Search results

An estimated 150 million tonnes of plastics have accumulated in the world's oceans and the problem increases, as waste management and recycling systems are unable to cope with the rising plastic production. Marine plastic pollution has consequences on the global ecosystem, coastal communities, industries including tourism, shipping and fishing and its impacts on food security and human health remain unknown. Negative effects span borders of national jurisdiction and a solution to the problem requires international cooperation. Policies to prevent plastic pollution have been implemented on local, national, regional and international levels. However, efforts to adequately address the problem have failed so far. When faced with such transboundary problems that threaten global public goods in the past, states have formed international regimes through negotiating legally binding treaties to effectively cope with the issue. This thesis examines factors for success and failure of international regimes for the protection of global public goods and investigates two cases of one successful and one unsuccessful international regime to cope with transboundary pollution problems. Results of the analysis of the successful Montreal Protocol show that an advantageous cost-benefit analysis, active leadership of actors pushing for an agreement, support by non-state actors on the domestic level, as well as perceived urgency for action were success factors. The treaty design constituted a necessary condition for success by using the following treaty elements: a) common but differentiated responsibilities, b) trade restrictions, c) financial mechanism, and d) adjustments and amendments. Findings from the Kyoto Protocol case study indicate reasons for failure, namely the disadvantageous cost-benefit analysis, perceived unfairness due to the exemption of developing countries from costs, domestic compliance incapacity, as well as inadequate targets to address the problem. The treaty design was a necessary condition for failure of the ...

One of the most obvious problems for those involved with disaster relief work is coordination with other teams in the field, with headquarters, with the mother organization in the home country and having to deal with unanticipated situations. The central dilemma appears to be this: disaster relief workers either have the knowledge to know what to do or the authority to do it. Seldom, however, are the local knowledge of what to do and the authority to do it located in the same person. This mismatch creates instability which generates pressure for change. Such change occurs through what we describe as "renegotiations of authority" – where people or teams who are not officially in charge take authority to act, because they know what to do and how urgent it is to do it. This paper presents the concept of renegotiations of authority through cycles of breaking down qualitative data obtained from disaster workers from multiple organizations and countries.

He necessity of language that would be spoken by all the people in the world, has existed in all times. As a common language that has developed naturally, does not exist, then the world developed the idea of creating an artificial international language, which, among other things, could perform a unifying function. The article discusses the concept of "language" and "artificial language", provides definitions of these concepts, also considers the causes of these concepts and provides an overview of the various artificial languages. The relevance of this work lies in the fact that at the moment of development of our society there is a need to create common language, the purpose of which would be international negotiations or settlement of international conflicts and other political, economic and cultural activities. It is also possible to increase interest in such science of language as interlinguistics, and as a result, further development of linguistics as a whole thing. At the moment there are about five hundred artificial languages, but only a few of them are more or less suitable for real communication. The aim of this work is to investigate the role of artificial international languages within the framework of modern culture and modern society. The objectives of this article: to reveal the very notion of language; to select the types of artificial languages; to give the description of each of the most well-known international artificial languages. In the article we have used the following research methods: analysis, synthesis, and abstracting. ; Потребность в языке, на котором бы говорили все люди в мире, существовала во все времена. Так как единого языка, который развился бы естественным образом, не существует, то в мире возникла идея создания искусственного международного универсального языка, который, помимо всего прочего, выполнял бы объединяющую функцию. В статье рассматриваются понятия «язык» и «искусственный язык», даются определения этих понятий, также рассматриваются причины возникновения данных понятий и дается обзор различных искусственных языков. Актуальность данной работы заключается в том, что на данный момент развития нашего общества существует потребность в создании единого языка, целью которого могли бы стать международные переговоры, либо урегулирование международных конфликтов и ряда других политических, экономических и культурных мероприятий. Также возможно возрастание интереса к такой науке о языке как интерлингвистика, и как следствие, дальнейшего развития языкознания в целом. На данный момент в мире существуют около пятисот искусственных языков, но лишь немногие из них более или мене пригодны для реального общения. Цель данной работы - исследовать роль искусственных международных языков в рамках современной культуры и современного общества. 3адачи данной статьи следующие: раскрыть само понятие языка; выделить виды искусственных языков; дать характеристику каждому из наиболее известных международных искусственных языков. В статье нами были использованы следующие методы научного исследования: анализ, обобщение, реферирование.

This article analyses if, and how, the international right to housing obliges states to protect the victims of justifiable evictions, particularly evictions due to rent arrears. It concerns a comparative analysis of practices in one Asian and one European jurisdiction: Indonesia and the Netherlands. The study juxtaposes measures adopted by each of the governments, regarding their obligations to protect tenants from eviction and to rehouse them post-eviction. As the use of rental accommodation in Indonesia is increasing, a comparison with the Netherlands – where rental accommodation has a prominent role – is beneficial. One significant finding is there is a grey area regarding the protection of people who are evicted due to rent arrears. Although states should protect these victims in the same way as they do people affected by (urban) development, it is unclear how far this protection should go. In the absence of parameters for such protection, the two countries have adopted measures to prevent victims from becoming homeless. The Netherlands protects tenants by providing legal mechanisms against the threat of eviction, and by providing adequate shelter for such victims. Indonesia also shows its intention to protect tenants, by adopting an ad hoc policy to help tenants pay their rent. These measures both seem to be effective, yet there is still a pivotal need for more structured frameworks.