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The article analyzes the development of EU — Russia energy relations through the lens of the evolution of three parameters: the political agenda (the Energy Dialogue), the institutional structure, and the legal modalities. The identification of these three aspects for assessing the evolution of EU — Russia energy relations is the novelty in the author's approach. This study aims to identify the previous stages and assess the current state of EU — Russia energy dialogue, since they set out conditions for energy cooperation in the Baltic Sea region. This research is based on a political and legal analysis of various documents and employs various international relations theories (including integration theories). The article demonstrates that the EU nd Russia have made a transition to the integration agenda manifested in the Energy Dialogue (its current goal is the creation of a common European energy market). The author describes the process of gradual consolidation of transgovernmental and transnational institutions, which leads to depoliticization of cooperation and mutual socialization of the partners. Finally, legal discussions on the development of common rules have become more constructive. In sum, the current situation in EU — Russia energy relations is favourable and positively affects cooperation in the Baltic Sea region.

Die Autoren beleuchten die Ursachen für die transatlantischen Handelskonflikte zwischen den USA und der EU, die vor allem im hohen Grad der wirtschaftlichen Verflechtung, in der fortschreitenden Handelsliberalisierung, in den unterschiedlichen Regulierungsansätzen und in der Politisierung des Handels liegen. Als Folgeproblem der im Einzelfall schwer lösbaren und langwierigen Handelskonflikte entwickelt sich ferner eine "tit-for-tat"-Dynamik: Um die Verhandlungsposition in einem bestehenden Handelskonflikt zu stärken, wird ein neuer Konflikt vor die Streitschlichtungsinstitution der WTO gebracht und aufgrund dieser "Vergeltungstechnik" können Konflikte leicht von einem Bereich auf andere übergreifen. Die Autoren beschreiben zum einen das Spannungspotential traditioneller Handelskonflikte an den Beispielen Stahl, Byrd Amendment und Airbus/Boing. Das Spannungspotential systemischer Handelskonflikte stellen sie zum anderen anhand der Auseinandersetzungen um gentechnisch veränderte Nahrungsmittel (Genetically Modified Organisms, GMOs) und den unterschiedlichen nationalen Steuersystemen (Foreign Sales Corporations, FSCs) dar. Sie skizzieren abschließend einige Handlungsansätze zur Regelung der transatlantischen Konflikte und geben einen kurzen Ausblick auf die zukünftige Handelspolitik in der zweiten Amtszeit von Präsident Bush. (ICI)

In January 2016, the People's Republic of China became the 65th member country of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development: a multinational financial institution created by the European Union and the European Investment Bank "to promote entrepreneurship and change lives" across the Mediterranean region, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Perhaps Chinese involvement in this European institution could be considered a surprising development, until we realize both the Asian Development Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, which are generally seen as the major players, are constituted of over a dozen EU members. This complexity of relations is also evident throughout the rest of the multilateral development banks active in Asia. The aim of the article is to test the hypothesis that the cooperation between multilateral development banks not only provides the opportunity for the funding of various investment projects crucial to the world economy, but can also facilitate the achievement of the individual political goals of their members. The text offers a brief comparative analysis of the multilateral development banks that operate and interact in Asia, presenting the common ground for their financial cooperation, while attempting to identify ways of avoiding serious conflicts of interest. The real test of this hypothesis must take into account the political context in which these interactions take place. ; Publication is a part of the project: Regional Center for International Debate in Lodz 2017–2018 Project co-financed by the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Economic Development is but one facet of Human Development. This forces us to ask - how do humans develop? Man is a social animal and the growth of our humanity requires various social institutions, such as bureaucracy. The paradox of capitalism is that it is a system ostensibly based on self-interest yet wholly dependent on non-market values for its success. These non-market values are shaped by two much-neglected factors, religion and ethnicity. Economic Development is an applied field; whatever it claims as a conclusion should be an applicable conclusion. This requires attention to all those non-economic factors which translate economic decisions into practice - such as the forces of nationalism versus the pressures of such global powers as US foreign policy and the advice of the IMF/IBRD. Since policy is our goal, theory whose intellectual basis is inaccessible to policy makers or which fails to have application should be minimized. Mathematical models are best avoided and, if they are to be used, the burden of proof must be placed upon their proponents. As insights about the market are limited neither by time nor space, poor countries can learn from rich ones, and vice versa. It is most fruitful to focus on examples of success, such as the East Asian economies. They are the clearest illustration of the fact that rapid economic development is possible even to those who have suffered through imperialism, and possess few natural resources, but have their work and their determination intact. `One good example is enough.'

The current EU Asylum policy is widely seen as ineffective and unfair. We propose an EU-wide market for tradable quotas on both refugees and asylum-seekers coupled with a matching mechanism linking countries' and migrants' preferences. We show that the proposed system can go a long way towards addressing the shortcomings of the existing system. We illustrate this claim using the recent problems regarding relocation faced by the European Relocation from Malta (EUREMA) program.

'In der innereuropäischen Debatte über die Sicherheit der Energieversorgung richtet sich der Blick vor allem nach außen, insbesondere auf das Verhältnis zu Produzenten- und Transitländern für fossile Energieträger. Doch bis heute wird das von der Europäischen Union permanent betonte Prinzip, in Fragen der Energieaußenpolitik 'mit einer gemeinsamen Stimme' sprechen zu wollen, nur selten konstruktiv umgesetzt. Dass viele EU-Mitgliedstaaten noch immer ihren nationalen Versorgungssicherheitsinteressen den Vorrang einräumen, kann jedoch nicht verwundern. Da die leitungsgebundenen Strom- und Gasmärkte der Mitgliedstaaten kaum miteinander verknüpft sind, existieren de facto 27 verschiedene Energiemixe und 27 unterschiedliche Importabhängigkeitsstrukturen. Um die Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche EU-Energieaußenpolitik zu schaffen, muss innerhalb der EU selbst angesetzt werden. Entsprechende politische Maßnahmen müssen primär auf das Ziel gerichtet sein, die energiepolitischen Perspektiven und Interessenlagen der maßgeblichen Akteure zu europäisieren. Erreichen lässt sich dies nur durch die Schaffung eines funktionierenden EU-Energiebinnenmarkts bei den leitungsgebundenen Energieträgern Strom und Gas, bei Letzterem ergänzt um einen Mechanismus der gemeinschaftlichen Krisenvorsorge. Eine strategiegeleitete Versorgungssicherheitspolitik sollte stets berücksichtigen, welche Instrumente der EU gegenwärtig zur Verfügung stehen und wie sie mittel- bis langfristig ihre Handlungskapazitäten erweitern kann. Die Europäische Union wäre gut beraten, ihre energieaußenpolitischen Ambitionen bis zur Vollendung des Energiebinnenmarkts deutlich vorsichtiger zu formulieren. Mit vorläufig unrealistischen Ankündigungen untergräbt sie sonst das Vertrauen in die Handlungsfähigkeit Europas.' (Autorenreferat)

Introduction -- The EU's deep trade agenda contextualized -- Legal framework of the EU's deep trade agenda : competence, decision making, and objectives -- Services -- Investment -- Intellectual property -- Competition -- Public procurement -- Conclusion

PART I: THE EUROPEAN MONETARY POLICY AND THE EURO DERIVE IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE ECONOMIC CRISIS-- Monica Raileanu Szeles 1. The Monetary Unification - a Step Forward into the In-Depth European Integration 2. A Historical Perspective on the European Monetary Union 3. The Euro and The Optimum Currency Area 4. A Brief Literature Review on the Optimum Currency Area Theory 5. The Optimality of EMU from the OCA Perspective 6. The Enlargement of the Euro Area and the Nominal Convergence Criteria 7. The Stage of Economic and Financial Convergence 8. Explaining the Instability and Weaknesses of the Euro Area 9. The New Member States and their Perspective to Join the Euro Zone 10. Conclusions PART II: CRISIS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE WELFARE STATE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION-- Monica Raileanu Szeles 11. The European Social Policy from the Treaty of Rome to the Lisbon Treaty 12. The European Social Model and the European Welfare State 13. The Architecture of the European Social Model 14. The European Welfare States 15. The Failure of Generous European Welfare States 16. A Picture of 'Welfare' Inside the EU 17. Towards Reforming the Welfare State 18. The Economic Sustainability of the Welfare State 19. Reforming the European Pension Systems 20. Dimensions of the Aging within the EU and Economic Challenges 21. Overview of the European Pension Schemes 22. Towards Reforming the Social Policies Inside the EU PART III: EUROPEAN ENERGY POLICY: PAST AND PRESENT CHALLENGES-- Laura Haar 23. EU Energy Policy - Introduction and Historical Evolution 24. Mechanisms and Instruments Specific to Energy Policy 25. Current State of Implementation of the EU Energy Policy 26. The Creation of An Internal Energy Market 27. Security of Supply through Increased Energy Efficiency 28. Environmental Protection through the ETS Scheme 29. Challenges for EU Energy Policies in the Context of the Global Economic Crisis 30. Perspectives and Scenarios for Future EU Energy Policies in Global Economy PART IV: PAST, PRE

Abstract
The European Union regional method is a revolutionary one, with the purpose of expanding and allocating resources for disadvantaged regions. Its progress is monitorized in order to track the efficient use of funds and the application of suitable measures at European level policy interaction as a Member State actions can bring consequences for others. Regional development targets all the subjects that are currently being discussed at national or European level, the effects of the reorganization, the greatest achievement concerning economic and social cohesion, mitigating intra- and inter regional differences.

The EU funds are an important factor in the development process of any new member state of the European Union. As such, EU funds support modernization and help facilitate further economic development in a member state, including its rural regions. The Republic of Croatia, based on NUTS3 classification, is predominantly rural with 79.01% of its territory being rural and 56.07% of population living in rural areas. Therefore, rural development is an integral part of overall economic development of the country. In order to improve competitiveness of Croatian agriculture sector, especially its small family farms, it is crucial to invest in their means of production and modernization of their assets. Funds awarded within the EAFRD framework in The Republic of Croatia tend to facilitate this process and further aid rural development. Croatian Development Index has a very important role in allocation of before mentioned funds. Its values are taken as criteria for state-aided areas, scoring projects (including EAFRD and other EU funds applications) and other aspects of public development policies. As one of the primary goals of Rural Development Programme in the Republic of Croatia, it is especially important to achieve a more balanced territorial development of rural areas given the fact that Croatian rural regions (counties and municipalities) are not equally developed, ensuring job creation and job retention in the process. The existence of disparities in the level of development is not a characteristic that can be found only in the Republic of Croatia, but it is an issue that should be taken into account when devising or reconsidering criteria for allocation of future EU funds in the Republic of Croatia, in order to further reduce regional disparities in the level of development. The aim of this paper is to provide empirical evidence on associations between the indicators of Croatian Development Index and spatial distribution of EU funds awarded within the Rural Development programme in The Republic of Croatia based on available data for the most recent invitation to tender for EAFRD funds.

ÖZETBu çalışmada son yıllarda tüm dünyada ve Türkiye'de önem verilen bir konu olan şirketlerin kurumsal yönetimine ilişkin kurumsal yönetim ilkeleri ve uygulamaları hakkında Avrupa Birliği'nin yaklaşımı anlatılmaktadır. Kurumsal yönetim hukuku önceleri şirketler hukukunun bir parçası olarak düzenlenirken 2000'li yılların başından itibaren ayrı bir başlık altında düzenlenmektedir. Çalışma içerisinde öncelikle kurumsal yönetim hakkında genel bir tanımlama verilerek, kurumsal yönetim hukukunun sınırları çizilmeye çalışılmış ve konunun yapısı ve uygulama alanından kısaca bahsedilmiştir. Devamında Avrupa Birliği'nin "uygula, uygulamıyorsan açıkla" prensibinin zorunlu, diğer düzenlemelerin tavsiye niteliğinde olarak oluşturduğu acquis communautaire kurumsal yönetim hukukuna ilişkin genel düzenlemeleri ve bir AB üyesi ülke olarak Birleşik Krallık'ın yasal zemini özetlenmiştir. Daha sonra bir AB adayı olarak Türkiye'nin hukuki düzenlemeleri anlatılmıştır. Çalışmada her üç disiplinin de genel prensipleri ve temel hukuki alt yapısı anlatıldıktan sonra spesifik olarak kurumsal yönetim prensiplerinden iki ana prensip; Yöneticilerinin ücreti ve kurumsal yatırımcıların şirketlerin kurumsal yönetimindeki yeri hakkında Avrupa Birliği'ndeki yasal düzenlemeler ve bu düzenlemelerin karşılanabilmesi için yapılması gerekenler ve karşılaştırmalı olarak İngiltere ve Türkiye'de ki söz konusu iki prensibe ilişkin hukuki düzenlemeler ve şirketlerin uygulamaları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. ABSTRACTIn this dissertation, the European Union approach to the corporate governance principles and corporate governance applications of the companies is tried to be explained which is highly notable issue worldwide and in Turkey. Previously corporate governance law was regulated under companies' law but since the beginning of the 2000s the issue is considered as a separate part other than companies' law. In this research a general definition for the corporate governance is given and by this means the frame of the issue is tried to be drawn and the nature and scope of the issue is briefly mentioned. Continuously acquis communautaire of the European Union regarding corporate governance principles which the "comply or explain" principle is obligatory and the other legal arrangements are advisory is explained and the United Kingdom's legal base, as an EU member, and the legal framework of the Turkey, as a European Union candidate, is given. After explanation of the corporate governance principles and legal base of the three disciplines generally, specifically two principles among corporate governance principles, remuneration of the directors and institutional investors in the European Union has been explained. Furthermore comparatively legal base of the UK and Turkey regarding so-called two principles and information relate to applications of the companies' in both countries is given.

In the second half of 2020, Germany will take over the Council Presidency of the Euro­pean Union. It will form a presidency trio with Portugal and Slovenia, who will succeed Germany in 2021. The Federal Government should use its presidency to strengthen the EU's role in global health policy. The EU has so far focused primarily on (infectious) disease prevention and control as it has most recently in response to the coronavirus outbreak (Covid-19). However, in order to contribute to the United Nations' Sustain­able Development Goals, it should focus more comprehensively on health systems. This would require an intersectoral and preventive approach at EU level, opening the door to coherent collaboration, alliances and a people-centered policy in line with European values.