Suchergebnisse

Defence date: 15 June 2012 ; First made available online on 29 July 2019 ; Examining Board: Professor Neil Walker, EUI / University of Edinburgh (Supervisor); Professor Marise Cremona, EUI; Professor Valsamis Mitsilegas, Queen Mary, University of London; Professor Kimmo Nuotio, University of Helsinki. ; This thesis shall contribute to European Criminal Procedure, a rapidly evolving area of EU policy that has attracted much attention, but has also been subject to criticism. The research will first identify and analyse the main rationales of this area. Since the Tampere European Council of 1999, mutual recognition has become the most fundamental concept of judicial cooperation in criminal matters and has experienced a steep career, having been adopted by Art. 82 TFEU. When the principle of mutual recognition was introduced, it was based on an analogy to the free movement of goods. This analogy has often been regarded as flawed. Moreover, there has always been a notion of mutual recognition in judicial cooperation as well. The study will show how these two factors have influenced the development of the area, and how policy concepts, such as the principle of mutual trust, have had a greater influence on the development of the law than any legal doctrine. The lack of a coherent approach to the area of judicial cooperation and the unsystematic combination of different legal orders have caused unforeseen frictions for the individual. These will be illustrated by an analysis of the law of transnational evidence-gathering according to the European Evidence Warrant and the proposed European Investigation Order. It will be shown that most of the problems result from the lack of a uniform allocation of jurisdiction and from an overly confined understanding of fundamental rights in the context of judicial cooperation. By analysing the nature and purpose of jurisdictional rules in a national and a European context, the thesis aims at uncovering the theoretic foundations on which a uniform allocation of jurisdiction could be built. Finally, the thesis analyses the role of fundamental rights in judicial cooperation. It will uncover the ineptness of a nation-state oriented interpretation of fundamental rights to adequately address the problems of mutual recognition and argue for a European understanding of transnational judicial rights.

The Erratum to this article has been published in International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:178 ; The recent economic crisis has been a major shock not only to the economic sector, but also to the rest of society. Our main objective in this paper is to show the impact of the economic crisis on convergence, i.e. the reduction or equalising of disparities, among the EU-27 countries in terms of health. The aim is to observe whether the economic crisis (from 2008 onwards) has in fact had an effect on health inequalities within the EU.MethodsWe estimate convergence by specifying a dynamic panel model with random-effects (time, regions and countries). We are particularly interested in σ-convergence. As dependent variables, we use life expectancy, total mortality and (cause-specific) mortality in the regions of the EU-27 countries over the period 1995–2011.ResultsThe results of the analysis show that, in terms of health, there has been a catching-up process among the EU regions. However, we find no reduction, on average, in dispersion levels as the σ-convergence shows. The main finding of this paper has been the sharp increase in disparities in 2010 for all health outcomes (albeit less abrupt for cancer mortality).ConclusionThis increase in disparities in 2010 coincides with the austerity measures implemented in the EU countries. Our main conclusion is that these austerity measures have had an impact on socioeconomic inequalities

The Erratum to this article has been published in International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:178 ; The recent economic crisis has been a major shock not only to the economic sector, but also to the rest of society. Our main objective in this paper is to show the impact of the economic crisis on convergence, i.e. the reduction or equalising of disparities, among the EU-27 countries in terms of health. The aim is to observe whether the economic crisis (from 2008 onwards) has in fact had an effect on health inequalities within the EU. Methods We estimate convergence by specifying a dynamic panel model with random-effects (time, regions and countries). We are particularly interested in σ-convergence. As dependent variables, we use life expectancy, total mortality and (cause-specific) mortality in the regions of the EU-27 countries over the period 1995–2011. Results The results of the analysis show that, in terms of health, there has been a catching-up process among the EU regions. However, we find no reduction, on average, in dispersion levels as the σ-convergence shows. The main finding of this paper has been the sharp increase in disparities in 2010 for all health outcomes (albeit less abrupt for cancer mortality). Conclusion This increase in disparities in 2010 coincides with the austerity measures implemented in the EU countries. Our main conclusion is that these austerity measures have had an impact on socioeconomic inequalities

The Erratum to this article has been published in International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:178 ; The recent economic crisis has been a major shock not only to the economic sector, but also to the rest of society. Our main objective in this paper is to show the impact of the economic crisis on convergence, i.e. the reduction or equalising of disparities, among the EU-27 countries in terms of health. The aim is to observe whether the economic crisis (from 2008 onwards) has in fact had an effect on health inequalities within the EU. Methods We estimate convergence by specifying a dynamic panel model with random-effects (time, regions and countries). We are particularly interested in σ-convergence. As dependent variables, we use life expectancy, total mortality and (cause-specific) mortality in the regions of the EU-27 countries over the period 1995–2011. Results The results of the analysis show that, in terms of health, there has been a catching-up process among the EU regions. However, we find no reduction, on average, in dispersion levels as the σ-convergence shows. The main finding of this paper has been the sharp increase in disparities in 2010 for all health outcomes (albeit less abrupt for cancer mortality). Conclusion This increase in disparities in 2010 coincides with the austerity measures implemented in the EU countries. Our main conclusion is that these austerity measures have had an impact on socioeconomic inequalities

The Erratum to this article has been published in International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:178 ; The recent economic crisis has been a major shock not only to the economic sector, but also to the rest of society. Our main objective in this paper is to show the impact of the economic crisis on convergence, i.e. the reduction or equalising of disparities, among the EU-27 countries in terms of health. The aim is to observe whether the economic crisis (from 2008 onwards) has in fact had an effect on health inequalities within the EU. Methods We estimate convergence by specifying a dynamic panel model with random-effects (time, regions and countries). We are particularly interested in σ-convergence. As dependent variables, we use life expectancy, total mortality and (cause-specific) mortality in the regions of the EU-27 countries over the period 1995–2011. Results The results of the analysis show that, in terms of health, there has been a catching-up process among the EU regions. However, we find no reduction, on average, in dispersion levels as the σ-convergence shows. The main finding of this paper has been the sharp increase in disparities in 2010 for all health outcomes (albeit less abrupt for cancer mortality). Conclusion This increase in disparities in 2010 coincides with the austerity measures implemented in the EU countries. Our main conclusion is that these austerity measures have had an impact on socioeconomic inequalities

Ключевые слова: внешняя торговля; внешняя торговля услугами; диверсификация; Европейский союз; иностранные инвестиции; многовекторность; научно-техническое сотрудничество; Республика Беларусь. = Keywords: diversifi cation; European Union; foreign investment; foreign trade; foreign trade in services; multi-vector; Republic of Belarus; scientifi c and technical cooperation. ; В статье рассматривается договорная основа экономических отношений между Республикой Беларусь и Европейским союзом (ЕС). Изучаются особенности внешнеэкономического сотрудничества Беларуси со странами ЕС. Проводится анализ взаимной торговли и инвестиций в 2018—2019 гг. Определяются проблемы и перспективы дальнейшего развития внешнеэкономического сотрудничества Республики Беларусь со странами ЕС. В результате исследования данных вопросов авторы делают вывод о том, что в дальнейшем построение тесных экономических связей между Беларусью и ЕС будет зависеть от учета всех рассмотренных факторов и решения возникающих противоречий. ; The article considers the contractual basis of economic relations between the Republic of Belarus and the EU. The features of foreign economic cooperation of Belarus with the EU countries are studied. The analysis of data on mutual trade and investments in 2018 has been carried out. Problems and prospects for the further development of foreign economic cooperation of the Republic of Belarus with the EU countries have been identified. As a result of the study of these issues, the authors conclude that in the future, the construction of close economic ties between Belarus and the EU will depend on taking into account all the factors considered and resolving the emerging contradictions.

Pervasive use of ethnic and religious stereotypes by law enforcement across Europe is harming efforts to combat crime and terrorism, according to this report released by the Open Society Justice Initiative. Ethnic profiling occurs most often in police decisions about who to stop, question, search, and, at times, arrest. Yet there is no evidence that ethnic profiling actually prevents terrorism or lowers crime rates. Throughout Europe, minorities and immigrant communities have reported discriminatory treatment by the police. From massive data mining operations to intimidating identity checks, ethnic profiling is often more of a public relations stunt than a real response to crime. The report, Ethnic Profiling in the European Union: Pervasive, Ineffective, and Discriminatory, details widespread profiling in France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, and other EU member states.--Publisher description

Purpose: This paper sets out to explore the relationships between a sustainable energy market and a sustainable financial market and energy market. The specific research objectives were: to explore whether sustainable finance only correlates with a sustainable energy market, or perhaps this relationship also exists with the traditional energy market, to identify the groups of countries for which there are correlations between the study categories. Design/Methodology/Approach: The empirical analysis is based on data from 2008, 2014, and 2018, as related to the energy market, sustainable energy, and sustainable finance for 28 European countries belonging to the OECD. A taxonomic development measure based on the reference method in the positional approach using the Weber median was used. Findings: The results confirmed the existence of a positive correlation between the energy market and the financial market in a sustainable approach. No such relationship was demonstrated for all three categories at the same time, i.e. energy market, sustainable energy market and sustainable finance. Practical Implications: This research is important for the policies of financial institutions and financial markets from the point of view of developing products and services for sustainable financing, so as to change the structure and improve the effects related to social responsibility (ESG risk reduction). Originality/value: This study examines whether relationships exist between a sustainable energy market and sustainable finance and the energy market in the traditional approach. ; peer-reviewed

The aim of the article is to present the spatial diversity of the sectoral transformation of the employment structure in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in the period 2010–2018. The current level of development of the service sector in the EU is primarily a consequence of the political and economic conditions that have existed in these countries in recent decades. With today's changes in the global economy, related to the transition from industrial to post-industrial to informational phase of civilization, the adaptation processes of various economic structures are an important research issue. The result is a redevelopment of a sectoral economic structure in which industrial activity, a fundamental economic base in the industrial phase, gives way to service activities, especially related to the digital economy. Understanding the rules governing the evolution of the three-sectoral structure of employment in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe is an important problem both theoretically and practically. The author presents the mechanisms for changing the three-sector employment structure over time in the different countries of Central and Eastern Europe, finding not only the intensity of change but also their consistency. This approach shows one of the most crucial elements of the competitiveness of regional and national spatial systems.

The influence of the Nordic countries on the European Union's (EU's) policy processes has been researched from various angles, but there is a lack of research that comprehensively examines all policy positions advanced by Nordic actors within a given policy context. This article introduces a new design for studying policy positions and influence in the EU and examines the phenomenon from a multilevel perspective using an original data set compiled in connection to three directives: the Floods Directive on the assessment and management of flood risks, the Environmental Liability Directive, and the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive. The analysis reveals that the Nordic countries follow a certain pattern of influencing EU policy that deviates from other states participating in the consultations. Nordic governmental actors exert a strong technical but weak directional influence in the chosen context but are, overall, more successful than Nordic organizational actors at influencing the policy process.