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This paper identifies a common process of mystification within academic knowledge production today: the treatment of subordinated groups as mere metaphors or rhetorical figures for academic theorizing. We witness it when academics ask what trans might teach us about transnationality, when we are invited to reflect on what might be queer about modern warfare, or when nation-states are described as subaltern. Trans, queer, and subaltern populations are routinely fetishized within scholarship on the "traditional" International Relations concerns of statecraft, migration, security, and so on. This tendency serves a mystifying function by disabling scholars from examining the social relations that shape and organize their lives and histories. This paper proceeds in three parts. First, to understand the origins and logics of this self-mystifying process, this paper returns, via Stuart Hall, to Karl Marx's methodological writings on abstraction. It contributes to the formalization of his methodology for contemporary IR scholarship by drawing a distinction between the fetishization of abstraction and the concretization of abstraction. Second, the paper explores how abstracted subject positions have been fetishized within three fields of international studies: trans studies, queer theory, and subaltern studies. Third, after elaborating a critique of this mystifying move, the paper outlines alternative approaches that instead seek to concretize the abstractions queer, trans, and subaltern by attending to their specific historical and social determinations. These strategies of demystification, we argue, carry forward a founding commitment of critical theory that is all too often abandoned within scholarly knowledge production today.

This paper identifies a common process of mystification within academic knowledge production today: the treatment of subordinated groups as mere metaphors or rhetorical figures for academic theorizing. We witness it when academics ask what trans might teach us about transnationality, when we are invited to reflect on what might be queer about modern warfare, or when nation-states are described as subaltern. Trans, queer, and subaltern populations are routinely fetishized within scholarship on the "traditional" International Relations concerns of statecraft, migration, security, and so on. This tendency serves a mystifying function by disabling scholars from examining the social relations that shape and organize their lives and histories. This paper proceeds in three parts. First, to understand the origins and logics of this self-mystifying process, this paper returns, via Stuart Hall, to Karl Marx's methodological writings on abstraction. It contributes to the formalization of his methodology for contemporary IR scholarship by drawing a distinction between the fetishization of abstraction and the concretization of abstraction. Second, the paper explores how abstracted subject positions have been fetishized within three fields of international studies: trans studies, queer theory, and subaltern studies. Third, after elaborating a critique of this mystifying move, the paper outlines alternative approaches that instead seek to concretize the abstractions queer, trans, and subaltern by attending to their specific historical and social determinations. These strategies of demystification, we argue, carry forward a founding commitment of critical theory that is all too often abandoned within scholarly knowledge production today.

Purpose
Research in business processes has been developed around a disciplinary approach toward the production of traditional knowledge, known as Mode 1. The problems studied with this approach are solved in a context in which academic knowledge prevails, with no major concerns regarding its practical applicability. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to propose a structure for knowledge production based on Mode 2 for business process researches.


Design/methodology/approach
A bibliometric research was conducted to define and conceptualize the classes of disciplinary problems, by assessing the years 2007-2012 of the Business Process Management Journal publications.


Findings
A framework for the Mode 2 knowledge production was proposed in the development of research in business process and conceptualized classes of problems related to this issue.


Research limitations/implications
This work was carried out with specific focus on research in business process, so the defined classes of problems cannot be generalized.


Originality/value
The studies identified by this research are in the form of a disciplinary approach toward the production of traditional knowledge, known as Mode 1. This paper aims to fill the gap of a transdisciplinary production of knowledge and practical application, known as Mode 2 in the context of business process.

The change in the phase composition of powders in the Li2O —ZnO —TiO2system at different temperatures and holding times was studied. It was determined thatthe synthesis of Li2ZnTi3O8and Li2Zn3Ti4O12compounds is possible at temperatures of 850–900 °C. At the same time, the synthesized phases are extremely sensitive to the ratio of the initial components.

Both within and outside academia, there is growing interest in research that seeks to engage communities. Increasingly, community based research is seen as a catalyst for social innovation, public policy improvements, and promotion of knowledge democracy whereby local knowledge is valued in building local solutions. While academics are required by their institutions and funders to submit their research proposals to a rigorous ethics review process, there is no such requirement for those outside of academia. As increasingly more research is being conducted by independent researchers, private consulting firms, government departments, and non-governmental organizations, concerns have arisen about the lack of access to a review process to ensure the ethical conduct of community based research in addition to more generalized support for those who engage in such projects, researchers and participants alike. To address this gap and to promote ethical standards for research being done on and with communities, the Community Research Ethics Office (CREO) was established in the Waterloo region in 2011 as an alternative entity to academic research boards. The twelve-member Board of Directors, which represents a model of university-community partnership, provides guidance, consultation, and formal ethics review for researchers and research participants concerned with the ethics of community based research. The purpose of this workshop is twofold: first, to share our story of the consultation and community research processes which led to the creation of CREO, as well as the evolution of the partnership which sustains it. And second, using this narrative as a touchstone, to engage participants in dialogue and exploration of the ethical dilemmas, tensions, and challenges which they have experienced and/or anticipate in their own community based research initiatives.

In 2003 an executive order was issued banning industrially produced trans-fatty acids above a low level in food items in Denmark. To date, only a few other countries have followed Denmark's example. The way health consequences of trans fats were translated by the different actors enabled the creation of alliances between researchers, politicians, administration and industry. Danish researchers interpreted the research in a way to suit their 'mental maps' and to support their initially set goal to reduce industrially produced trans fats. The process displayed a 'co-production' where research and policymaking influenced research interpretations.

In this article, the authors present an ethnography of biomedical knowledge production and science collaboration when they take place in developing country contexts. The authors focus on the arrival of international clinical trials to Sri Lanka and provide analysis of what was described as one of the first multisited trials in the country, a pharmaceutical company sponsored, phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial carried out between 2009 and 2010. Using interviews with those who conducted the trial and six months of participant observation at the trial hospital, the authors describe the work that goes on to perform trials according to international standards. The article describes what happens when a randomized controlled trial encounters existing epistemic virtues and documents the impacts on ideas of authority, expertise and doctor–patient relationships found in Sri Lankan medicine.