Suchergebnisse

Contiene : La chirurgie de guerre au poste de secours / Nimier.-- Págs 1-19.-- Première partie-Rapports officiels

Contiene : Organisation du service de santé de l'avant : résumé. I Allgemeine. II Die sanitätswagen der truppen. III Dienstorganistion in kurzer zusammenfassung / Kern .--Págs 161-172.-- Première partie-Rapports officiels

Contiene : Milieu intérieur et milieu extérieur du casernement au point de vue de la tuberculose / Brisard.--Págs 241-243 .-- Deuxième partie-Comptes rendus des séances

Contiene : Au sujet de l'epuration de l'eu potable en campagne / Vaillard.--Págs 266-274 .-- Deuxième partie-Comptes rendus des séances

Within the English School of International Relations the expansion of European International Society has always been regarded as an essentially European, western enterprise. However, the role that the Russian Empire played in expanding the institutions of international society into Central Asia remains quite neglected. By analysing primary sources and contemporary discourses about Russia's civilisational status in the 19th century, this paper discusses the penetration of the Russian Empire in Central Asia in a socio-historical perspective, and argues that in the process of the expansion Russia's Asiatic past weakened its status as a European power, and the value of its colonial enterprise. Using English School categories, this paper considers Russia as 'a periphery in the centre', and as a 'less civilised civiliser' in European International Society. In doing so, this paper seeks to explore an alternative way for the diffusion of norms and institutions of international society different from those of European 'expansion' or 'inclusion': that of 'mediated expansion'.

peacekeeping can be an effective instrument in maintaining peace, but little systematic knowledge exists on the roles that other types of peace support can play. International peacebuilding encompasses a broad range of activities beyond peacekeeping. It includes non-military support to increase security through disarmament, demobilisation, the reintegration (DDR) of former combatants, as well as security sector reform (SSR) and demining; support for governance to strengthen political institutions and state capacity; support for socioeconomic development to create a peace dividend through reconstruction, basic services, jobs and macroeconomic stability; and support for societal conflict transformation, including reconciliation, dialogue and transitional justice programmes.This briefing paper presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of disaggregated external support in post-conflict situations, undertaken recently within the DIE research project "Supporting Sustainable Peace". Analysing combinations of peace support provided during the first five years of 36 post-civil war episodes since 1990, we find that international peacebuilding can clearly make a difference. More specifically, our findings show thatinternational peacekeeping is one, but not the only, means of support associated with sustained peace;contrary to concerns regarding the destabilising effects of democratisation, the majority of successful cases are in fact characterised by substantial international support in the field of politics and governance in democratising contexts;only combined international efforts across all types of support can help prevent renewed conflict in contexts of a high risk of recurrence; andcountries that did not receive any substantial peace support experienced conflict recurrence within five years.In light of these findings, we recommend the following to the international community when faced with post-civil war situations:Engage substantially in post-conflict countries. Our results show that international peacebuilding can be effective, even where there is a high structural risk of conflict recurrence. While success will never be guaranteed, countries that receive substantial international support often remain peaceful, whereas all countries that were neglected by the international community experienced conflict recurrence.Pay particular attention, and provide substantial support, to the field of politics and governance in post-conflict countries that begin to democratise. While it is well known that democratisation processes are conflict prone, our analyses demonstrate that donor engagement geared towards supporting such processes can help mitigate conflict and contribute to peace. When a post-conflict country has decided to embark on political reforms donors should offer governance support to help overcome potential destabilising effects of democratisation processes.Invest in an international approach that encompasses all areas of peacebuilding early on after the end of a civil war. Especially in contexts with a high structural risk of renewed violent conflict, the chances of sustained peace are increased by simultaneous support for security, institutions, livelihoods and societal conflict transformation.

"Since 2005, international civil society support has faced increasing resistance around the world. Ethiopia is widely recognized as a key example of this so-called Closing Space phenomenon. With the Charities and Societies Proclamation (CSP), adopted in 2009, Ethiopia has established strict regulations on civil society organizations that, in particular, restrict the ability of local associations to make use of foreign funding as well as the range of activities allowed for foreign (funded) organizations. In this working paper the authors trace the process of international negotiations that has accompanied the drafting of the Ethiopian NGO law and identify the consequences of these negotiations for international civil society support in the country. Focusing on the interaction between foreign "donors" and the Ethiopian govern­ment, the authors analyze (a) what precisely these negotiations have been about, (b) to what extent these negotiations have actually influenced the content of the CSP, and (c) how the CSP as finally adopted has actually affected international civil society support in Ethiopia." (author's abstract)

Despite the decrease in tension between East and West, the world is still faced by many threats to international security: a deteriorating environment, terrorism, drug trafficking, humanitarian emergencies, serious human rights violations and mass exoduses of populations. There is a growing need to devote more attention to how these international security challenges can be dealt with; piecemeal approaches and strategies no longer suffice. The interaction of security issues, and their global nature, call for broad and integrated strategies of management and of governance. States are now discovering that if they are to protect their own interests, they will need to entrust to the international community, through the agency of international organizations, competences for the protection of the common interest and human welfare. The United Nations will be called upon to operate an integrated global watch in the environmental, military, political, economic, social and humanitarian sectors: a system of early-warning can prevent potential political conflicts or humanitarian emergencies. The present work sheds some light on the principles of international law for the conduct of early-warning and preventive diplomacy, and shows the urgent need for the establishment of a true Global Watch. The world is now threatened by problems never experienced before in the history of the international community, and partnership and cooperation will be crucial if the international security challenges of the future are to be addressed successfully

This article presented as a review to the textbook of the Doctor of History Shakhalilov Shamansur, The History of International Relations: Driving Forces, Global Tendencies. Moscow State University Press, 2015. The author focuses readers attention on the regularities of formation, development and peculiarities of legal regulation of international relations, considers these relations as an ongoing, highly controversial and multidirectional developing process of the formation of the world system of States and international relations, explores the driving forces, events and phenomena, who had in his time, and many still have a decisive influence on international policy the leading powers of the world in the framework of nonlinear processes of globalization and the current, seriously flawed by today's standards, world order and system of international law. The article draws readers attention to everything presented in the tutorial main substantial characteristics and patterns of international relations in their historical context. Emphasizes the inadmissibility of violations of principles and norms of functioning of the traditional system of international law; analyses the factors of influence on the world trends of globalization processes is the gradual destruction of the boundaries between national and international levels of government and governance, the increasing role of supranational political actors. Attention is drawn to the increasing importance in international Affairs information and communication technologies and social networks, expanding the access of citizens to discuss government decisions on international issues. Article will help not only students, but all interested in the patterns, principles and features of international practices in different historical periods and in different civilization. Will foster in the reader a holistic view of the system of international relations and diplomatic activities, to learn, to understand the origins, motivations and basic principles of foreign policy in different historical and structural conditions, a deeper understanding of the relevant definitions, concepts, norms and traditions of international relations and the professional culture in diplomacy.