Suchergebnisse

The importance of international law and institutions (Jackie Jones) -- Exploring the consequences of the normative gap in legal protections addressing violence against women (David richards and Jillienne Haglund) -- Normative developments on violence against women in the United Nations System (Rashida Manjoo) -- The African human rights system : challenges and potential in addressing violence against women in Africa (Nicholas Wasonga Orago and Maria Nassali) -- The European system : Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the Council of Europe Convention on Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention) (Jackie Jones) -- Violence against women : normative developments in the Inter-American Human Rights System (Caroline Bettinger-Lopez) -- Closing the normative gap in international law on violence against women : developments, initiatives, and possible options (Rashida Manjoo)

AbstractWhen actors express conflicting views about the validity or scope of norms or rules in relation to other norms or rules in the international sphere, they often do so in the language of international law. This contribution argues that international law's hermeneutic acts as a common language that cuts across spheres of authority and can thus serve as a conflict management tool for interface conflicts. Often, this entails resorting to an international court. While acknowledging that courts cannot provide permanent solutions to the underlying political conflict, I submit that court proceedings are interesting objects of study that promote our understanding of how international legal argument operates as a conflict management device. I distinguish three dimensions of common legal form, using the well-knownEC–Hormonescase as illustration: a procedural, argumentative, and substantive dimension. While previous scholarship has often focused exclusively on the substantive dimension, I argue that the other two dimensions are equally important. In concluding, I reflect on a possible explanation as to why actors are disposed to resort to international legal argument even if this is unlikely to result in a final solution: there is a specific authority claim attached to international law qua law.

International Networks of Expertise and National History of the Welfare State: The Insurance of Silicosis in Germany and Switzerland (1900–1945) The article examines the role of international expert networks for the history of national welfare states. It focuses, as an exemplary case, on the insurance of silicosis, a severe industrial disease most common among miners and metal workers, comparing Switzerland and Germany. Both countries accepted silicosis as an industrial disease, to be insured as an occupational illness by the national institutions for accident insurance, only comparably late in the 1920s, long after countries like Britain and South Africa. The article argues that the process of recognising silicosis as a case to be insured under national accident insurance schemes was not triggered through bilateral learning processes (for example contacts between Swiss and British institutions) but rather by an alliance of national, international and transnational actors. In particular, international organisations like the International Labour Office (ILO) and transnational networks like the International trade union of stone workers were crucial for the recognition process. The article highlights the main factors for granting silicosis the status of an occupational illness; it also examines the early years of the insurance regime in which the influence of the ILO and international trade unions gradually vanished.

"The EU traditionally displays a strong commitment to multilateral solutions and global Governance, but how well do EU policies perform globally? This book provides a comprehensive examination of the EU's global role and impact on global governance on a policy-specific level. It maps the relative importance of selected sectoral EU regimes in the multi-level global governance system, as compared to both national and global activities"--

Natural and human-made disasters cause on average 120,000 deaths and over US$140 billion in damage to property and infrastructure every year, with national, regional and international actors consistently responding to the humanitarian imperative to alleviate suffering wherever it may be found. Despite various attempts to codify international disaster laws since the 1920s, a right to humanitarian assistance remains contested, reflecting concerns regarding the relative importance of state sovereignty vis-à-vis individual rights under international law. However, the evolving acquis humanitaire of binding and non-binding normative standards for responses to humanitarian crises highlights the increasing focus on rights and responsibilities applicable in disasters; although the International Law Commission has also noted the difficulty of identifying lex lata and lex ferenda regarding the protection of persons in the event of disasters due to the "amorphous state of the law relating to international disaster response." Therefore, using the conceptual framework of transnational legal process, this thesis analyses the evolving normative frameworks and standards for rights-holders and duty-bearers in disasters. Determining the process whereby rights are created and evolve, and their potential internalisation into domestic law and policy, provides a powerful analytical framework for examining the progress and challenges of developing accountable responses to major disasters.

This booklet tells the story of the WHO Regional Office for Europe from its beginnings to its state in 2010. A way of keeping alive and handing on the history of this Office and its vital work, it covers five WHO regional directors for Europe and thousands of dedicated staff, not to mention the hundreds of programes and policies they helped to create and carry out. An earlier book covered the first 40 years in detail; this booklet focuses more on the last 20 years. It is a story of how the Regional Office has spent the past 60 years working to help improve the health of the people in the vast area that it serves.

Ausgehend von einer kritischen Vorbemerkung zu den gesellschaftlichen und politischen Rahmenbedingungen der Selbstorganisation von Frauen in der Sowjetunion informiert die Autorin - anhand von Auszügen aus der Satzung - über Selbstverständnis und Ziele der im August 1990 in Moskau konstitutierten "Vereinigung der Unternehmerinnen von Kleinbetrieben - EVA" (Mitwirkung bei der Einführung der Marktwirtschaft, Herstellung internationaler Arbeitskontakte und Durchführung von Gemeinschaftsprojekten, Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze, Umschulung, Fortbildung). Die Verfasserin kommentiert die Gründung von "EVA" als Antwort auf die gegenwärtig wieder propagierte Bewegung "Zurück an den Herd!", mit der aus arbeitskräftepolitischen und demographischen Gründen sowie aus Intoleranz gegenüber pluralistischen Lebensentwürfen im Interesse der Männer der Versuch unternommen wird, Frauen ihre Rechte streitig zu machen. (BIOst-Gsh)

In this study I focus on characterizing international system of a sub-region of the Baltic Sea area in the frames of environmental cooperation. I chose a case study that represents close collaboration and progressiveness. Environmental cooperation between Finland and Russia is rather intensive and it has developed well during the last few decades. Neighbourhood and good relations among the partners have promoted it as well. The Environmental City Twinning programme consists of sub-projects carried out by Finnish cities and St.Petersburg. Twinning between cities has been beneficial for the cooperation, indeed. Twinning means close collaboration, constant interaction, day-by-day working together and informal contacts. This increases openness in the cooperation and promotes equal partnership. I wanted to choose a possibly unique case for my study. Most likely, there is something in the city twinning programme that is worth of sharing with other actors of Finnish-Russian environmental cooperation and of cooperation on other fields as well. What are the lessons learned of city twinning cooperation, will be clarified in the results of the analysis. Theoretical approach of the English school gives me tools for characterizing the international arena of cooperating cities in Finland and North-West Russia. Those tools are the concepts of: international system, international society (pluralistic and solidarist) and world society. International society is a concept that is most often used by the English school researchers. According to Hedley Bull (one of the beginners of the theory), international society emerges when "a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, forms a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions" (Dunne, Kurki and Smith 2007, 134). This thesis is about cooperation; hence, it is already a sign of an international society. In this study, the question is more about thickness or thinness of the society and about what elements of international regional society can be found in the society of cooperating cities. With the help of narrative analysis and the method of the model of actants created by A.J. Greimas, I was able to identify features of an international society within the frames of cooperating cities. The theoretical approach together with the method it was possible to describe the success of the environmental cooperation as well. The case study of environmental city twinning programme is an example of Finnish-Russian cooperation. However, it can be used somewhere else as well, where the similar circumstances can be found.