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Ballots and voting devices are fundamental tools in the electoral process. Despite their importance, scholars have paid little attention to the broader implications of voting procedures. In this Element, the authors contend that ballots have significant implications for democratic representation, as they affect the cost associated with voting for citizens and electioneering for elites. This Element explains how ballot designs affect the behavior of voters, the performance of candidates, and the strategies of parties. It shows how voting procedures structure the likelihood of vote splitting and ballot roll-off. This in turn has implications for candidates. Focusing on gender and experience, this Element shows how ballot form alters the salience of personal vote earning attributes. With respect to political parties, ballot structure can shift both the cost, strategies, and ultimately electoral fortunes of political parties. Finally, it discusses the profound implications ballot forms have for party campaigns and election outcomes.

The book discusses the reasons for the failure of the AKP to establish Turkish hegemony over Kurds by focusing on the persistence of patient dissatisfaction in Hakkâri, a small Kurdish province, during the period 2003-2014, despite the considerable improvements to healthcare achieved in these years.

This book collects seventeen essays published between 1984 and 2020, in which Marina Sbisà develops her distinctive approach to speech acts and related pragmatic phenomena. The essays examine the categories of speech act theory with the aim of providing an accurate analysis of how speech can be action.

Dieses Buch präsentiert die erste umfassende Darstellung der geschichtspolitischen Auseinandersetzungen zur SED-Diktatur in der Bundesrepublik in den letzten Jahren. Die thematische Spannweite reicht von der Kontroverse um die Überführung der Akten des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der DDR in das Bundesarchiv bis zu den Auseinandersetzungen um die Berliner Gedenkstätte Hohenschönhausen, die mit dem Beschluss zur Auflösung der Historischen Kommission beim Parteivorstand der SPD einhergehenden Diskussionen, den Debatten um die in Berlin und Leipzig geplanten Freiheits- und Einheitsdenkmäler sowie das Ringen um einen "Campus der Demokratie" bzw. ein "Forum für Freiheit und Bürgerrechte". Ebenso wird der kritische Blick auf die diskursive Begleitung der Aktivitäten zur Wiedererrichtung der Potsdamer Garnisonkirche sowie der Fragen nach einer "ostdeutschen Elite" gerichtet. Bei den der Zukunft geltenden Gedanken geht es um neue Ansätze, Formate und Interpretationen der Zeitgeschichte, namentlich für die kommende Generation. Gestützt auf die Analyse von Leistungen und Grenzen der bislang praktizierten Formen der geschichtspolitischen Arbeit werden hier Überlegungen zur Befestigung einer demokratischen Geschichtskultur im Rahmen zukünftiger Vorhaben wie der "Stiftung Orte der deutschen Demokratiegeschichte" und eines "Zukunftszentrums" zur europäischen Transformation und deutschen Einheit nach den Friedlichen Revolutionen in Mittelosteuropa entwickelt.

Life course analysis recognizes that, depending on the exact life stage, different factors and contexts can become important in shaping identity and experience, as well as the ability to accomplish and respond to certain life transitions and events. Prioritizing individuals' lived experiences, Disabilities and the Life Course broadens the application of life course perspective to explore how impairments and disabilities factor across life span and impact assorted life stages. Conceptual, methodological, and empirical, chapters consider how individuals might think about, maneuver, and encounter impairments, or 'become disabled,' in a variety of ways depending on time, place, and life contexts. Contributors highlight commonalities and differences in identity and experience with special attention to intersecting social locations and the diversity of impairments and disabilities. Featuring a framework rarely applied in the field of disability studies, Disabilities and the Life Course explores not only a range of disabilities and impairments but also a diverse array of life course experiences, deepening knowledge across both fields for the widest possible impact. The Research in Social Science and Disability series is essential reading for researchers and students across the social sciences interested in disability, social movements, activism, and identity.

"Zongyuan Zoe Liu provides the first in-depth examination of sovereign funds in China. Under President Xi, the state has become an aggressive financier, using sovereign funds at home and abroad to secure allies and influence, boost strategic industries like semiconductors and fintech, and pick winners among domestic businesses and multinationals."

Intro -- Preface to "Egypt's Strategy to Meet the Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda 2030" -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Introduction to "Insights into Egypt's Strategy to Meet the Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda 2030: Researchers' Contributions" -- Abstract -- 1 Background/Overview -- 2 Themes of the Book -- 3 Chapter's Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Overview of the Poverty, Food Security and Nutrition Situation in Egypt -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Poverty and Food Security -- 3 Poverty in Egypt -- 4 Study Results -- 4.1 Economic Reform in Egypt -- 4.2 Poverty Rate -- 4.3 Poverty and Deprivation in Rural Upper Egypt -- 4.4 Poverty in the Poorest Villages of Egypt -- 4.5 Egypt's Poverty Rate -- 4.6 Economic Reform Programme -- 4.6.1 National Reform Following the 2013 Revolution -- 4.6.2 Development of the Suez Canal Hub -- 4.6.3 National Sinai Development Project -- 4.6.4 The Million and a Half Million Acres Project -- 4.6.5 National Energy Project -- 5 Conclusions and Future Direction -- References -- 3 Long-Term Control of Desertification: Is Organic Farming Superior to Conventional? Soil and Established Arid Cultivation Practices at SEKEM, Egypt -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 SEKEM Agricultural Site -- 3 Organic-Biodynamic Cultivation Practices -- 3.1 Compost, Natural Fertilizing -- 3.2 Crop Rotation and Co-cultivation -- 3.3 Manual Tillage -- 4 Soil Properties in Organic Farming -- 4.1 Organic Carbon Content, Water Storage Capacity -- 4.2 Soil Parameters Related to Tilth -- 4.3 Soil Microbiology -- 4.4 Pesticides, Fertilizers and Soil Parameters -- 5 Farming System and Risk of Erosion -- 6 Synopsis: Organic and Conventional Farming in Desertification Control -- 7 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- 4 The Effect of COVID-19 on the Egyptian Education System and the Role of Digitalization.