Suchergebnisse

Para una comunicación eficaz y para que el derecho pueda ser mejor comprendido y actuado correctamente, es esencial que la ley y cualquier fuente normativa estén bien escritas. Se necesitan buenas reglas, donde se conozca el impacto sobre los ciudadanos y las empresas. Escribir el derecho, en efecto, significa dar lugar a un verdadero procedimiento de aprendizaje legislativo en el cual la comunicación jurídica se aclare y se especifique como capacidad de dar vida a un "cortocircuito" en el cual los medios y los fines de la acción pública sean relacionados entre si de manera razonable y culturalmente aceptable. Los principales instrumentos utilizados por los diversos gobiernos europeos para poder proyectar normas de buena cualidad son: el análisis de impacto de la regulación (AIR), consultación, típicamente si no exclusivamente en el contexto de la AIR, simplificación, frecuentemente sostenida por una análisis de impacto, acceso a la regulación y valoración expost de los institutos reguladores y de los instrumentos específicos. (VIR o AIR ex post). La atención hacia una mejor calidad de la legislación ha asumido desde tiempos dimensiones globales: lejos de quedar confinada al interior de los sistemas de regulación nacional, tiene esa, la motivación de iniciativas específicas de organizaciones internacionales cuales la OCSE, el FMI, el WTO, dentro del debate político, institucional internacional y comunitario. En ámbito europeo, la primera etapa de tal repensamiento crítico en torno al law-making comunitario ha sido la ratificación del Tratado di Maastricht y, en particular, el Consejo Europeo de Edimburgo del 1992. En el 2002, después de un proceso de experiencias en materia de valoración de impacto, la UE se ha dotado, en el ámbito del programa de acción sobre el mejoramiento de la regulación, de un procedimiento de valoración de impacto para todas las principales iniciativas legislativas. La introducción de un tal procedimiento ha signado, en ámbito europeo, un importante cambio cultural al interno de la Comisión, formando parte integrante de la praxis de trabajo y del proceso decisional de esta institución, en grado de modificar el modo de elaborar las políticas, y sobre todo, de mejorar la elaboración de la normativa comunitaria. ; Affinché vi sia una comunicazione efficace ed effettiva ed il diritto possa essere meglio capito ed attuato correttamente e in modo efficiente è, preliminarmente, essenziale che la legge ed ogni fonte normativa sia "ben scritta". Servono, dunque, buone regole intese non solo come leggi "scritte bene", ma come leggi più consapevoli del proprio impatto su cittadini e imprese. Scrivere il diritto significa, infatti, anche dar luogo ad un vero e proprio procedimento di apprendimento legislativo nel quale la comunicazione giuridica si chiarisce e si specifica come capacità di dar vita ad un "cortocircuito" in cui i mezzi e i fini dell'azione pubblica siano collegati in maniera ragionata e culturalmente accettabile. È necessario, pertanto, porreattenzione sui principali strumenti utilizzati dai diversi governi per poter concretamente progettare norme di buona qualità: analisi di impatto della regolazione (AIR); consultazione, tipicamente, se non esclusivamente nel contesto dell'AIR; semplificazione, spesso supportata da un'analisi di impatto; accesso alla regolazione; valutazione ex post degli istituti regolatori e degli specifici strumenti (VIR o AIR ex post) L'attenzione verso una 'migliore' qualità della normazione ha, del resto, assunto da tempo dimensioni globali: ben lontana dal restare confinata all'interno dei sistemi di regolazione nazionali essa ha, infatti, anche sotto la spinta di specifiche iniziative di organizzazioni internazionali quali l'OCSE, il FMI, il WTO, investito il dibattito politico e istituzionale internazionale e comunitario. In ambito europeo, in particolare, la prima tappa di un tale ripensamento critico intorno al law-making comunitario è stato il processo di ratifica del Trattato di Maastricht e, in particolare, il Consiglio europeo di Edimburgo del 1992. Nel 2002, dopo un processo di diverse esperienze in materia di valutazione di impatto, la UE si è dotata, nell'ambito del programma di azione sul migloramento della regolazione, di una procedura di valutazione di impatto delle principali iniziative legislative. L'introduzione di una tale procedura ha segnato, in ambito europeo, un importante cambiamento culturale all'interno della Commissione, diventando parte integrante della prassi di lavoro e del processo decisionale di questa istituzione, in grado di modificarne il modo di elaborare le politiche e, soprattutto, di migliorare l'elaborazione della normativa comunitaria. ; For an efficient communication and that law can be better understood and actuated correctly, it is essential that law and every normative font have been well written. It's necessary good rules, where can be possible to know the impact of law in citizens and enterprises. To write law, in effect, consists in beginning a process of legislative learning, where juridical communication can be clarify and can be specific in order to create shout-court circuits in a manner that instruments and objectives of the public action can be related in an rationale form and cultural accepted. The main instruments used by European governments to project norms of good quality are: the analysis of the impact regulation (AIR), consultation in the Air context, simplification, frequently supported by impact analysis, to access to the regulation and expost valuation of the regulators institutes and of the specific instruments. (VIR o AIR ex post). The attention to a better quality of legislation has assumed by time global dimensions: far away of been and affair of the internal regulation national systems, it has the motivation of specific initiatives of international organizations such as OCSE, FMI, WTO, inside of the political, institutional,international and communitarian debate. In the European space, particularly, the first step of this critical rethinking process of communitarian law-making has been the ratification of Maastricht Treaty and, in particular, The EdinburghEuropean Council of 1992. In 2002, after a process of experiences in matter of impact valuation, the UE has been initiated, inside of the action program of legislation's improvement, a process of impact valuation to all main legislative initiatives'. The introduction of this procedure has signed, in the European space, an important cultural change in the Commission, been and integral part of the work and of the decisional process of this institution, capable to modify the way of elaborate politics, and, specially, to improve the communitarian law process.

The first aim of Transitions to Adulthood in Europe is to describe the similarities and differences in the timing and kind of transition among the post-war cohorts in Austria, Britain, Flanders (Belgium), France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Spain. A comparative description allows consideration of whether trends across Europe are converging or whether inter-country differences persist. A second aim of this volume is to bring together the results of individual-level studies from these ten European countries, analysing the impact of selected determinants on the transition to adulthood. The focus in particular is on those factors that gave rise to the Second Demographic Transition. Almost all studies make use of the Fertility and Family Survey data, a survey co-ordinated in the 1990s by the Population Activities Unit of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations. Comparing the results of these country-specific analyses sheds an intriguing light on the various ways in which these determinants operate in different economic and cultural contexts

The paper explores the characteristics of the EU in international trade negotiations, using the talks about China's accession to the WTO (1985–2001) and the Doha Development Round (1999–2007) as main case studies. These long negotiating processes permit an analysis of the influence of postmodern values, such as democracy promotion, sustainable development and human rights policies, on European trade strategies. Normative concerns play an important role in the official discourse of EU foreign policy. Based on an institutionalist theoretical framework, it will be argued that the Council and the Commission pursue a trade policy with little regard to these objectives (and also other societal interests). Contrary to rhetorical commitments by EU institutions and contrary to the claims of some leading theoretical schools, the system of decision–making in EU foreign trade policy systematically privileges strategic political and economic interests in the case of clashing objectives.On the positive side, this enables the EU to pursue consistent strategies and coherent negotiating positions, especially compared to US international trade policies.

Gegenstand des Werkes ist die Untersuchung der Zahlungsunfähigkeit von Bußgeldadressaten nach Ziffer 35 der Bußgeldleitlinien 2006 (sog. "inability to pay") bei der Kartellrechtsdurchsetzung durch die Europäische Kommission. Die Autorin setzt sich mit den wichtigsten wettbewerbstheoretischen Ansätzen auseinander, um die Bedeutung der ordoliberalen Wettbewerbsfreiheit, die Rolle der Effizienz und die Grenzen der Abschreckung im Hinblick auf die Leistungsfähigkeit von Bußgeldadressaten zu erläutern. In diesem Zusammenhang formuliert sie konkrete Vorschläge für die Anwendung von Ziffer 35 der Bußgeldleitlinien. Parallel dazu wird der Einsatz von diversen Sanktionsmöglichkeiten in Zusammenhang mit der Zahlungsunfähigkeit analysiert.

Europe's employers have always opposed the European Works Council Directive, and they still do, says UNICE's Olivier Richard. But now that it has been adopted, it has to be applied. The way forward for employers is to go for voluntary agreements with the unions that will satisfy the directive's requirements, and avoid the imposition of a single consultative model. There is enough flexibility in the directive - thanks to the employers - to give negotiators room for manoeuvre. The three years allowed to set up voluntary deals should see some imaginative and innovative agreements that will benefit management and workers. But this flexibility has to kept to the fore; Mr. Richard adds a final warning to legislators, and to the working group set up by the commission to oversee the transposition of the directive into national law: their role should be to reduce sources of conflict, not to tighten up the directive.

The purpose of this article is to discuss the ILO's Labour Clauses (Public Contracts) Convention 1949 (Convention No. 94) and, in particular, the legal situation in the aftermath of the decision on 3 April 2008 of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in the Rüffert case (Case C-346/06). The authors argue that the labour law concerning social clauses in public contracts is an old and well-established institution that still has an important role to play. They analyse the Rüffert case and argue that there is a conflict or contradiction between the ECJ's judgment and Convention No. 94. The authors propose how the Posted Workers Directive 96/71/EC and the EU public procurement regime should be clarified in order to resolve this contradiction. This issue should be raised and promoted both by the EU Member States, in the aftermath of the discussions in June 2008 at the ILO Labour Conference in Geneva on Convention No. 94, and by the new Barroso Commission, which took office in spring 2010, as well as the European Parliament.

Foreword ; Table of Contents ; Introduction ; Part I: International Law and Human Rights Adjudication; 1 ; Judicial Engagement in International Human Rights Comparativism ; I. Introduction ; II. The Object of Engagement ; III. The Partners of Engagement ; IV. The Practice of Engagement ; V. Methodology of Engagement ; VI. Normative Reasons for Engagement ; VII. Scope and Limits of Engagement ; VIII. Conclusion ; 2 ; Jurisprudential Dialogue in Supranational Human Rights Litigation in Africa ; I. Introduction ; II. Judicial Dialogue ; III. African Commission on Human and Peoples"" Rights.

The purpose of this master's thesis is to analyze the recent attempt of the English school to approach the European Union as regional international society where identification rests on common values. The future of the EU society is at stake since the Union is becoming more heterogeneous than before. Immigration is a very topical issue in Europe because of its ageing population, negative impacts of illegal immigration and the problems of third country nationals' integration. Community immigration policy reveals the use of collectively agreed European values in real policy-making process. Since it is argued that the future of the EU is based on common values, the values presented in this policy disclose us the future of the Union from an immigrant's perspective. The theoretical framework is based on the work of English school, Ole Waever's and Vilho Harle's notions about Otherness and Gerard Delanty's idea about post-national citizenship. The empirical material consists of Community immigration policy documents and immigration policy programs and plans of Germany and Finland. It was studied by reflecting principally the ideas from theoretical part, with the notion of discourses and with the methodology of typification. There appears that the European Union can be comprehended as a regional international and world society where self-identification with values is vital for its common future. The clear implication is that the collective European identity cannot be based on dubious myths. Rather the self-identification should be founded on collective values that are declared in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU. Multiculturalism and increasing presence of the 'Other' have profoundly transformed the EU transnational/world society. The European Commission desires to reduce tension between Us (EU citizens) and Them (third country nationals) by typifying the Others in the Community immigration policy documents, because Europeans apprehend the Others by the meaning they have for them. However, even though typification may reduce opposition to immigration, it does not remove the feeling of Otherness. The only way to diminish it is to identify with common values. Therefore European identity should be based on a normative value concept that unites all Europeans (both citizens and residents). The values of the EU society are linked to economical and social interests. The documents reveal that even though the macro-economical values play significant part in the immigration policy formation on both levels, EU and national, the values of the Charter are included in these plans for the future of the EU as well. Even possibility to form a new kind of EU citizenship is mentioned by the Commission and the European Council. From these arguments the thesis suggests that a post-national citizenship could provide a new normative model for collective European identity founded on two principles: recognition of the Charter's values and the residency in the Union. This new form of EU citizenship should be the bedrock of the Community immigration policy. It would diminish the dichotomy between Us and Them and the need for typifications. Thus it would reduce reasons for racism but improve also the integration of third-country nationals in the Union. The future of the EU should include equally all residents of the Union. ; TABLE OF CONTENTS PART ONE: INTRODUCTION FOREWORD 3 1. THE PREMISES AND OBJECTIVES 4 2. DEFINITIONS OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS 8 2.1. Politics in Discourses 8 2.2. European Integration: Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy 10 2.3. The Dismissal of Neofunctionalism and the Notion of Evolving Sovereignty 11 2.4. Security Today 13 2.5. Search for Identity 15 2.6. Values in Social Sciences and Political Theory 18 PART TWO: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 3. THE ENGLISH SCHOOL 21 3.1. The Three Traditions 22 3.2. Buzan's Proposal for Reconvening the English School 28 3.3. Jørgensen's critic 29 4. THE ENGLISH SCHOOL COURTS WITH THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 32 4.1. International Society and World Society Reconsidered 33 4.2. The Case of Europe 34 5. US AND THEM 37 5.1. Europe as a Concept - The Idea of Europe 38 5.2. European Identity Dilemma 40 5.3. Constructing Differences 45 6. ATTEMPTS TO APPREHEND THE OTHER 50 7. NEW EUROPEAN IDENTITY 55 7.1. Ethnic vs. Civic (Constitutional) Identity 58 7.2. Post-national Citizenship 62 PART THREE: ANALYSIS THE EU WOLRD SOCIETY AND VALUES IN THE COMMUNITY IMMIGRATION POLICY 67 8. INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH SUBJECT: THE COMMUNITY IMMIGRATION POLICY 67 8.1. Changing and Ageing Europe 68 8.2. The Evolution of Community Immigration Policy 72 8.3. The Scenario of Fortress Europe 76 9. VALUES OF THE EU IN THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 79 10. RESPONSES OF THE EU ON THE COMMUNITY IMMIGRATION POLICY 85 10.1. Values Set Out in the CIP 85 10.2. Typification and Classification of the Other 92 10.3. European Civic Citizenship 95 11. TWO NATIONAL POLICIES: GERMANY AND FINLAND 96 PART FOUR: CONCLUSIONS 12. THE FUTURE OF EUROPE FROM AN IMMIGRANT'S PERSPECTIVE 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY 104 ATTACHMENTS

Trib. UE, 29 mars 2012, Telefónica et Telefónica de España c/ Commission, aff. T-336/07 ; Trib. UE, 29 mars 2012, Espagne c/ Commission, aff. T-398/07 Le Tribunal de l'UE donne des précisions sur la mise en œuvre du critère du concurrent aussi efficient en matière de ciseau tarifaire ; Peer reviewed

Although systematic policy evaluation has been conducted for decades and has been growing strongly within the European Union (EU) institutions and in the member states, it remains largely underexplored in political science literatures. Extant work in political science and public policy typically focuses on elements such as agenda setting, policy shaping, decision making, or implementation rather than evaluation. Although individual pieces of research on evaluation in the EU have started to emerge, most often regarding policy "effectiveness" (one criterion among many in evaluation), a more structured approach is currently missing. This special issue aims to address this gap in political science by focusing on four key focal points: evaluation institutions (including rules and cultures), evaluation actors and interests (including competencies, power, roles and tasks), evaluation design (including research methods and theories, and their impact on policy design and legislation), and finally, evaluation purpose and use (including the relationships between discourse and scientific evidence, political attitudes and strategic use). The special issue considers how each of these elements contributes to an evolving governance system in the EU, where evaluation is playing an increasingly important role in decision making.

Il saggio si pone l'obiettivo di illustrare anche criticamente la disciplina del rischio da stress lavoro-correlato contenuta nell'accordo quadro europeo dell'8 ottobre 2004 e in varie fonti nazionali (legislative, contrattualie amministrative).In particolare, l'analisi si concentra sulle indicazioni metodologiche fornite dalla Commissione consultiva permanente per la salute e sicurezza sul lavoro (evidenziando la genericità e la lacunosità su molteplici aspetti) e sulle linee guida pubblicate dall'Inail, per definire compiutamente il percorso sistematico di valutazione e gestione del rischio da SLC.The essay examines critically the subject of work-related stress contained in the European Framework agreement on work-related stress of 8 October 2004 and in various national sources (legislative, contractual and administrative). In particular, the analysis focuses on the guidelines provided by the PermanentConsultative Commission on Health and Safety at Work (pointing out the vagueness and incompleteness of many aspects) and on the guidelines published by the Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (Inail), to fully define the systematic course of assessement and management of work-related stress.Parole chiave: stress lavoro-correlato, rischi psico-sociali, valutazione dei rischi, accordo quadro europeo dell'8 ottobre 2004, d.lgs. n. 81/2008, Commissione consultiva permanente per la salute e sicurezza sul lavoroKeywords: work-related stress, psycho-social risk, risk assessement, the European Framework Agreement of 8 October 2004, legislative decree no. 81/2008, the Permanent Consultative Commission on Health and Safety at Work

In June 2022, the EU granted candidate status to Ukraine. In December 2023, after a respective Commission recommendation, the Council voted to start accession negotiations with Ukraine. This rapid turn in EU-Ukraine relations is mostly a result of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and of the subsequent, so far successful fight of Ukrainians for their freedom. On what assumptions does the Union's (re)turn to enlargement as an instrument ultimately rest? How does the realistic prospect of enlargement help Ukraine? Are the EU and Ukraine prepared to start and finalize what many see as a speedy "geopolitical enlargement"? This article argues that neither the EU nor Ukraine are currently prepared for an accession process of this magnitude, and that especially the "geopolitical" argument is thin at best. Yet, in terms of policy options for the Union, enlargement seems to be without alternative.

The global investment regime is a prime example of the so-called 'politicization beyond the state.' Investment agreements with an Investor–State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) mechanism have become contested in several corners of the globe, triggering a widespread reform process encompassing national, regional and multilateral levels. This article examines the consequences of this confluence of politicization processes, focusing on the European Union (EU) and two key venues of ISDS reform: the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT). Combining different strands of politicization literature in International Relations and Political Science, the article advances a nuanced conceptualisation of the institutional consequences of politicization that goes beyond a deepening/decline dichotomy. Instead, the article examines whether and how politicization generates 'authority shifts,' either through a vertical move between international and national levels; and/or through a horizontal recalibration between public and private forms of governance. The article argues that although the EU's initiative for global ISDS reform intended to rebalance public and private authority while strengthening its international character, the on-going reform processes at the UNCITRAL and the ECT may eventually lead to a (partial) dismantling of international authority.