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1This article is the first to consider the variations in governance requirements applicable to European financial market infrastructures. It charts the tangled combination of laws, codes and regulations that apply to the governance of the largest European central counterparties, central securities depositories, and international central securities depositories. Despite the similarity of these institutions in terms of their sector, criticality, complexity and purpose, there are substantive variations in what is required of their governance. Here we question whether this variance is an appropriate reflection of differing institutional needs or a by-product of piecemeal regulatory reform.Our research found no apparent need to regulate for consistency of board size or structure, nor in relation to specificities of committee requirements. However, there are convincing arguments that change is needed around the meaning and application of independence. The current approach to FMI directorial independence is a poor fit given the sectors highly technical nature, its interconnectedness, and the limited pool of available expertise. On top of this, expertise, diversity, and commitment can become trade-offs for adherence to the requirements of independence. We argue that regulation needs to be sensitively calibrated to ensure these important factors do not get squeezed out under the weight of formalized independence. It is our view that independence requirements can be structured to create better balanced boards where the needs of independence, expertise, diversity, and commitment can be weighed against each other in context.

1. Introduction : in-between the informal and formal : introducing party development in Kazakhstan and Central Asia -- 2. Neopatrimonialism and party development : a framework for analysis -- 3. Uncertain transition : the development of neopatrimonialism in Kazakhstan -- 4. The institutional constraints on political parties : presidency, elections and the law on political parties -- 5. What type of parties? : membership, organization, ideology and behavioural norms -- 6. Passiveness and disconnection : parties and society in Kazakhstan -- 7. Conclusion : patrimonial politics and party development in Kazakhstan and beyond.

Ten articles. Events surrounding the withdrawal from Afghanistan; Soviet relations with different regions of the world; implications for U.S. policy.

Communication presented at the PhD Day of the Department of Political Science of the University of Paris 1 Panthéon — La Sorbonne, 17 September 2007 This paper analyses the conceptual and policy conditions for the production and reception of the 2006 White Paper, which sets out the European Commission's proposals for "EU communication policy". Through the tensions that led to the examination of this text by the various institutional partners, the authors date back to the history of the interinstitutional struggles around European public action in the field of information and communication to Eurocitizens. They observe the increasing but euphemised politicisation of this aspect of EU politics. ; Communication présentée à la journée d'études doctorales du Département de Science politique de l'Université Paris 1 Panthéon - La Sorbonne, 17 septembre 2007 Ce papier analyse les conditions conceptuelles et politiques de fabrication et de réception du Livre blanc 2006 qui porte les propositions de la Commission européenne concernant la "politique de communication de l'Union européenne". A travers les tensions qui ont jalonné l'examen de ce texte par les différents partenaires institutionnels, les auteurs remontent l'histoire des luttes interinstitutionnelles autour de l'action publique européenne en matière d'information-communication des eurocitoyens. Et observent la politisation croissante mais euphémisée de cet aspect du jeu politique communautaire.

This open access book describes how the numerous arrivals of asylum seekers since 2015 shaped reception and integration processes in Europe. It addresses the structuration of asylum and reception systems, and spaces and places of reception on European, national, regional and local level. It also analyses perceptions and discourses on asylum and refugees, their evolvement and the consequences for policy development. Furthermore, it examines practices and policy developments in the field of refugee reception and integration. The volume shows and explains a variety of refugee reception and integration strategies and practices as specific outcome of multilevel governance processes in Europe. By addressing and contextualizing those multiple experiences of asylum seeker reception, the book is a valuable contribution to the literature on migration and integration, societal development and political culture in Europe.

Confounding expectations, Taiwan reduced its military spending for many years even as its sole adversary, the People's Republic of China, modernized its military and significantly increased its defense budget. Michael Chase examines the key factors that have shaped Taiwan's security policy over a span of three decades. Chase explores both the role of US security assurances in formulating Taiwan's defense policy and the profound influence that domestic politics has played. He also considers the context of cross-Strait relations and the implications of Taiwan's security choices for potential instability and conflict in the region and beyond. Relying on extensive Chinese-language sources and interviews, he offers the most definitive treatment of Taiwan's security policy to date

Politics and America in Crisis: The Coming of the Civil War examines the developments between 1846 and 1861 that pushed the nation to war to see what they reveal about the North, the South, the people leading them, and the issues separating them.

The main goal of the article is to analyze the basic problems regarding the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) negotiations between the European Union (EU) and the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries. The negotiations so far have been controversial, and discussions about them have been inconclusive. In the first section of the article, the negotiations are set within the context of global politics and are especially examined in the context of new regionalism/inter-regionalism and international trade relations to clarify the motives behind the EPAs. Then the negotiation parties are introduced and a brief overview of the ACP economies follows, since they all have a considerable impact on the EPA discussions. Next, an analysis of possible positive and negative impacts of the EPAs on the development of ACP countries follows. Adapted from the source document.

The Russo-Ukraine War has capped the decay of conventional arms control (CAC) agreements and security institutions designed and evolved in large part to prevent this type of conflict. At its root is the rivalry between Russia and NATO, and Russian concerns over the military balance. The Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty was the cornerstone agreement to stabilize the military balance, but the treaty and other security institutions such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) failed to adapt to NATO expansion. This article explores the role of various organizations in Europe in CAC and proposes a unique approach to future CAC agreements, dynamic CAC, implemented by a dedicated organization called the European Military Balance Organization (EMBO) which would continuously assess the military balance between NATO and Russia.

Abstract
In this article, I look at the perceptions, practices, and politics of donning the hijab in the lives of young Muslim women and girls in Kashmir. I conducted narrative analysis on observations and unstructured interviews that asked for young women's descriptions about the happenings, relationships, emotions, actions, and choices related to the donning of hijab with a recognition of the historical, cultural, and social context shaping them. My analysis departs from the binaries of oppression vs. resistance and personal vs. political to underscore the spatiotemporal everyday lived realities of hijabi girls and young women in locating the practice at the confluence of religion, militarization, and digitalization, tracing both the disjunctions and convergence in participants' hijab narratives, thereby reconceptualizing the notion of agency.

We live in a digital world. This fact has significant consequences for warfare. Two technologies in particular, cyber and drones, feature in military and intelligence operations and in scholarship. In addition, a new vein of scholarship is examining how advances in artificial intelligence have the potential to shape the future of warfare. While scholars disagree about the consequences of these technologies for international politics, they tend to agree that their consequences are mediated by the ability of military organizations, whether state or nonstate actors, to use them effectively in relevant military scenarios and in the pursuit of political ends. Studying newer military technologies, with less empirical evidence than is available for technologies that have been around for decades, also generates methodological challenges for research.