Suchergebnisse

The counterclaim institute is one of crucial legal defense options during the dispute settlement in domestic and international jurisdictions; investment arbitration is not an exception. The most famous dispute settlement platform is International centre for settlement of investment disputes (ICSID). One of the key ideas of establishment of such a dispute settlement instrument was an implementation of autonomous and objective system of Investor-states dispte sttlement (ISDS) by the "independent forum". While procedural rights of ISDS parties are conceptually equal.
However, the concept of equal procedural rights of ISDS parties has not been translated into reality. Notwithstanding the fact that the counterclaim institute is an important instrument of ensuring the objectivity and comprehensiveness of the dispute settlement, tribunal`s approaches are "restrictive" and "cautious".Taking into account that States are "perpetual respondent" in ICSID, problematic issues of submitting of counterclaims influence the realization of interest of the State in ICSID.
Problematic issues of submitting of counterclaims clearly show the imbalance of the exercise of procedural rights by the respondent-state.The article is intended to draw the attention of readers to problematic issues of submitting of counterclaims in ICSID and on the alternative view of the isuue.

Статья посвящена рассмотрению коррупции как особого вида социально-экономических отношений. Предпринят анализ широкого распространения практики коррупции в международном предпринимательстве, при этом особый акцент делается на исследовании феномена деловой коррупции в России, ее специфических чертах и причинах распространения. Подчеркивается доминирующая роль внутрикорпоративной коррупции по сравнению с внешними ее разновидностями в России. Анализируются наиболее успешные антикоррупционные стратегии в контексте взаимоотношений бизнеса с государством. Оценивается масштаб и степень экономического влияния деловой коррупции на международные деловые операции и возможности перехода России на инновационный путь развития. ; The article is devoted to research on corruption as a special kind of social economic relationship. The author made an analysis of business corruption expansion in international entrepreneurship and brought into focus a special place of the phenomenon of business corruption in Russia, its distinct characteristics and causes of the spread. The dominant role of domestic business corruption in comparison with its external types in Russia is given special emphasis in the article. The most successful anti-corruption business strategies within the context of business and government relations are analyzed. The article examines the scale and degree of economic impact of business corruption on international business activity in Russia and the country's ability to switch to innovative development.

To understand the prospects for global order and progress in the coming years, we explore the joint implications of three premises: (1) states advantaged by the current international order have stakes in its regularity and predictability, and thus in moving to counter or prevent threats to those stakes; (2) along impure public and club goods lines, they are more likely to make efforts to do so when some private or club benefits result; and (3) public opinion provides a bounded policy acceptance envelope offering incentives and disincentives to national political elites to act as envisioned by the first two premises. We present a mosaic of public opinion in major OECD countries (the US, Japan, and major EU members) on three policy areas – foreign aid, UN peace-keeping operations, and environmental quality – that contain international public goods elements. Actual contribution tendencies in those areas found in our previous work largely conform to the public opinion patterns reported here. Within the limits of available data, domestic political incentives as represented by public opinion warrant neither extreme optimism nor pessimism about the prospects for continuing contributions by OECD states to sustaining orderly functioning of the current world system.

"The human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights. The full and equal participation of women in political, civil, economic, social and cultural life, at the national, regional and international levels, and the eradication of all forms of discrimination on grounds of sex are priority objectives of the international community". Despite the significant of human rights and Nigeria as a state party and signatory to many international and African instruments that protect the human rights and dignity of its citizens, including declarations of equality for women and children, the northern Nigerian women and girls struggle with gender inequality and gender-based violence. These inequalities have impacted negatively on their health, education, economics, security, and dignity. Women and the girl child are expected to practice the culture and religious beliefs of silence, submit in their roles as daughters and wives and accept the deprivation of their equal employment and educational opportunities. To expose the inadequate enjoyment of human rights by women and the girl-child in northern Nigerian society, this thesis will illustrate the cases of child marriage and seclusion in northern Nigeria to demonstrate issues of infringement on the socio-economic rights of women; freedom of fair hearing, movement, health, sexual and reproductive rights; right to choose or have consent on whom to marry; right to life and personal liberty; and right to education, etc.

This article examines the contemporary disciplinary claims that the 'Second Debate' in international theory was partial and incomplete. Developing the view that the debate exclusively concerned positivist methods, not the status and merits of social scientific inquiry in international relations theory (IR) more broadly, the article advances an understanding of how contemporary 'social scientific' IR has begun to integrate historicist and generalising claims in a single theoretical framework. Moreover, the article seeks to transcend the assumption of incommensurability between scientific and historical frames of inquiry that characterised the idea of scientific inquiry in the Second Debate, and does this through an intellectual history of arguments for a 'science of society'. The article shows how the emergence of non-positivist alternatives entails the development of abstractions and limited generalisations based on 'mechanismic explanation', particularly suitable for the development of middle-range theorising in IR. Overall, we argue that one important implication of the named methodological discussion is the reinforcing of the place of historical sociological analysis at the centre stage of international theory.

8 Pags.- 3 Figs. © Te Author(s) 2021. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. ; Climate proxy data are required for improved understanding of climate variability and change in the pre-instrumental period. We present the first international initiative to compile and share information on pro pluvia rogation ceremonies, which is a well-studied proxy of agricultural drought. Currently, the database has more than 3500 dates of celebration of rogation ceremonies, providing information for 153 locations across 11 countries spanning the period from 1333 to 1949. This product provides data for better understanding of the pre-instrumental drought variability, validating natural proxies and model simulations, and multi-proxy rainfall reconstructions, amongst other climatic exercises. The database is freely available and can be easily accessed and visualized via http://inpro.unizar.es/. ; This work was supported by the research projects CGL2017-82216-R, PCI2019-103631 and PID2019- 108589RA-100 financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER; CROSSDRO project fnanced by the AXIS (Assessment of Cross (X)- sectoral climate Impacts and pathways for Sustainable transformation), and JPI-Climate co-funded call of the European Commission and INDECIS which is part of ERA4CS, an ERA-NET initiated by JPI Climate, and funded by FORMAS (SE), DLR (DE), BMWFW (AT), IFD (DK), MINECO (ES), ANR (FR) with co-funding by the European Union (Grant 690462). Te research of Nieves Bravo-Paredes has been supported by the predoctoral fellowship PRE2018-084897 from Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades) of the Spanish Government. Te Portuguese data search stems partly from the project KlimHist, fnanced by FCT (PTDC/AAC–CLI/119078/2010). ; Peer reviewed