Suchergebnisse

Eleventh Session: The Council met for a week (June 22–29) after the Assembly to take care of certain items requiring action before the summer recess. All of the twenty states elected to Council membership on June 10 were represented at the meeting.

This case was brought to the Court following a dispute between Colombia and Peru on the interpretation of the Convention on Asylum signed at Havana in 1928 and the right of asylum. The government of Peru charged that the government of Colombia did not keep within the terms of the treaty when asylum was granted to Victor Raul Haya de la Torre, a writer and the head of a political party, by the Colombian government in the Colombian Embassy in Lima, Peru. Since the Court had neither a national of Colombia or Peru sitting on the bench, both governments availed themselves of Article 31 (3) of the Statute and named Dr. José Joaquin Caicedo Castilla (Colombia) and Dr. Luis Alayza y Paz Soldan (Peru) to sit as judges ad hoc.

Continuing its eighth session, which opened on September 6, 1949, the Council on September 23 noted that no part of Annex 8 of the Chicago Convention (Airworthiness of Aircraft) had been disapproved by a majority of the contracting states and accordingly declared the Annex operative as of September 1, 1949. On November 16, the Council adopted amendments to Annex 4 (Aeronautical Charts) and established September 1, 1950, as the date for implementation of the amendments, permitting contracting states to register disapproval until June 1, 1950. With regard to the Chicago Convention itself, the Council decided that it would 1) recommend no amendments to the 1950 Assembly, 2) recommend that the 1950 Assembly adopt no amendments to the Convention, and 3) proceed to study the whole problem of amendments with a view to reporting to the 1950 Assembly on principles, methods and procedures for amendment. The Council, in the course of its eighth session, approved the recommendations of the Air Navigation Commission on the Final Report of the Technical Committee of the 2nd Conference on ICAO North Atlantic Ocean Stations and on the recommendations of the North Pacific Regional Air Navigation Meeting Relating to Ocean Stations. Before concluding the session on December 13, the Council took the following action: 1) allocated to Belgium the contributions of Ireland and Portugal toward the North Atlantic ocean stations for the fiscal year 1949; authorized the Secretariat to proceed with the preparation and publication of a lexicon of aeronautical terms including definitions contained in the Convention, Assembly resolution and Annexes, terms for which trilingual equivalents had been prepared together with definitions for such terms, and terms considered by the Secretariat to be necessary to make the lexicon reasonably complete;

Corfu Channel Case: On November 17, 1949 a public hearing was held on the Corfu Channel Case on the assessment of compensation due by Albania to the United Kingdom. After oral pleadings, the acting president (Guerrero) declared that the Court had decided to appoint two experts to decide whether the figures presented by the United Kingdom were correct. The experts designated were Rear Admiral Berck and M. de Rooy, both of the Netherlands.

The third ICAO assembly was held in Montreal from June 7 to 20 and considered an agenda limited to financial and administrative questions. An Administrative Commission was established with a Contributions Working Group and a Budget Working Group to study the finances for 1950. The Assembly adopted a budget of $2,810,607 which provided about the same financial level for 1950 as had been given for 1949. This permitted the continuance of the working program on the same scale as before but allowed no room for expansion. The Assembly further approved a resolution authorizing the Secretary-General to accept a part of contributions in other currencies than Canadian dollars and agreed on a scale of contributions for 1950. Sanctions, consisting of suspension of voting power in the Assembly, Council and their subsidiary bodies, but not regional meetings, were imposed on Bolivia, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Poland and Jordan because they were delinquent in contributions for a period exceeding two years. The Council was to discuss with defaulting states the whole question of their position in relation to the organization and, if possible, to secure the payment of outstanding contributions by such arrangements as might be mutually satisfactory. If a settlement was not made, the Council was to consider other possible courses of action and submit its recommendations to the fourth assembly.

The fourth session of the ICAO Council met in Geneva during the week immediately following the adjournment of the Second Assembly. Action was taken upon arrangements for the financing of air navigation services in Iceland; the Council approved the recommendations and final act of the Conference on Air Navigation Services in Iceland. An agreement to this effect was signed on September 16, the first formal agreement between ICAO and one of the contracting states to provide for financial and technical assistance in the maintenance of facilities for trans-oceanic air navigation. Under the terms of the agreement, the Icelandic government would operate and maintain the needed services and the ICAO Council would pay specified sums received from the contributing states to finance these facilities, would exercise general supervision over the operation and the services and would furnish such advice as might be required for the effective discharge of obligations by Iceland under the agreement. Before adjourning its fourth session, the Council notified the states signatory to the Final Act of the Conference on Air Navigation Services in Iceland of their assessments for expenses in accordance with the decisions of the Conference.

Corfu Channel Dispute: Following the Security Council's decision of April 9, 1947, to refer the Corfu Channel dispute to the Court, Great Britain submitted an application on May 22, 1947, instituting proceedings against Albania for the destruction of two British destroyers in the Corfu Channel in October, 1946. The dispute was to constitute the first case to come before the Court. As of July 15, 1947, no word had been received from Albania regarding British action, and there had been no decision as to the date on which the case would reach the Court.

The fourth meeting of the Rubber Study Group ended its sessions in Paris on July 8, 1947, after reviewing changes in the world rubber situation from the previous meeting in November, 1946, and adopting a resolution urging 1) that membership be open to all countries substantially interested in production, consumption, or trade in rubber; 2) that the group consider ways to expand the world consumption of rubber; and 3) that a secretariat be established to arrange for the collection and dissemination of statistics. Countries attending included Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Ceylon, Denmark, Ecuador, United States, France, Hungary, Italy, Liberia, Norway, Holland, United Kingdom, British Colonies, Siam, Czechoslovakia and Venezuela, with observers from Brazil, Colombia, Finland, Guatemala, Mexico, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Nations and FAO.

New Parties to the Statute: Afghanistan, Iceland, Siam and Sweden became parties to the Statute during 1946 when they joined the United Nations. Switzerland, as a non-member of the United Nations, inquired as to the conditions on which Switzerland might become a party to the Court's Statute, and these conditions were established by a resolution of the General Assembly on December 11, 1946.

The doctrine that the support of world opinion is a necessary & sufficient condition of effective international org culminated in the movement for democratic control of foreign policy in the first 3 decades of this cent. Though there have been diff's as to the meaning of popular control, there was general agreement that the chief problem of international relations was that of transferring power from one section of a society to another. This is a mistaken view, however, as it is the state 'qua state' that is prone to war, not the state with particular internal characteristics. Since 1918, there has been a shift from a belief in the natural internationalism of a certain section of society to a conviction that internationalism needs to be instilled into people. None of the forms taken by this new doctrine appears to yield a formula providing for an international org with that basis in world opinion which its effectiveness seems to require. IPSA.

Machine generated contents note: Introduction 1 -- The Kosovo conflict 3 -- The seven phases of engagement 12 -- 1 Kosovo and the Dissolution of Yugoslavia 16 -- Human rights and international society 17 -- The Nickles Amendment 19 -- The sanctions debate 20 -- The ECCY 22 -- The Badinter Arbitration Commission 26 -- The London conference 29 -- The CSCE Mission of Long Duration 31 -- The Christmas ultimatum 34 -- Summary 35 -- 2 The Absence of Prevention 37 -- The end of the CSCE mission 38 -- Kosovo and the search for peace in Bosnia 48 -- Kosovo after Dayton 56 -- Summary 65 -- 3 Towards Intervention 67 -- The Donji Prekaz massacre and the new Kosovo agenda 69 -- A new decisiveness 77 -- The Hill process 81 -- Observation and reporting: KDOM and the OSCE 84 -- Debating intervention 85 -- Summary 93 -- 4 The Kosovo Verification Mission 95 -- The Milosevic-Holbrooke agreement 96 -- Unarmed intervention 101 -- Ceasefire and withdrawal 105 -- KVM practicalities 107 -- Political progress 108 -- The unravelling peace 110 -- The Racak massacre 114 -- Summary 118 -- 5 From Rambouillet to Paris 120 -- Responding to Racak: debating force 120 -- Rambouillet - the greatest what if? 130 -- Negotiations - week 1 133 -- Negotiations - week 2 136 -- From Rambouillet to Paris 142 -- Summary 153 -- 6 NATO Goes to War 156 -- War aims 157 -- What sort of war? 160 -- Operation Horseshoe 164 -- Phase One 165 -- Phase Two - widening the air war 167 -- The search for a settlement 173 -- NATO's fiftieth birthday: the Washington summit 177 -- Summary 179 -- 7 The Triumph of Diplomacy 180 -- Renewed diplomacy 181 -- The Chinese Embassy bombing 186 -- The search for peace resumed 190 -- Ending the war 194 -- The military-technical agreement 199 -- Summary 202 -- Conclusion 204

Rassurons tout de suite le lecteur : cet article ne prévoit nullement, et son auteur ne souhaite pas du tout la disparition de cette excellente revue. Mais il redoute que l'étude des Relations internationales, notamment dans les Universités, ne devienne de plus en plus compliquée, voire impossible.