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The paper highlights the socio-economic aspects of the concept ofhijraor migration in the Islamic tradition. The paper argues that the conception of migration in the Islamic tradition has been shaped by not only religious and ethical values, but also social and economic motivations and consequences ever since the first migrations to Abyssinia and Medina. The paper addresses the notion and practice ofhijrain Islamic history by highlighting its ethical and religious value as well as its nature and evolution into a socio-economic activity motivated by different forms of oppression, including social and political oppression as well as economic deprivation. The study draws on the history of Islam and the Islamic society, the sources of Islamic law and doctrines, and the thought of scholars in relation to the changes in approaches to migration, and the conceptualization ofhijraas an activity motivated by oppression and economic hardship.

The economic consequence of the crisis has raised new challenges and objectives of the construction sector. Changes in international and local market conditions for construction, construction cost and the decrease promotes analysis of the situation and look for ways to effectively operate in this sector. Worldwide, various construction and real estate sector strategy for dealing with the crisis, the authorities apply the new performance incentive and control systems. The successful construction of a crisis management strategy should be aligned with country-specific economic, political, legal, technological, institutional, social, cultural, ethical and other environmental factors. Article in Lithuanian. Statybos sektoriaus krizės analizės aspektai Santrauka.Ekonominės krizės padariniai statybos sektoriui iškėlė naujus uždavinius ir tikslus. Pasikeitusios tarptautinės ir vietinės statybos rinkos sąlygos, statybos kainų bei apimčių mažėjimas skatina analizuoti susidariusią padėtį bei ieškoti būdų, kad šis sektorius efektyviai funkcionuotų. Pasaulyje taikomos įvairios statybos ir nekilnojamojo turto sektorių krizės įveikimo strategijos, valdžios institucijos taiko naujas produktyvumo skatinimo ir valdymo sistemas. Sėkmingos statybos krizės valdymo strategijos turi būti suderintos su konkrečios šalies ekonominiais, politiniais, teisiniais, technologiniais, instituciniais, socialiniais, kultūriniais, etiniais bei kitais aplinkos veiksniais. Raktiniai žodžiai: statybos sektorius, krizė, strategija, valdymas, modelis.

This book discussing in detail the Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) of the global economy using the comprehensive Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) technique. The content is presented in two parts, the first of which offers an introduction to social accounting and how it has been developed over the past few years with details on the methodologies and databases used. The second part of the book describes the footprints of the social accounts that have the highest impact on people's well-being (employment, income, working conditions, and inequality) and how they are linked to international trade. The need for reporting on such indicators falls within the purview of corporate/national social responsibility (part of the Triple Bottom Line). The book offers a valuable contribution to the literature for researchers and students engaged in the social sciences, human rights, and the implications of international trade on labour in developing countries.iv>.

Discussed are territorial divisions officially acknowledged by the state under law. The political, legal, & sociological aspects of the division of European socialist states is the focus. Common principles of socialist states for elaborating territorial divisons are examined. The adoption of more rational grounds than historical ones for divisions is noted. The principle of democracy is examined. The tendency to abandon the three-level division in favor of the two-level division is discussed. The problems of territorial division created by a nationally differentiated population are discussed. Integration centers of subareas within the divisions which are adopted for administrative purposes are studied. The fostering of folklore is discussed & it is noted that the younger generation views this as antiquarianism. A. Rubins.

Social Security and Wage Poverty is the first book to comprehensively examine debates about, and the practice of, the state supplementing wages. Chris Grover charts the historical development of such policies from prohibition in the 1830s and how opposition to it was overcome in the 1970s, thereby allowing the increasing supplementation of the wages of poorly paid working people. He draws upon original archival research to show that over time wage supplements have been seen as both deeply problematic for, and of great benefit to, the economy, and to the moral and social life of wage workers. In analyzing the political economy of wage supplements, Grover also deals with gendered assumptions about the role of women in wage work and 'the family', which have framed the use and critique of wage supplements. He focuses on Britain, but also examines wage supplements in New Zealand and the USA

Before 1972 the exchange of science and technology between the United States and the Soviet Union was limited to the very small program administered in accordance with official agreements which dated back to 1958. The tempo and scale of the exchanges in technical areas were dramatically altered by the eight separate agree ments signed at the 1972 and 1973 summit meetings. These agreements were reached as a part of foreign policy considerations pointing toward detente and were thus not given specific content. While progress in each of the ex change areas has been slowed by numerous delays in making the original agreements more concrete, the prospects for the future appear to be good. Yet, a most sensitive problem plagues Soviet-American scientific relations: that of political or human-rights issues as factors influencing the course of the exchange program. Among American scientists there is a full spectrum of opinion on these questions. Dealing with this dilemma can be facilitated by making several important distinctions, starting with one between protests by American individuals and those by official administrators. We are now entering a period of optimism tempered by realism in which the rate of expansion of exchanges will rest on the willingness of both countries to face problems openly and to find solutions to them emanating from a spirit of accommodation.