Suchergebnisse

Introducción: La flexibilidad que tengan las personas, previamente a la realización de una actividad física-deportiva puede influir en los resultados de ésta. Por ello, nos propusimos analizar la influencia del nivel de flexibilidad previo sobre el rendimiento de los militares participantes en la prueba de largo recorrido Tuy-Santiago, edición 2014. Material y Método: Estudio transversal en el que han participado 135 militares voluntarios, con una media de edad de 28,47±4,54 años. Esta prueba deportivo-militar consta de un recorrido aproximado de 120 km, con una serie de pruebas militares realizadas a lo largo del mismo. La flexibilidad fue valorada por medio de la prueba Sit and Reach. Se analizaron las variables usando estadísticos descriptivos y tablas de contingencia, para estudiar las diferencias existentes entre las variables, con el programa estadístico SPSS. Resultados: Existen diferencias significativas entre los valores medios de la de la prueba de flexibilidad entre patrullas antes de comenzar la prueba, además de correlaciones significativas con determinados tramos o pruebas que integraban el recorrido completo. Conclusiones: Parece haber una correlación significativa entre la flexibilidad previa y el rendimiento alcanzado para la muestra analizada en la prueba Tuy-Santiago. ; Introduction: The flexibility degree of different athletes before any sport event is being suggested to influence the performance in it. Because of that, the objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the previous flexibility degree of the servicemen participating in the military sport event Tuy-Santiago in 2014. Material and Method: Cross sectional study involving 135 voluntary servicemen, with an average age of 28,47±4,54 years. This military sport event has an approximate distance of 120Km, and different military test are included in it. Flexibility has been measured by the Sit and Reach test. Variables have been analyzed using descriptive statistics and crosstabs using the SPSS software. Results: There are significant differences between mean values for flexibility among the patrols. Additionally, significant correlation was observed between flexibility and different parts or test of the event. Conclusions: There seems to be a significant correlation between previous flexibility and the performance achieved in the military sport event Tuy-Santiago for the analyzed sample.

This report thoroughly investigates the available research on the benefits of repatriating cultural materials to Indigenous communities in Australia and abroad. Additionally, it presents significant real-life examples of repatriation and local heritage management projects. A number of suggestions are drawn from the research and examples in the form of research and policy recommendations. There is an international tendency that encourages collecting institutions to repatriate to Indigenous populations human remains, sacred/secret materials, and cultural materials. These materials have been collected either through unethical or illegal ways, but also through more benign ways such as consensual research. Today, many physical and digital repatriation projects are led by many collecting agencies, assisted in their efforts by different kinds of legislations. However, getting access to cultural materials is still difficult for many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Collecting agencies as AIA TSIS are promoting projects that could facilitate this access. In this context, the project of a National Indigenous Knowledge Centre Network (NIKCN) is currently studied and is going to be submitted by the end of the year 2010 to the Government. This could be a key in the resolution of this issue and in the reconciliation process. AIA TSIS encourages the creation of this network jointly with its projects of digitisation of archives resources. Several examples of repatriation and local heritage management in Australia and other parts of the world are discussed here. These cases are used to show the benefits of such projects, and show what could result from a NIKCN. Summary of recommendations • The benefits of repatriation and local heritage management initiatives on the wellbeing of Indigenous populations are rarely studied, despite the fact that these benefits are likely to exist. More research on these potential benefits should be conducted. • Digitisation projects should be continuously funded and seen as a major priority as conservation of extremely valuable and irreplaceable materials is not guaranteed for records on analogue magnetic media. • A NIKCN should be developed in order to increase the knowledge about Aboriginal and Ton-es Strait Islander cultures, lead efficiently additional repatriation and local heritage management projects, and increase relationship building between communities and major collecting institutions.

Water utilities frequently use mandatory water restrictions to mitigate short-term shortages, and water scarcity pricing to address long-term imbalance between demand and supply due to weather variability induced by climate change. Meanwhile, many urban communities have constructed or are considering desalination plants to augment their water supply. These provide a climate-independent water source that will eliminate water restrictions, stabilize the scarcity price and sustain the urban water system. By using a multiple regression approach to predict water prices without desalination, we calculate the desalination cost by comparing the actual with predicted prices, and analyze investment strategies for such technology arguing that such infrastructure will only be beneficial when the existing water pricing mechanism is unable to sustainability control usage. Using actual data from Adelaide, model results show that in the period of construction, approximately 40 percent of the annual increase in water bills is due to the desalination plant. In the shortterm, the technology is only economical during droughts whilst in the long-term, the plant has the potential to sustainably reduce water prices. These conclusions are of political importance - the public is entitled to know how much the increase in prices will contribute to the development of appropriate infrastructure and if this will benefit the environment and economy. By constructing a cost-benefit analysis, we evaluate the gains and losses from desalination and investigate if desalination is a good investment at a particular point in time. The results suggest that economic efficiency can be achieved by delaying the construction of the plants while adopting the dynamic pricing strategy proposed by Ward and Grafton (2011). However due to worsening climatic conditions, some parts of Australia already struggle to meet the demand for water. Thus economic efficiency should not dominate the debate over the urgent needs of the Australian people. The Government will have to make measured decisions compromising between the costs and benefits of desalination. The examples from Southern California and Sydney show precisely how the lack of relevant analysis coupled with media hype will lead to poor, reactionary decision making, which results in unnecessary financial cost. KEYWORDS: desalination cost, water scarcity, water pricing, water supply, water restrictions, economic efficiency, cost-benefit analysis.

The last decade has witnessed an increase in scholarly attention paid to experimental electronic music, especially the subgenres of sound art and noise music. Numerous books, articles, and conferences have taken up these topics as objects of study. However, only a small amount of that work has focused on the music's relationship to affect, identification, and cultural history. There remains in some disciplines an assumption that examples of experimental electronic music are either dryly formal demonstrations of art-for-art's-sake, or essentially resistant to legibility and meaning. The more "abstract" and "difficult" a piece appears on first glance, the more likely it will be seen to retreat from social and political concerns. This dissertation considers specific works of experimental electronic music through the lenses of affect theory, performance studies, sound studies, cultural studies, and other related approaches to argue for a perspective that more thoroughly accounts for the human in the electronic. The dissertation's case studies are selected from a variety of different media. Chapter 1 addresses four historically significant works of sound art that each take a technological or physical property of sound as a guiding compositional principle. The chapter considers the ways these pieces can be heard to signify beyond their "modernist" strategies with attention both to the affective experiences of hearing the works, and the sociopolitical contexts of their creation. Chapter 2 outlines a selective history of noise music through the vacillation between opposing poles of "noise" and "music." The chapter contains a sustained analysis of Macronympha's Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1995) that investigates the titular city's deindustrialization and the affects of anger and disappointment that animate the album's representations of "white trash" masculinity. Chapter 3 examines diegetic appearances of experimental electronic music in two films—Lipstick (1976), and Bewildered Youth (1957)—in which the music is made to signify sexual perversion and criminality. Using Susan McClary's notion of gendered structures in western tonal music, I argue that, in these cases, music that rejects tonality becomes characterized by a failure to adequately perform "normal" gender. Finally, Chapter 4 engages examples of extreme performance art with a particular focus on the significance of recorded audio in the documentation of John Duncan's Blind Date (1980). All four chapters prioritize close readings of audio compositions to interrogate the dense bundles of affect and meaning they generate.

At the decadal turn of 1980s, Downtown New York was paradoxically characterized by crisis alongside unprecedented social and cultural freedom. These circumstances yielded a cultural explosion of unbridled creativity and experimentation across the arts commonly known as the "Downtown scene." My dissertation adopts the interdisciplinary perspective of visual cultural studies to examine the creative economy that shaped this prolific time and place.This project maps Downtown's cultural explosion through an examination of what I call the "art-party"—interdisciplinary and socially engaged practices that structured the city's thriving creative economy. In contrast to existing scholarship on Downtown, which tends to focus on one artist or medium, my dissertation adopts the art-party as a framework to interpret Downtown's vibrant sites of collective experimentation that mixed art forms and embraced non-normative lifestyles. Challenging the broad turn toward social conservatism and neoliberalism identified with the election of Ronald Reagan, art-parties forged alternative and queer spaces of possibility, performance, and play that enabled the sharing of progressive politics and the rewriting of cultural systems of meaning. A telling reminder, the art-party is crucial to the cultural vitality and viability of New York City, which has become increasingly jeopardized as a creative site for local and independent producers, and moreover, alternative and queer cultures that critically constitute vanguards.Theoretically, I frame the art-party as an agent of creative placemaking and queer worldmaking. Creative placemaking refers to strategies whereby different sectors form alliances to shape public space around culture and the arts. Queer worldmaking refers to a public kind of performance, from theatre to community media, which imagines or even concretizes better modes of living and being for queer identified and/or queer-friendly people. Building from archival research and interviews, my project investigates three case studies: 1) the art and performance-oriented nightclub, Club 57 (1978–83); 2) the live public access cable television program, Glenn O'Brien's TV Party (1978–82); and 3) the experimental symposium celebrating William S. Burroughs, the Nova Convention (1978). Each art-party variously engages in queer worldmaking and creative placemaking to illustrate Downtown's flourishing creative economy, and to articulate Downtown as place, style and attitude.

This dissertation addresses the cultural politics of representation in digital archives of various histories of racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. It critiques the discourse of realism in both digital and archival representations of knowledge about minoritarian identities through case studies that explore the possibilities and the limitations of digital tools and platforms for the minoritarian critique of the archive as the all-encompassing site of knowledge. The first case study presents a digital 3D model of an East Los Angeles public housing complex famous for its numerous murals painted during the Chicana/o movement of the 1970s. Informed by the theorizations of identity formations as spatial practices, the 3D model functions as an immersive digital archive that documents the dialectics of the barrio as represented by the murals. The second case study reimagines the archive of Edward S. Curtis's The North American Indian (1907-1930), an influential yet controversial ethnographical work on the Native Americans in the early twentieth century. It critiques the essentialism of this extensive work of photographic documentation by exploring the multi-modality and non-linearity of Scalar, a content management system developed by digital humanists, and through experimental network visualizations that expose the racial logic and the socio-cultural context of The North American Indian. The following chapter analyzes the discussions around race and ethnicity in the Library of Congress Flickr Commons project as an example of the current Archives 2.0 movement. It challenges the notion that user participation in social media platforms of archival institutions signifies progress towards democracy, and argues that Archives 2.0 is rather more useful as evidence of the mutually constitutive nature of the familiar binary of history/memory. The closing discussion unpacks the rhetorical dimensions of the data and the map of Digital Harlem: Everyday Life 1915-1930. It discusses the epistemological consequences of the project's reliance on mostly legal records to create an extensive database meant to portray the "everyday life" of the Harlem Renaissance. Throughout these sections, by moving away from the multiculturalist celebration of diversity, this dissertation seeks beyond the minority's inclusion into the archive, in order to imagine new modes of representing difference in the current moment of the "digital archive fever."

(The Effect of Visualisation and Caption Content in the Booklet of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Making toward The Improvement of Knowledge for Students in Bogor City) ABSTRAK Pendidikan lingkungan hidup diharapkan mampu mendorong pengetahuan dan kesadaran warga sekolah dalam upaya pelestarian lingkungan hidup karena warga sekolah ikut terlibat dalam kegiatan sekolah menuju lingkungan yang sehat serta menghindari dampak lingkungan yang negatif. Shobeiri et al. (2013) menyatakan bahwa pendidikan lingkungan yang difokuskan pada siswa sekolah merupakan strategi jitu untuk melakukan intervensi pada tahap perkembangan dari kehidupan generasi muda untuk menjaga keberlanjutan kehidupan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah agar siswa berperan aktif di lingkungan sekitarnya dalam mengurangi tumpukan sampah sisa makanan dari rumah tangga yang mencapai 68% dari tumpukan sampah di tempat pembuangan akhir/TPA (Pemkot Bogor 2012). Melalui media buklet berisi kombinasi perlakuan antara foto digital dan isi caption diharapkan mampu menyampaikan pesan tentang proses pembuatan pupuk organik cair . Isi caption yang menggunakan himbauan rasional dan himbauan emosional diharapkan mampu memberikan kesan yang mendalam bagi siswa dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan siswa tentang pengelolaan sampah organik di rumah. Kata kunci : pendidikan lingkungan hidup, visualisasi foto digital, isi caption, himbauan emosional, himbauan rasional ABSTRACT Environmental educationis expected to encourage knowledge and awareness of the school community in the environmental preservation efforts due to their involvement in the school activities toward a healthy environment and avoiding negative environmental impacts. Shobeirietal. (2013) stated that environmental education focused on students is a proven strategy to intervene whom in youth to be aware of environmental sustainability. The purposeof this study wa sto have students play an active rolein reducing heap of house hold waste in their surrounding environment which reach 68% piles of the waste in land fills (Bogor City Government, 2012). A medium of booklet containing combination of treatments between digital photo and caption of contents was expected to deliver a message about the process of making liquid organic fertilizer. Captions of contents using rational and emotional appeals were expected to provide a deeper impression for students so that the students' knowledge on the management of household organic waste would increase. Keywords: environmental education, visualization of digital photos, caption contents, rational and emotional appeals

El texto expone la historicidad de Bernal Díaz del Castillo y su Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España. Se abordan varios de los acercamientos historiográficos producidos al respecto, y luego se destacan algunos de los elementos que permitieron la escritura del soldado y cronista: vista, experiencia, verdad, historia, relación autor-colectivo, cuando el "Nuevo Mundo" abrió el espacio epistemológico desarrollado durante la Edad Media, planteando el gran desafío de dar forma a experiencias extremadamente novedosas; un desafío que, para este caso, también se ve determinado por los intereses de quien escribe la Historia y da a conocer buena parte de la vida política novohispana durante las primeras décadas de dominio español.Palabras claveNueva España, Historiografía, Conquista AbstractThis article presents a brief review of Bernal Díaz del Castillo´s historicism and his True History of the Conquest of New Spain. It tackles several of the historiographical approaches produced about it, as a previous step to outline some of the elements that allowed the writing of this soldier and chronicler: view, experience, truth, history, relationship author-collective, when the New World opened the epistemological space developed during the Middle Ages, placing the great challenge of giving shape to experiences extremely new. In this case, it is a challenge determined by the interest of the one who writes History and reveals a good part of the Novo Hispanic political life during the first decades of Spanish dominance.KeywordsNew Spain, Historiography, Conquest RésuméLe texte fait un bref parcours pour mettre en évidence l'historicité de Bernal Díaz del Castillo et son Histoire véridique de la conquête de la Nouvelle Espagne. Il énonce plusieurs des rapprochements historiographiques qui se sont produits à ce sujet, comme démarche préalable pour souligner quelques éléments qui ont permis l'écriture du soldat et du chroniqueur: la vue, l'expérience, la vérité, l'histoire, la relation auteur-collectif, lorsque le « Nouveau Monde » a ouvert l'espace épistémologique développé pendant le Moyen Âge, en provoquant le grand défi de donner une forme aux expériences extrêmement nouvelles; un défi que, pour ce cas, il est déterminé par les intérêts de qui écrit l'Histoire et donne à connaître une bonne partie de la vie politique novohispanique pendant les premières décennies du domaine espagnol.Mots-clésNouvelle-Espagne, Historiographie, Conquet

© 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York. The Fas receptor (FasR)/Fas ligand (FasL) system plays a significant role in the process of neuronal loss in neurological disorders. Thus, in the present study, we used a real-time PCR array focused apoptosis (Mouse Apoptosis RT 2 PCR Array) to study the role of the Fas pathway in the apoptotic process that occurs in a kainic acid (KA) mice experimental model. In fact, significant changes in the transcriptional activity of a total of 23 genes were found in the hippocampus of wild-type C57BL/6 mice after 12 h of KA treatment compared to untreated mice. Among the up-regulated genes, we found key factors involved in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, such as tnf, fas and fasL, and also in caspase genes (caspase-4, caspase-8 and caspase-3). To discern the importance of the FasR/FasL pathway, mice lacking the functional Fas death receptor (lpr) were also treated with KA. After 24 h of neurotoxin treatment, lpr mice exhibited a reduced number of apoptotic positive cells, determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) method in different regions of the hippocampus, when compared to wild-type mice. In addition, treatment of lpr mice with KA did not produce significant changes in the transcriptional activity of genes related to apoptosis in the hippocampus, either in the fas and fas ligand genes or in caspase-4 and caspase-8 and the executioner caspase-3 genes, as occurred in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Thus, these data provide direct evidence that Fas signalling plays a key role in the induction of apoptosis in the hippocampus following KA treatment, making the inhibition of the death receptor pathway a potentially suitable target for excitotoxicity neuroprotection in neurological conditions such as epilepsy. ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed-Instituto de Salud Carlos III) and by grants fromMinisterio de Ciencia (MICINN, MINECO) SAF2009-08233 and SAF2012-34177 and Fundación Ramón Areces to JJL. Grant 2009/SGR00853 from the Generalitat de Catalunya (Autonomous Government of Catalonia) and grants BFU2010-19119/BFI to CA, SAF2011-23631 to AC, and SAF2012-39852-C02-01 to MP from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia (MICINN, MINECO) also supported the study. Grant 0177594 from CONACYT (Mexico) ; Peer Reviewed

The incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) has been increased not only among hospitalized patients, but also in healthy individuals traditionally considered as low risk population. Current treatment of CDI involves the use of antibiotics to eliminate the pathogen, although recurrent relapses have also been reported. For this reason, the search of new antimicrobials is a very active area of research. The strategy to use inhibitors of toxin's activity has however been less explored in spite of being a promising option. In this regard, the lack of fast and reliable in vitro screening methods to search for novel anti-toxin drugs has hampered this approach. The aim of the current study was to develop a method to monitor in real time the cytotoxicity of C. difficile upon the human colonocyte-like HT29 line, since epithelial intestinal cells are the primary targets of the toxins. The label-free, impedance based RCTA (real time cell analyser) technology was used to follow overtime the behaviour of HT29 in response to C. difficile LMG21717 producing both A and B toxins. Results obtained showed that the selection of the medium to grow the pathogen had a great influence in obtaining toxigenic supernatants, given that some culture media avoided the release of the toxins. A cytotoxic dose- and time-dependent effect of the supernatant obtained from GAM medium upon HT29 and Caco2 cells was detected. The sigmoid-curve fit of data obtained with HT29 allowed the calculation of different toxicological parameters, such as EC50 and LOAEL values. Finally, the modification in the behaviour of HT29 reordered in the RTCA was correlated with the cell rounding effect, typically induced by these toxins, visualized by time-lapsed captures using an optical microscope. Therefore, this RTCA method developed to test cytotoxicity kinetics of C. difficile supernatants upon IEC could be a valuable in vitro model for the screening of new anti-CDI agents. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. ; This work was financed by the FEDER European Union funds through the projects AGL2012-33278 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), and EQUIP11 from the "Principado de Asturias" Regional Research Plan. L. Valdés acknowledges her JAE-Pre fellowship to CSIC. ; Peer Reviewed

Although 'Mr. Gradgrind' and 'Mr. Bounderby' have higher class status in Hard Times, Dickens ironically describe them as 'honorable' gentlemen who cause immense destruction both in educational and economical institutions. On the one hand, as a politician and a father 'Mr. Gradgrind' grinds or destroys his children as well as other kids' imagination and sense of wondering in their learning process at home and school. Mr. Gradgrind regrets a lot in the end when he sees what he has corrupted in the nature of his children. While the children are educated with facts only, their feelings, imaginations and natural wonderings are neglected consciously. On the other hand, as a social climber, wealthy 'Mr. Bounderby' who always boasts his self-made richness, behaves unfaithfully to his mother – who always deserves respect and close care from their own children–. He also humiliates his 'hands' or workers and squeezes them as much as he can. While the workers work hard to survive, their practical, individual and social needs are not only unseen but they are also considered nonsense by their ill-mannered, dishonorable and unscrupulous boss named Mr. 'Bounderby' by Dickens. Although Hard Times is one of the shortest novels of Dickens, he makes, through it, a great difference and contribution to the society by warning the people with the descriptions of the devious gentleman. Dickens also implies that the destruction of this type of gentlemen and their effects might be sensed rather deeply in the society if they were selfish, dishonorable, dishonest politicians and wealthy people who work together. Dickens is one of the rare writers who highlight this collision, corruption, nepotism or economical and social destruction organized by them. Thus, he did not have enough time to see how these "honorable" gentlemen – mainly politicians and the rich – develop their gang with the gentleman in the media, bureaucracy and even in the military forces. If he had lived more, he would have seen how the wars, rows, struggles, conflicts, the anarchy and terrorism – artificially created by them – destroyed the millions of lives and how a lot of countries suffered from their systematic corruption and destruction. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v4n1s1p105

Baetica's Roman amphitheatres have not been examined in depth; we know a small sample of those which really existed. Of the five known, the Berja's one belongs to a small village; that of Carmona can be a military amphitheater, and the three biggest, Itálica, Écija and Córdoba, are large buildings with similar characteristics in the design and built in a short time span. They are based on a four-point oval with a Pythagorean triangle relation between the focal points. The long axis focal points are 120 Roman feet away while the focal points in the short axis are the arena width, 160 Roman feet. The number of bays in the façade is the result of multiplying the radius, the semiaxes average, by 40 and dividing all by the cavea width, 40R/C. This can be applied to most of the great imperial amphitheatres except the Colosseum and Capua whose arches are obtained from 50R/C. The façade height, from the arena level, was 44/7 by the intercolumniation width. ; Los anfiteatros romanos de la Bética no han sido suficientemente estudiados, y los que conocemos parecen ser una muestra escasa de los que realmente debió haber. De los cinco conocidos, el de Berja pertenece a un pequeño núcleo urbano, el de Carmona puede ser un anfiteatro militar y los tres mayores, los de Itálica, Écija y Córdoba, son grandes edificios con características muy similares en el diseño y construidos en un corto espacio temporal. Parten de un óvalo en el que la relación entre sus focos es un triángulo pitagórico con una distancia de 120 pies romanos entre los focos del eje mayor y de 160 entre los del eje menor que marcan el ancho de la arena. El número de arcos de fachada se obtiene de multiplicar por 40 la media de los semiejes y dividirlo todo por el ancho de la cávea, 40R/C, sistema aplicable a la mayor parte de los grandes anfiteatros imperiales salvo el Coliseo y Capua cuyos arcos se obtienen a partir de 50R/C; la altura desde la cota de la arena es 44/7 veces el intercolumnio.

Present international relations are a complex of relatively particular varieties, especially political, diplomatic, economic, religious, cultural and media relations. Integration is a versatile and complex phenomenon. It is quite diffiult process which does not have defiitive typology.Integration determines patterns of development of the modern world, because it inflences the global structure, global governance. At the present, the development of integration organizations has great importance in international relations. These organizations exist in all regions. They have a great inflence on the development of political, economic, social and cultural relations between states that are members of these associations. New integration structure should ensure an active human development in general. This is the main criteria and principles of the modern world, and according to this criteria, it is also an institutional functional mechanism. In particular, the process of integration is very popular in Latin America. In Latin America, there are a large number of different integration organizations. Among them are: Latin American Integration Association, Andean Community of Nations, Central American Integration System. All of these organizations inflence the development of integration processes on the continent.Latin American integration has one feature. The cooperation between states has an economic basis. The above organizations have not only economic interests, but also common political, cultural, eco and social projects.It can be argued that the process of integration in Latin America is developing rapidly and has great prospects. But there are some problems. First of all, there is no unity among the states.Different countries have different integration strategy. Also, Latin American countries do not develop uniformly. Argentina and Brazil are developing faster rate than other countries. Thus, it is obvious that the integration of Latin America has some problems. But there are many organizations that are developing and increase their potential. ; В статье проанализированы особенности интеграционных процессов в Латинской Америке. Дается описание региональных организаций и проводится анализ их политического влияния на латиноамериканскую интеграцию. Рассмотрены ключевые моменты становления организаций и их функционирования, а также выявлены проблемные и спорные вопросы каждой из них. ; Розкрито основні механізми формування та функціонування громадських рухів у сучасному світі. Подано різні інтерпретації концепту громадських рухів.Запропоновано авторську класифікацію громадських рухів. Показано, що громадські рухи можуть мати деструктивний вплив на політичну систему. Розглянуто можливості мобілізації учасників громадських рухів за допомогою ЗМІ та Інтернету. Окрему увагу приділено громадським рухам на вітчизняних теренах

La investigación se centra en el estudio de la arquitectura religiosa fortificada de Castilla y León, realizando un análisis arquitectónico y constructivo de aquellos templos rurales que incorporan a su estructura típicamente religiosa elementos defensivos. Estos templos son interesantes híbridos con una doble función, donde el uso religioso y el defensivo conviven en un mismo edificio, fundamentalmente debido a la adición a posteriori de elementos defensivos típicos de la arquitectura militar, análogos a los existentes en los castillos o fortalezas medievales. A modo de introducción se reflexiona sobre los motivos que llevaron a los promotores de estas obras a fortificar los templos, y el momento en que este tipo de fortificación proliferó dentro del territorio castellano-leonés, destacando la existencia de ciertos zonas o comarcas donde la presencia de este tipo de arquitectura es más frecuente, normalmente al estar vinculadas a sistemas fronterizos o a zonas altamente inestables durante gran parte de la Edad Media. También se reflexiona sobre la cronología de construcción de los elementos defensivos respecto a la estructura general del templo, mediante el estudio de distintos ejemplos de iglesias que fueron fortificadas al incorporar elementos militares preexistentes, otras que fueron concebidas desde su fundación como híbridos arquitectónicos con ambas funciones, y otras que incorporaron en determinado momendo nuevos elementos defensivos, transformando la configuración concebida inicialmente tan sólo con fines religiosos. El grueso de la investigación se centra en establecer paralelismos y comparaciones entre las distintas formas de fortificar una iglesia, mediante el estudio en profundidad de los edificios más representativos de las distintas tipologías de iglesias fortificadas identificadas a lo largo de un exhaustivo estudio de campo. Las iglesias se clasifican en función de los elementos defensivos incorporados, estableciéndose las siguientes tipologías: Iglesias con recintos defensivos externos, iglesias con torres defensivas, iglesias con cimborrios defensivos, iglesias con ábsides fortificados, iglesias con adarves y galerías defensivas, iglesias con fortificación completa (los castillos de La Adrada y Turégano), e iglesias que forman parte de recintos defensivos urbanos. El trabajo pretende llenar un vacío en el campo del estudio de la arquitectura defensiva de la región, sirviendo como base a futuras investigaciones que profundicen en los nuevos conceptos aquí planteados. ; Departamento de Teoría de la Arquitectura y Proyectos Arquitectónicos ; Doctorado en Arquitectura

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the interleukin-33 (IL-33)-interleukin-1 receptor like 1 (IL-1RL1) signaling pathway is implicated in the risk of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: A total of 576 Spanish RA patients from Northern Spain were genotyped for 6 well-known IL33-IL1RL1 polymorphisms (IL33 rs3939286, IL33 rs7025417, IL33 rs7044343, IL1RL1 rs2058660, IL1RL1 rs2310173 and IL1RL1 rs13015714) by TaqMan genotyping assay. The presence of subclinical atherosclerosis was determined by the assessment of carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) by carotid ultrasound (US). RESULTS: RA patients carrying the TT genotype of the IL33 rs3939286 polymorphism had lower cIMT values than those homozygous for the CC genotype (mean ± standard deviation (SD): 0.71 ± 0.14 mm versus 0.76 ± 0.16 mm, respectively) while patients carrying the CT genotype had intermediate cIMT values (mean ± SD: 0.73 ± 0.17 mm). Moreover, RA patients carrying the mutant allele T of the IL33 rs3939286 polymorphism exhibited significantly lower cIMT values than those carrying the wild allele C (mean ± SD: 0.72 ± 0.16 mm versus 0.75 ± 0.18 mm respectively; p = 0.04). The association of both genotype and allele frequencies of IL33 rs3939286 and cIMT levels remained statistically significant after adjustment for sex, age at the time of US study, follow-up and center (p = 0.006 and p = 0.0023, respectively), evidencing that the potential effect conferred by IL33 rs3939286 may be independent of confounder factors. No association with other IL33-IL1RL1 genetic variants was observed. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our results may suggest a potential protective effect of the IL33 rs3939286 allele T in the risk of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with RA. ; This study was supported by European Union FEDER funds and "Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria" (grants PI06/0024, PS09/00748 and PI12/00060) from 'Instituto de Salud Carlos III' (ISCIII, Health Ministry, Spain). It was also partially supported by RETICS Programs RD12/0009 (RIER) from 'Instituto de Salud Carlos III' (ISCIII, Health Ministry, Spain), and in part by grants from the European IMI BTCure Program. RLM is a recipient of a Sara Borrell postdoctoral fellowship from the "Instituto Carlos III de Salud" at the Spanish Ministry of Health (Spain) (CD12/00425). FG and BU are supported by funds from the RETICS Program (RIER) (RD12/0009/0013). ; Peer reviewed