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Measures of diversity and disparity within a population are used for investigating a range of developmental outcomes, but often by employing "off-the-shelf" indicators that may not be theoretically appropriate for the hypotheses under investigation. In this article, we proposed a general class of social distance measures that both enables us to see the conceptual relationship between different existing measures of heterogeneity more clearly and is sufficiently flexible to allow for the development of tailored hypothesis-specific measures. We show how a range of existing aggregate measures of diversity and disparity fit within the general class and demonstrate illustratively how the measure can be used to develop more precise hypothesis-specific measures.

In everyday discourse and in the context of social scientific research we often attribute intentional states to groups. Contemporary approaches to group intentionality have either dismissed these attributions as metaphorical or provided an analysis of our attributions in terms of the intentional states of individuals in the group. Insection1, the author argues that these approaches are problematic. In sections 2 and 3, the author defends the view that certain groups are literally intentional agents. In section 4, the author argues that there are significant reasons for social scientists and philosophers of social science to acknowledge the adequacy of macro-level explanations that involve the attribution of intentional states to groups. In section 5, the author considers and responds to some criticisms of the thesis she defends.

Ethics as governance in genomics and beyond /Stephen Hilgartner, Barbara Prainsack, and J. Benjamin Hurlbut --Responsible research and innovation /Jack Stilgoe and David H. Guston --Reframing science communication /Maja Horst, Sarah R. Davies, and Alan Irwin --Engaging with societal challenges /Clark A. Miller --Aging : the sociomaterial constitution of later life /Kelly Joyce, Alexander Peine, Louis Neven, and Florian Kohlbacher --Agricultural systems : co-producing knowledge and food /Alastair Iles, Garrett Graddy-Lovelace, Maywa Montenegro, and Ryan Galt --Knowledge and security /Kathleen M. Vogel, Brian Balmer, Sam Weiss Evans, Inga Kroener, Miwao Matsumoto, and Brian Rappert --Researching disaster from an STS perspective /Kim Fortun, Scott Gabriel Knowles, Vivian Choi, Paul Jobin, Miwao Matsumoto, Pedro de la Torre III, Max Liboiron, and Luis Felipe R. Murillo --Environmental justice : knowledge, technology, and expertise /Gwen Ottinger, Javiera Barandiarán, and Aya H. Kimura --The making of global environmental science and politics /Silke Beck, Tim Forsyth, Pia M. Kohler, Myanna Lahsen, and Martin Mahony.

The involvement of the social sciences in non- Western studies has been growing in spite of the institutional and intellectual conflicts between area studies and disciplinary studies. The process of institutional adaptation is illustrated by reference to the postwar development of non-Western stud ies. The intellectual conflict springs from the fact that the definitions and classifications of major world areas, including the division between "Western" and "non-Western," do not correspond to the definitions and classifications in any social science discipline. The several disciplines have a differential proneness to area studies, and the problem of integrating them for study of a particular area has no simple, uniform solution. Evidence is presented to show how the study of non-Western societies and civilizations is generating new and fertile hybrid disciplines in anthropology and is giving a comparative and international dimension to the other social sciences.

World War II brought together a group of psychiatrists and clinical and social psychologists in the British Army where they developed radical, action-oriented innovations in social psychiatry. They became known as the "Tavistock Group" since the core members had been at the pre-war Tavistock Clinic. They created the post-war Tavistock Institute of Human Relations and expanded on their wartime achievements by pioneering a new mode of relating theory and practice, called in these volumes, "The Social Engagement of Social Science."There are three perspectives: the socio-psychological, the socio-technical, and the socio-ecological. These perspectives are interdependent, yet each has its own focus and is represented in a separate volume.Volume I, The Socio-Psychological Perspective, extends the object-relations approach in psychoanalysis to group, organizational, and wider social life. This extension is related to field theory, the personality/culture approach, and open systems theory. Action-oriented papers deal with key ideas in social psychiatry, varieties of group process, new paths in family studies, the dynamics of organizational change, and the unconscious in culture and society.The Institute's dynamic social science approach to industrial problems, which will be presented in Volume II, began with Eric Trist's coal-mining program for the development of more productive and personally satisfying self-regulating forms of work organization. The whole "Quality of Working Life" movement owes its theoretical and empirical basis to this pathfinding endeavor.Volume III will focus on non-hierarchical forms of organization facilitating inter-organizational relations in complex and rapidly changing environments—the socio-ecological perspective. This perspective is offered as a guide to institution building for the future

Hospitals are among the most complex organiza tions in modern society, characterized by extremely fine divi sion of labor and an exquisite repertory of technical skill. The major hospital embraces multiple goals, chiefly patient care, teaching, and research. It is at once a hotel, a treatment center, a laboratory, a university. Because the institution's work is so specialized, staffed by a variety of professional and technical personnel, there are very important problems of co-ordination and authority. Paramount in the social structure are relation ships between patients and hospital staff and among staff members. The patient, both client and product of the organ ization, enters a therapeutic situation in which his style is largely passive. He encounters the physician—like himself, a "guest" of the hospital—and the nurse, who is the full-time symbol of the organization's atmosphere. The physician is undergoing a shift from his older charismatic role toward a more nearly bureaucratic niche in the hospital. Staff relation ships are distinguished by unclear patterns of authority and intense competition for spheres of competence and prestige. The physician is implicated as the professional least amenable to hierarchical control and the leading figure in skill and status. Although the hospital illustrates vital, unresolved issues in the organization of work, it flourishes under the impetus of professional zeal and patients' needs.

Covers the advances for quantitative researchers with practical examples from social sciences. This title includes twelve chapters that cover various issues - providing practical tools using the free R software.