploitation depth), various rehabilitation options were implemented: no rehabilitation, topsoil transfer, deposits of anthropogenic materials. The absence of legislation consequently resulted in heterogeneous areas after their abandonment. Today, we have the benefit of 35 years of hindsight on the dynamics of these ecosystems resulting from these exploitation modes and rehabilitation options and thus various questions arise: (1) Did the diversity of the modes of exploitation result in heterogeneous soils 30 years after abandonment? (2) At what stage of pedogenesis are the soils created in the abandoned quarries? (3) Did the various rehabilitation options have an impact on the traces of biological activity in the soils of the quarries? (4) Is it possible to identify methods of rehabilitation of quarries that would favour the rehabilitation of the soils and the recolonisation of the plant cover in order to improve the techniques in use or to propose alternative methods? The study of soil profiles (with a special focus on biological activity of animals and plants) and soil physico-chemical analyses (pH, CaCO3, C, N, C:N ratio, CEC, exchangeable K+, plant available P and fine soil particle contents) made it possible to study these questions. Our results confirm that all the soils resulting from the former ...

การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาวิถีการดำรงชีวิต สังคมและ วัฒนธรรมของกลุ่มชาติพันธ์ุซาไก และเพื่อศึกษาการเปลี่ยนแปลงของระบบนิเวศ ที่มีผลต่อการดำรงชีวิตกลุ่มชาติพันธ์ุซาไกด้านปัจจัยพื้นฐานในการดำรงชีวิต โดย ใช้วิธีการศึกษาวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ การลงพื้นที่ภาคสนาม สัมภาษณ์ประกอบการ สังเกตแบบมีส่วนร่วมและไม่มีส่วนร่วมจากผู้ให้ข้อมูลหลักคือ กลุ่มชาติพันธ์ุซาไก ที่อาศัยในพื้นที่บริเวณเทือกเขาบรรทัด อำเภอตะโหมด จังหวัดพัทลุง จำนวน 10 คน และผู้ให้ข้อมูลซึ่งเป็นผู้ที่มีความสัมพันธ์กับซาไกในพื้นที่ จำนวน 10 คน คือ เจ้าหน้าที่รัฐ และประชาชนในพื้นที่ ผลการศึกษาพบว่า กลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ซาไก ในพื้นที่เขาบรรทัด ตำบลตะโหมด เป็นกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ที่มีวิถีการดำรงชีวิตแบบ พึ่งพาธรรมชาติในการตอบสนองความต้องการพื้นฐานมาตั้งแต่ในอดีตจนถึง ปัจจุบัน แต่เมื่อภาครัฐส่งเสริมนโยบายการพัฒนาใน พ.ศ. 2504 ประกอบกับ การเปิดป่าสัมปทานทำให้มีการตัดถนน และเพิ่มสาธารณูปโภคพื้นฐานไปยัง ชนบท ทำให้การเข้าถึงและใช้ประโยชน์จากทรัพยากรป่าไม้สะดวกขึ้น ระบบ ทรัพยากรป่าไม้ของเทือกเขาบรรทัดซึ่งเป็นที่อยู่อาศัยของซาไกได้รับผลกระทบ ทำให้ระบบนิเวศป่าไม้เสื่อมโทรม เมื่อป่าเกิดความเสื่อมโทรม ส่งต่อการดำรงชีวิต ของซาไก เนื่องจากซาไกใช้ทรัพยากรในการตอบสนองความต้องการพื้นฐานใน การดำรงชีวิต จากการศึกษาพบว่า ผลจากการเปลี่ยนแปลงของระบบนิเวศส่งผล ให้ปัจจัยพื้นฐานด้านอาหารของซาไกเปลี่ยนไป เนื่องจากปริมาณอาหารจำพวก มันและสัตว์ป่าลดลง ทำให้ซาไกรับเอาวัฒนธรรมการกินอาหารสำเร็จรูป เช่น ข้าวสาร ปลากระป๋อง เข้ามาผสมผสานกับการกินแบบดั้งเดิมเพื่อความอยู่รอด นอกจากนี้ จากการที่ซาไกมีการติดต่อกับชาวบ้านในพื้นที่มากขึ้น ทำให้เกิดการ ผสมกลมกลืนทางวัฒนธรรมด้านการแต่งกาย ซึ่งมีลักษณะคล้ายคนเมืองมากขึ้น แต่ปัจจัยด้านที่อยู่อาศัยและยารักษาโรคของซาไกในพื้นที่ ยังคงรูปแบบดั้งเดิม การคงอยู่ดังกล่าวเป็นการธำรงไว้ ซึ่งอัตลักษณ์กลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ซาไกให้คงอยู่ โดย ปราศจากการแทรกแซงจากหน่วยงานภาครัฐเหมือนซาไกกลุ่มอื่น Social And Cultural Changes Among The Sakai Ethnic : A Case Study of the Sakai Ethnic in Tamot District, Phatthalung Province Worrachai Wiriyaromp, Purin Naksing and Chattrawan Phonphet This research aims to study to the lifestyle changes of the Sakai Ethnic. The fundamental factor as a result from ecology changes. Use the way to study to anthropology by fieldwork, interview, participation and non-participation observation from the main contributors . They were ten Sakai Ethnic who live at Buntad mountain range Tamot district, Phatthalung province and ten contributors that related with Sakai, the officials and the people in this area. The results of this study showed that The Sakai Ethnic in Buntad Mountain Range in Tamot district was one tribe who depend life style on to respond their fundamental needs from past time to now a day. Because of the government campaign the development policy in 2504 B.E. In this time there were deforestation monopoly. There were road and public unity construction to countryside area. It made easy to use profit from forest. The forest resources on Buntad Mountain Range which was The Sakai Ethnic's home got effective results. It made this forest was damage. It got effective results to The Sakai Ethnic's life style because they use natural resources for responding their fundamental needs. To study changing of ecology got effective result to fundamental living factor. From this study, we founded that the ecology changing made fundamental sector of food changed. Due to potatoes and wild animals were decreased, they absorbed ready to eat food culture such as rice, canned fish to combine with native culture for alive. The result of connection between The Sakai Ethnic and local neighbors made combination in clothing culture but the resident and disease cure had still in their ancient style. It was The Sakai Ethnic's identity stability without intervention from government and other Sakai.

1. Pre-American ecology : environmental alteration is addressed (1100-1854) -- 2. Colonial environmentalism : the first land use & timber regulations (1681) -- 3. Transcending society : the sacrament of wilderness (1862) -- 4. The national park system : preserving wilderness for public use (1865) -- 5. Animals and the environment : creation of the ASPCA (1866) -- 6. The timber barons : profit vs. sustainability (1889) -- 7. The conservationists : save what is left of the forests (1901) -- 8. Naturalist in the capital, Theodore Roosevelt : American wilderness as America's cultural heritage (1908) -- 9. The park service : reforming the federal park management system (1908) -- 10. Lobbyists for life : devastating effects form unlikely alliance (1936) -- 11. The whole of the wild : interconnectiveness of nature (1944) -- 12. Change is in the air : the first Air Pollution Control Act (1955) -- 13. Environmental progress : synthetic pesticides and corporate accountability (1962) -- 14. The new danger : the protection of endangered species (1966) -- 15. Smoke on the water : the Environmental Protection Agency (1970) -- 16. The environmental days : the first Earth Day (1970) -- 17. Beyond the government : Greenpeace makes international headlines (1975) -- 18. Pollution solutions : changes in the automobile industry (1970) -- 19. Ozone depletion : success of the Montreal Protocol (1987) -- 20. Climate chaos part I : the first warning is sounded (1847) -- 21. Climate chaos part II : climate-change denial (1980s-2000s) -- 22. Globalizing environmentalism : international conferences (1972-2017) -- 23. Oceans in the balance : the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (1997) -- 24. Urbane ecology : development of green cities (1800s-present) -- 25. Renewing perspectives : harnessing wind, water, and sun (1960s-present) -- 26. Cyclic waste : reduce, reuse, recycle (1970s-present) -- 27. America's black heart : the debate over coal (2017) -- 28. Leaving the environment behind : environmental policies rolled back (2017).

Eel ( Anguilla anguilla L.), a commonly consumed fish, is known to bioaccumulate lipophilic contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides. Since 1994, the Flemish eel pollutant monitoring network monitors about 300 different sites in Flanders (the northern part of Belgium). This includes rivers, canals, polder waters and closed water bodies. The concentrations of the sum of the 7 indicator PCBs (PCB congeners 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180) measured by this monitoring network, are very high: in 80% of all sampled localities, the Belgian PCB standard for fish (75 ng/g fresh weight) is exceeded. Therefore, in 2002, the Flemish authorities have issued a catch-and-release obligation for all fish in the 5 most polluted waters in Flanders and an overall catch-and-release obligation for eel in Flanders. In spite of this restriction, some sport fishers still take their eel home for consumption. The objective of this study was to assess the intake of the 7 indicator PCBs (iPCBs) in this subgroup and to compare their intake with the exposure of a Flemish background population.

Sport fishing or angling is the capture of fish for recreation or competition, i.e., for entertainment. Contrary to the claims of Key (2016), there is good evidence that fish feel pain and have the capacity for self-awareness (Sneddon et al., 2018; Woodruff, 2017). Wild fish experience a variety of adverse conditions in nature that can harm their welfare, but this does not justify humans intentionally inflicting such conditions on fish solely for our pleasure. This commentary summarises the many ways fish suffer harm to their welfare as a result of sport fishing. There are also discussions on associated activities that have negative effects on the welfare and conservation of other animals, as well as deleterious impacts on the environment. We should not allow scientific evidence-based conclusions to be discounted because of the large number of people that participate in the sport or the large sums generated for regional or national economies. The time has come for improvements in fish welfare to be incorporated in sport fishing, and a logical starting point would be the development of welfare guidelines for anglers.

We outline a framework for evaluating scientific evidence of sentience, focusing on pain experience. It includes eight neural and cognitive-behavioural criteria, with confidence levels for each criterion reflecting the reliability and quality of the evidence. We outline the rationale for each criterion and apply our framework to a controversial sentience candidate: decapod crustaceans. We have either high or very high confidence that true crabs (infraorder Brachyura) satisfy five criteria, amounting to strong evidence of sentience. Moreover, we have high confidence that both anomuran crabs (infraorder Anomura) and astacid lobsters/crayfish (infraorder Astacidea) meet three criteria—substantial evidence of sentience. The case is, as yet, weaker for other infraorders, such as penaeid shrimps, highlighting important research gaps. Having demonstrated our framework's application to decapod crustaceans, we hope that future research will apply it to other taxa.

We outline a framework for evaluating scientific evidence of sentience, focusing on pain experience. It includes eight neural and cognitive-behavioural criteria, with confidence levels for each criterion reflecting the reliability and quality of the evidence. We outline the rationale for each criterion and apply our framework to a controversial sentience candidate: decapod crustaceans. We have either high or very high confidence that true crabs (infraorder Brachyura) satisfy five criteria, amounting to strong evidence of sentience. Moreover, we have high confidence that both anomuran crabs (infraorder Anomura) and astacid lobsters/crayfish (infraorder Astacidea) meet three criteria—substantial evidence of sentience. The case is, as yet, weaker for other infraorders, such as penaeid shrimps, highlighting important research gaps. Having demonstrated our framework's application to decapod crustaceans, we hope that future research will apply it to other taxa.

Laws of the Sea assembles scholars from law, geography, anthropology, and environmental humanities to consider the possibilities of a critical ocean approach in legal studies. Unlike the United Nations' monumental Convention on the Law of the Sea, which imagines one comprehensive constitutional framework for governing the ocean, Laws of the Sea approaches oceanic law in plural and dynamic ways. Critically engaging contemporary concerns about the fate of the ocean, the collection's twelve chapters range from hydrothermal vents through the continental shelf and marine genetic resources to coastal communities in France, Sweden, Florida, and Indonesia. Documenting the longstanding binary of land and sea, the chapters pose a fundamental challenge to European law's "terracentrism" and its pervasive influence on juridical modes of knowing and making the world. Together, the chapters ask: is contemporary Eurocentric law—and international law in particular—capable of moving away from its capitalist and colonial legacies, established through myriad oceanic abstractions and classifications, toward more amphibious legalities? Laws of the Sea will appeal to legal scholars, geographers, anthropologists, cultural and political theorists, as well as scholars in the environmental humanities, political ecology, ocean studies, and animal studies.

This book provides a historical context for understanding the contested relationships between women and nature, and it articulates strategies for moving beyond the dualistic theories and practices that often frame those relationships. In 1974, Francoise d'Eaubonne coined the term "ecofeminism" to raise awareness about interconnections between women's oppression and nature's domination in an attempt to liberate women and nature from subordination. Since then, ecofeminism has attracted scholars and activists from various disciplines and positions to assess the relationship between the cultural human and the natural nonhuman through gender reconsiderations. The contributors to this volume present critical and constructive perspectives on ecofeminism throughout its history, from the beginnings of ecofeminism in the 1970s through to contemporary and emerging developments in the field, drawing on animal studies, postcolonialism, film studies, transgender studies, and political ecology. This interdisciplinary and international collection of essays demonstrates the ongoing relevance of ecofeminism as a way of understanding and responding to the complex interactions between genders, bodies, and the natural environment. It will be of great interest to students and scholars of ecofeminism as well as those involved in environmental studies and gender studies more broadly

This book provides a historical context for understanding the contested relationships between women and nature, and it articulates strategies for moving beyond the dualistic theories and practices that often frame those relationships. In 1974, Francoise d'Eaubonne coined the term "ecofeminism" to raise awareness about interconnections between women's oppression and nature's domination in an attempt to liberate women and nature from subordination. Since then, ecofeminism has attracted scholars and activists from various disciplines and positions to assess the relationship between the cultural human and the natural nonhuman through gender reconsiderations. The contributors to this volume present critical and constructive perspectives on ecofeminism throughout its history, from the beginnings of ecofeminism in the 1970s through to contemporary and emerging developments in the field, drawing on animal studies, postcolonialism, film studies, transgender studies, and political ecology. This interdisciplinary and international collection of essays demonstrates the ongoing relevance of ecofeminism as a way of understanding and responding to the complex interactions between genders, bodies, and the natural environment. It will be of great interest to students and scholars of ecofeminism as well as those involved in environmental studies and gender studies more broadly.

Expectations for the future can differ greatly. Some await a technical utopia that will support harmonious and easy lives. Others predict a global ecosystem collapse that will threaten the future of humans as species. Both camps make appeals to sentience in support of their stories. Addressing this discordance, this paper combines narratives in ecology and technology to ask what roles sentience might play in future places. In response, it hypothesizes that an understanding of sentience as an inclusive, relational and distributed phenomenon can promote more-than-human cultures and contribute to the wellbeing of heterogenous stakeholders on the Earth and beyond. To test this hypothesis, the paper outlines biological understandings of sentience (as applied especially to humans, animals and other lifeforms), contrasts them with the interpretations of sentience in artificial entities (including robots and smart buildings), gives an example of attempts at sentience in architectural design and discusses how sentience relates to place. The paper's conclusion rejects the dualism of technophilic and biophilic positions. As an alternative, the paper outlines sentience as a foundation for richly local more-than-human cultures that have intrinsic value and can help in the search for preferable futures.

We present data on carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of human bones from Tolombón (Calchaqui Valley, Salta) and Esquina de Huajra (Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy) sites located in Northwest Argentina (NWA). Both are complex archaeological residential settlements ascribed to the Regional Development Period (ca. 900–1430 A.D.), the Inca Period (ca. 1430–1536 A.D.), and the Early Colonial Period (ca. 1536–1600 A.D.). Twelve samples of human bones were collected and analyzed, including remains from individuals of both sexes and different ages at death. We also present the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of modern plants from nearby areas in order to start building an isotopic ecology of the area and compile available information on food consumption from different lines of evidence. The isotopic results obtained reveal the consumption of C4plants, which for the area are maize and amaranth, combined with animal proteins. The integration of these results with the broader database was useful to discuss the political and economical implications of the findings, especially in the context of this area under the Inca domination.

This article examines female hunting among a group of Aka forest foragers ("pygmies") of the Central African Republic1where women net‐hunt more frequently than men. The study aims to understand the contexts of female hunting and allay the paucity of descriptive and systematic studies of women hunters and gender task allocation among foragers. Contexts predicted from human behavioral ecology and cultural anthropology are considered and evaluated. Most of the contexts for female hunting predicted by the evolutionary and cultural theoretical orientations occurred among this group of Aka: game were relatively abundant, and women received relatively high caloric returns from hunting; game animals were acquired synchronously; hunting took place with other adults; Aka women had access to the means/technology of efficient hunting; Aka male ideological/political control of women was minimal; and cultural precedents existed that enabled women to obtain knowledge of and experience in hunting. Modifications to both evolutionary and cultural theories that deal with female hunting and gender task allocation among foragers are suggested, and an integrated approach is described. [foragers, central Africa, sexual division of labor, women hunters]

Part 1 Grassland functions and dynamics ; 1.The role of grasslands in biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity conservation: O. Huguenin-Elie, Agroscope, Switzerland; L. Delaby and K. Klumpp, INRA, France; S. Lemauviel-Lavenant, INRA and Université de Caen Normandie, France; and J. Ryschawy and R. Sabatier, INRA, France ; 2.The role of pasture in the diet of ruminant livestock: Michael R. F. Lee, University of Bristol, UK and Rothamsted Research, UK;M. Jordana Rivero, Rothamsted Research, UK; and John W. Cone, Wageningen University, The Netherlands ; 3.Plant-animal interactions in grazing systems: D. F. Chapman, DairyNZ Lincoln, New Zealand and W. M. Griffiths, Hamilton, New Zealand ; 4.Grazing management for sustainable grazing systems: Lilian Elgalise Techio Pereira and Sila Carneiro da Silva, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Cory Matthew and Ignacio F.